Journal: Bioactive Materials

Article Title: Immunomodulatory effects of biodegradable Mg–Cu–Zn alloy in esophageal cancer

doi: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2026.02.046

Figure Lengend Snippet: Distribution of CD163 + M2 TAMs in AKR-derived allograft tumor tissues from immunocompetent C57BL/6 mice. (a, b) Representative IHC staining images showing CD163 + M2 TAMs in the (a) peritumoral stroma and (b) tumor islets. Lower panels display higher-magnification views of the regions outlined by red dashed boxes. (c, d) Quantification of CD163 + cells in the (c) peritumoral stroma and (d) tumor islets. (e) Comparison of CD163 + cell density between the peritumoral stroma and tumor islets. (f) Total number of CD163 + cells in allograft tumors (peritumoral stroma and tumor islets combined). (g, h) Comparison of the density between iNOS + cells and CD163 + cells in the (g) peritumoral stroma and (h) tumor islets. (i, j) Quantification of iNOS + /CD163 + ratio in the (i) peritumoral stroma and (j) tumor islets. p < 0.05 (∗), p < 0.01 (∗∗), p < 0.001 (∗∗∗). A field of view is ∼0.086 mm 2 in (c−j).

Article Snippet: Tissue sections were then incubated with primary antibodies against iNOS (22226-1-AP, ProteinTech, China), CD163 (A26411PM, Abclone, China), CD8 (SP16, Maixin, China), CD4 (SP35, Maixin, China) or Ki-67 (12202S, Cell Signaling Technology) for 12 h at 4 °C, followed by secondary antibodies (Beyotime Biotechnology, Nantong, China).

Techniques: Derivative Assay, Immunohistochemistry, Comparison

Journal: Bioactive Materials

Article Title: Immunomodulatory effects of biodegradable Mg–Cu–Zn alloy in esophageal cancer

doi: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2026.02.046

Figure Lengend Snippet: Distribution of CD163 + M2 TAMs in AKR-derived allograft tumor tissues from immunocompetent C57BL/6 mice. (a, b) Representative IHC staining images showing CD163 + M2 TAMs in the (a) peritumoral stroma and (b) tumor islets. Lower panels display higher-magnification views of the regions outlined by red dashed boxes. (c, d) Quantification of CD163 + cells in the (c) peritumoral stroma and (d) tumor islets. (e) Comparison of CD163 + cell density between the peritumoral stroma and tumor islets. (f) Total number of CD163 + cells in allograft tumors (peritumoral stroma and tumor islets combined). (g, h) Comparison of the density between iNOS + cells and CD163 + cells in the (g) peritumoral stroma and (h) tumor islets. (i, j) Quantification of iNOS + /CD163 + ratio in the (i) peritumoral stroma and (j) tumor islets. p < 0.05 (∗), p < 0.01 (∗∗), p < 0.001 (∗∗∗). A field of view is ∼0.086 mm 2 in (c−j).

Article Snippet: Tissue sections were then incubated with primary antibodies against iNOS (22226-1-AP, ProteinTech, China), CD163 (A26411PM, Abclone, China), CD8 (SP16, Maixin, China), CD4 (SP35, Maixin, China) or Ki-67 (12202S, Cell Signaling Technology) for 12 h at 4 °C, followed by secondary antibodies (Beyotime Biotechnology, Nantong, China).

Techniques: Derivative Assay, Immunohistochemistry, Comparison

Journal: Bioactive Materials

Article Title: Skin-mimetic bilayer hydrogel normalizes diabetic wound healing by orchestrating inflammatory cell dynamics: An early intervention strategy

doi: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2026.02.025

Figure Lengend Snippet: In vitro assay of inflammation cell modulation under stimulation of SP-loaded Gel/HA and IL-10-loaded Ker/Cu. a Schematic of neutrophil migration test using a transwell system after treatment with the leaching solution of SP@Gel/HA. Gel/HA and blank culture medium were set for comparison. b Wright-Giemsa staining of HL-60 cells before and after differentiation. c Photograph of dHL-60 cells migrating to the lower chamber. d Quantitative analysis of neutrophil migration after treatments with SP@Gel/HA and Gel/HA. Untreated group serves as a control. e Schematic of macrophage polarization after treatment with LPS, IL-10, or IL-10/LPS. f Representative fluorescence images of macrophages after different treatment. Red: iNOS (M1 marker); Green: CD163 (M2c marker); Blue: DAPI (nuclear staining). g Schematic of macrophage efferocytosis test toward apoptotic dHL-60 cells under different treatments. h Flow cytometry plots of dHL-60 cells before and after apoptosis induction. i Representative fluorescent images of macrophage efferocytosis toward apoptotic dHL-60 cells under different treatments. Macrophages and apoptotic cells were stained green and red, respectively. All data were generated from at least three independent experiments and presented as the means ± standard deviation. Statistical analysis was performed by one-way ANOVA. ns, not significant; ∗∗∗∗p < 0.0001.

Article Snippet: After another 48 h, macrophage cells were harvested and stained with antibodies against human iNOS (Servicebio, GB11119) and CD163 (Abcam, ab182422) for 30 min. Fluorescence images were acquired using fluorescence microscope.

