aea  (MedChemExpress)

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: Valine Engages a Prefrontal mGluR5 Allosteric Site to Preserve Social Behavior

doi: 10.64898/2026.10.14.759089

Figure Lengend Snippet: (A) Working model. Valine allosterically enhances glutamate-dependent mGluR5 signaling to promote endocannabinoid release, which acts retrogradely on presynaptic CB1 receptors to suppress transmitter release. Enrichment of CB1 on inhibitory terminals biases this feedback towards functional disinhibition. (B) RNAscope/ISH analysis of Cnr1 (CB1 receptor; red) co-localized with inhibitory ( Slc32a1/Vgat , green; top) or excitatory ( Slc17a7/Vglut1 , green; bottom) markers in mPFC. Pie charts report the fraction of Cnr1 + cells that are Vgat + or Vglut1 + , and conversely the fraction of Vgat + or Vglut1 + cells that are Cnr1 + . Scale bars, 10 μm. n = 3 mice per group, with 3 sections analysed per mouse. (C) Cell-type-restricted monitoring of endocannabinoid dynamics in inhibitory neurons using the genetically encoded sensor eCB2.0. Representative ΔF/F traces are shown for control and Bckdk ΔmPFC mice; red-shaded periods indicate social investigation. (D) Heat maps of z-scored eCB2.0 signals aligned to the onset of social investigation (t = 0; dashed line) for inhibitory-neuron recordings. (E) Quantification of inhibitory-neuron eCB2.0 responses as AUC over the analysis window shown in (D). Each dot represents one social investigation bout; 18 bouts pooled from 6 mice per group. (F) Parallel strategy and representative traces for eCB2.0 monitoring in excitatory neurons. (G) Heat maps of z-scored eCB2.0 signals aligned to social onset for excitatory-neuron recordings. (H) Quantification of excitatory-neuron eCB2.0 responses as AUC. Each dot represents one social investigation bout; 18 bouts pooled from 6 mice per group. (I) Chemical structure of the CB1 agonist anandamide (AEA) (left) and experimental design for intra-mPFC AEA or vehicle administration before sociability testing in Bckdk ΔmPFC mice (right). (J) Three-chamber performance after intra-mPFC vehicle or AEA in Bckdk ΔmPFC mice. Left, time spent in S1 versus EM; right, social preference index. n = 10 mice per group. Data are mean ± s.e.m. In (E) and (H), groups were compared using two-sided unpaired Student’s t test. In (J), EM versus S1 was compared within each group by two-sided paired tests and preference index was compared between conditions by two-sided unpaired tests, as indicated. * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01; N.S., not significant.

Article Snippet: Valine (Sigma-Aldrich, cat. no. V0513), leucine (Sigma-Aldrich, cat. no. L8912), isoleucine (Sigma-Aldrich, cat. no. I2752), CHPG (MedChemExpress, cat. no. HY-101364), MPEP (MedChemExpress, cat. no. HY-14609A), MCPG (MedChemExpress, cat. no. HY-100371), AEA (MedChemExpress, cat. no. HY-10863) and the corresponding vehicle solutions were infused 30 min before behavioral testing unless otherwise indicated in the relevant figure legends.

Techniques: Functional Assay, RNAscope, Analysis, Control

Journal: Scientific Reports

Article Title: Deciphering the interaction between N -palmitoyl-D-glucosamine and the endocannabinoidome

doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-07103-5

Figure Lengend Snippet: Effect of PGA on the endogenous levels of AEA, 2-AG and PEA in HaCaT cells. A-C Concentrations of AEA, 2-AG and PEA in HaCaT cells treated with PGA (10 µM), or Vehicle for 40 min. Student’s t test was used for analysis. *** P < 0.001 and **** P < 0.0001: Vehicle vs. PGA. D-F Concentrations of AEA, 2-AG and PEA in HaCaT cells treated with PGA (10 µM), or Vehicle for 6 h. Student’s t test was used for analysis. * P < 0.05 and ** P < 0.01: Vehicle vs. PGA.