Techniques: In Vitro, Migration, Comparison, Staining, Control, Fluorescence, Marker, Flow Cytometry, Generated, Standard Deviation

Journal: Bioactive Materials

Article Title: Skin-mimetic bilayer hydrogel normalizes diabetic wound healing by orchestrating inflammatory cell dynamics: An early intervention strategy

doi: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2026.02.025

Figure Lengend Snippet: Bilayer hydrogel orchestrates inflammatory cell dynamics during the early inflammation phase of diabetic wound healing. a Experimental timeline for assay of early neutrophil recruitment. b Immunohistochemical staining for Ly-6G in wounds at 8 h, 1 d and 3 d after injury. Diabetic wounds were treated with SP/IL-10@Bilayer, SP@Bilayer, IL-10@Bilayer, and saline solution (Model), respectively. Healthy mice treated with saline solution were set as Normal. c Quantitative analysis of Ly-6G + cells in each group. d Relative expression of CXCL-1 on day 1. e Relative expression of MCP-1 on day 1. f Experimental timeline for assay of M1 macrophage infiltration. g Immunofluorescence staining for iNOS in wounds on days 1, 3 and 6 after injury. h Quantitative analysis of iNOS + cells in each group. i-k Relative expressions of macrophage-associated pro-inflammatory cytokines including TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 on day 3. l Schematic illustrating the dynamic modulation of inflammatory cells during the early inflammation phase of diabetic wounds by SP/IL-10@Bilayer. All data were generated from at least three independent experiments and presented as the means ± standard deviation. Statistical analysis was performed by one-way ANOVA. # means significant difference compared to the normal group. #p < 0.05, ##p < 0.01 and ###p < 0.001; ∗ means significant difference compared to the model group. ∗p < 0.05; & means significant difference compared to SP/IL-10@Bilayer. & p < 0.05 and && p < 0.01.

Article Snippet: After another 48 h, macrophage cells were harvested and stained with antibodies against human iNOS (Servicebio, GB11119) and CD163 (Abcam, ab182422) for 30 min. Fluorescence images were acquired using fluorescence microscope.

Techniques: Immunohistochemical staining, Staining, Saline, Expressing, Immunofluorescence, Generated, Standard Deviation

Journal: Bioactive Materials

Article Title: Skin-mimetic bilayer hydrogel normalizes diabetic wound healing by orchestrating inflammatory cell dynamics: An early intervention strategy

doi: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2026.02.025

Figure Lengend Snippet: In vitro assay of inflammation cell modulation under stimulation of SP-loaded Gel/HA and IL-10-loaded Ker/Cu. a Schematic of neutrophil migration test using a transwell system after treatment with the leaching solution of SP@Gel/HA. Gel/HA and blank culture medium were set for comparison. b Wright-Giemsa staining of HL-60 cells before and after differentiation. c Photograph of dHL-60 cells migrating to the lower chamber. d Quantitative analysis of neutrophil migration after treatments with SP@Gel/HA and Gel/HA. Untreated group serves as a control. e Schematic of macrophage polarization after treatment with LPS, IL-10, or IL-10/LPS. f Representative fluorescence images of macrophages after different treatment. Red: iNOS (M1 marker); Green: CD163 (M2c marker); Blue: DAPI (nuclear staining). g Schematic of macrophage efferocytosis test toward apoptotic dHL-60 cells under different treatments. h Flow cytometry plots of dHL-60 cells before and after apoptosis induction. i Representative fluorescent images of macrophage efferocytosis toward apoptotic dHL-60 cells under different treatments. Macrophages and apoptotic cells were stained green and red, respectively. All data were generated from at least three independent experiments and presented as the means ± standard deviation. Statistical analysis was performed by one-way ANOVA. ns, not significant; ∗∗∗∗p < 0.0001.

Article Snippet: The infiltration of pro-inflammatory (M1) macrophages and polarization of M2c macrophages were analyzed by immunofluorescence staining using antibodies against iNOS (Servicebio, GB11119) and CD163 (Servicebio, GB14027), respectively.

Techniques: In Vitro, Migration, Comparison, Staining, Control, Fluorescence, Marker, Flow Cytometry, Generated, Standard Deviation

Journal: Bioactive Materials

Article Title: Skin-mimetic bilayer hydrogel normalizes diabetic wound healing by orchestrating inflammatory cell dynamics: An early intervention strategy

doi: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2026.02.025

Figure Lengend Snippet: Bilayer hydrogel orchestrates inflammatory cell dynamics during the early inflammation phase of diabetic wound healing. a Experimental timeline for assay of early neutrophil recruitment. b Immunohistochemical staining for Ly-6G in wounds at 8 h, 1 d and 3 d after injury. Diabetic wounds were treated with SP/IL-10@Bilayer, SP@Bilayer, IL-10@Bilayer, and saline solution (Model), respectively. Healthy mice treated with saline solution were set as Normal. c Quantitative analysis of Ly-6G + cells in each group. d Relative expression of CXCL-1 on day 1. e Relative expression of MCP-1 on day 1. f Experimental timeline for assay of M1 macrophage infiltration. g Immunofluorescence staining for iNOS in wounds on days 1, 3 and 6 after injury. h Quantitative analysis of iNOS + cells in each group. i-k Relative expressions of macrophage-associated pro-inflammatory cytokines including TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 on day 3. l Schematic illustrating the dynamic modulation of inflammatory cells during the early inflammation phase of diabetic wounds by SP/IL-10@Bilayer. All data were generated from at least three independent experiments and presented as the means ± standard deviation. Statistical analysis was performed by one-way ANOVA. # means significant difference compared to the normal group. #p < 0.05, ##p < 0.01 and ###p < 0.001; ∗ means significant difference compared to the model group. ∗p < 0.05; & means significant difference compared to SP/IL-10@Bilayer. & p < 0.05 and && p < 0.01.

Article Snippet: The infiltration of pro-inflammatory (M1) macrophages and polarization of M2c macrophages were analyzed by immunofluorescence staining using antibodies against iNOS (Servicebio, GB11119) and CD163 (Servicebio, GB14027), respectively.

Techniques: Immunohistochemical staining, Staining, Saline, Expressing, Immunofluorescence, Generated, Standard Deviation