Article Snippet: Deuterated standards—[ 2 H] 8 -AEA, [ 2 H] 5 −2-AG and [ 2 H] 4 -PEA—were purchased from Cayman Chemical (Cabru, Arcore, Italy).

Techniques:

Journal: Scientific Reports

Article Title: Deciphering the interaction between N -palmitoyl-D-glucosamine and the endocannabinoidome

doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-07103-5

Figure Lengend Snippet: Effect of PGA on the endogenous levels of AEA, 2-AG and PEA in SH-SY5Y and RBL-2H3 cells. A-C Concentrations of AEA, 2-AG and PEA in SH-SY5Y cells treated with PGA (10 µM), or Vehicle for 40 min. Student’s t test was used for analysis. * P < 0.05 and ** P < 0.01: Vehicle vs. PGA. D-F Concentrations of AEA, 2-AG and PEA in RBL-2H3 cells treated with PGA (10 µM), or Vehicle for 40 min. Student’s t test was used for analysis. * P < 0.05: Vehicle vs. PGA.

Article Snippet: Deuterated standards—[ 2 H] 8 -AEA, [ 2 H] 5 −2-AG and [ 2 H] 4 -PEA—were purchased from Cayman Chemical (Cabru, Arcore, Italy).

Techniques:

Journal: Scientific Reports

Article Title: Deciphering the interaction between N -palmitoyl-D-glucosamine and the endocannabinoidome

doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-07103-5

Figure Lengend Snippet: Effect of Glucosamine on the endogenous levels of AEA, 2-AG and PEA in HaCaT cells. A-C Concentrations of AEA, 2-AG and PEA in HaCaT cells treated with Glucosamine (10 µM), or Vehicle for 40 min. D-F Concentrations of AEA, 2-AG and PEA in HaCaT cells treated with Glucosamine (10 µM), or Vehicle for 6 h. Student’s t test was used for analysis.

Article Snippet: Deuterated standards—[ 2 H] 8 -AEA, [ 2 H] 5 −2-AG and [ 2 H] 4 -PEA—were purchased from Cayman Chemical (Cabru, Arcore, Italy).

Techniques:

Journal: Scientific Reports

Article Title: Deciphering the interaction between N -palmitoyl-D-glucosamine and the endocannabinoidome

doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-07103-5

Figure Lengend Snippet: Effect of MAFP (10 µM) on the endogenous levels of AEA, 2-AG and PEA in PGA-treated HaCaT cells. A-C Concentrations of AEA, 2-AG and PEA in HaCaT cells co-treated with PGA (10 µM) and MAFP (10 µM), or Vehicle for 40 min. One-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s multiple comparison test was used for analysis. ** P < 0.01 and **** P < 0.0001: Vehicle vs. PGA; ** P < 0.01 and **** P < 0.0001: Vehicle mix vs. PGA + MAFP.

Article Snippet: Deuterated standards—[ 2 H] 8 -AEA, [ 2 H] 5 −2-AG and [ 2 H] 4 -PEA—were purchased from Cayman Chemical (Cabru, Arcore, Italy).

Techniques: Comparison

Journal: Scientific Reports

Article Title: Deciphering the interaction between N -palmitoyl-D-glucosamine and the endocannabinoidome

doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-07103-5

Figure Lengend Snippet: Effect of PGA on the endogenous levels of AEA, 2-AG and PEA in ABHD4-silenced HaCaT cells. A Bar chart with individual points showing the mRNA expression levels of ABHD4 in control HaCaT cells (scramble) and siRNA ABHD4 transfected HaCaT cells. Student’s t test was used for analysis. **** P < 0.0001: scramble vs. siRNA. B-D Concentrations of AEA, 2-AG and PEA in ABHD4-silenced HaCaT cells treated with PGA (10 µM), or Vehicle for 40 min. Student’s t test was used for analysis. * P < 0.05 and *** P < 0.001: Vehicle vs. PGA.

Article Snippet: Deuterated standards—[ 2 H] 8 -AEA, [ 2 H] 5 −2-AG and [ 2 H] 4 -PEA—were purchased from Cayman Chemical (Cabru, Arcore, Italy).

Techniques: Expressing, Control, Transfection