Journal: Oecologia

Article Title: Volatiles of pathogenic and non-pathogenic soil-borne fungi affect plant development and resistance to insects

doi: 10.1007/s00442-019-04433-w

Figure Lengend Snippet: Projection to Latent Structures Discriminant Analysis (PLS-DA) of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) collected from the headspace of pathogenic and non-pathogenic fungi of Arabidopsis thaliana . a Grouping pattern of samples according to the first two principal components and the Hotelling’s T2 ellipse confining the confidence region (95%) of the score plot. b Contribution of individual VOCs to the first two principal components is shown in the loading plot of the PLS-DA. c List of VOCs with values of variable importance in projection (VIP) > 1.2. Different letters indicate the distribution of the samples of the 11 different fungi: Ci, Chaetomium indicum; Fo47, Fusarium oxysporum 47; For, F. oxysporum f.sp. raphani ; Mp, Mucor plumbeus; Pl, Phoma leveillei; Rs, Rhizoctonia solani; Ss, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum; Tv, Trichoderma viride; Ua, Ulocladium atrum; Vd, Verticillium dahliae; Vl, Verticillium longisporum

Article Snippet: We selected five fungi that are economically important pathogens of brassicaceous crops (Table S2, Fig. S1): Verticillium longisporum (Zhou et al., ); Verticillium dahliae (Fradin and Thomma, ); Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Dickman and Mitra, ) ; Fusarium oxysporum f. sp . raphani (Leeman et al., ), and Rhizoctonia solani (Pannecoucque and Höfte, ).

Techniques:

Journal: Oecologia

Article Title: Volatiles of pathogenic and non-pathogenic soil-borne fungi affect plant development and resistance to insects

doi: 10.1007/s00442-019-04433-w

Figure Lengend Snippet: Increase in a leaf and b root dry weight (mean % ± SE), and c change in root:leaf ratio (mean % ± SE) of Arabidopsis thaliana after 2 weeks of in vitro exposure to fungal volatiles. Data are shown as relative to control plants; an increase of 0% in plant weight or ratio corresponds to a similar weight or ratio as in control plants. Ci, Chaetomium indicum; Fo47, Fusarium oxysporum 47; For, F. oxysporum f.sp. raphani; Mp, Mucor plumbeus; Pl, Phoma leveillei; Rs, Rhizoctonia solani; Ss, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum; Tv, Trichoderma viride; Ua, Ulocladium atrum; Vd, Verticillium dahliae; Vl, Verticillium longisporum . Main effect of the volatile exposure was tested using one-sample Student’s t test ( H 0 = 0), and difference of plant weight increase in response to volatiles of different fungal pathogenicity was tested using two-sample Student’s t test at α = 0.05. Asterisks indicate statistical differences with the respective control plants (* P < 0.05; ** P < 0.01; *** P < 0.001) using one-sample Student’s t test ( H 0 = 0)

Article Snippet: We selected five fungi that are economically important pathogens of brassicaceous crops (Table S2, Fig. S1): Verticillium longisporum (Zhou et al., ); Verticillium dahliae (Fradin and Thomma, ); Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Dickman and Mitra, ) ; Fusarium oxysporum f. sp . raphani (Leeman et al., ), and Rhizoctonia solani (Pannecoucque and Höfte, ).

Techniques: In Vitro, Control

Journal: Oecologia

Article Title: Volatiles of pathogenic and non-pathogenic soil-borne fungi affect plant development and resistance to insects

doi: 10.1007/s00442-019-04433-w

Figure Lengend Snippet: Increase in a shoot and b root dry weight (mean % ± SE), and c change in flower:leaf ratio (mean % ± SE) of Arabidopsis thaliana exposed temporary to fungal volatiles in vitro, and subsequently grown in soil for 2.5 weeks. Data are shown as relative to control plants; an increase of 0% in plant weight or ratio corresponds to the same weight or ratio as in control plants. Ci, Chaetomium indicum; Fo47, Fusarium oxysporum 47; For, F. oxysporum f.sp. raphani; Mp, Mucor plumbeus; Pl, Phoma leveillei; Rs, Rhizoctonia solani; Ss , Sclerotinia sclerotiorum; Tv, Trichoderma viride; Ua, Ulocladium atrum; Vd, Verticillium dahliae; Vl, Verticillium longisporum . Main effect of the volatile exposure was tested using one-sample Student’s t test ( H 0 = 0), and difference of plant weight increase in response to volatiles of different fungal pathogenicity was tested using two-sample Student’s t test at α = 0.05. Asterisks indicate statistical differences with the respective control plants (* P < 0.05; ** P < 0.01; *** P < 0.001) using a one-sample Student’s t test ( H 0 = 0)

Article Snippet: We selected five fungi that are economically important pathogens of brassicaceous crops (Table S2, Fig. S1): Verticillium longisporum (Zhou et al., ); Verticillium dahliae (Fradin and Thomma, ); Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Dickman and Mitra, ) ; Fusarium oxysporum f. sp . raphani (Leeman et al., ), and Rhizoctonia solani (Pannecoucque and Höfte, ).

Techniques: In Vitro, Control

Journal: Oecologia

Article Title: Volatiles of pathogenic and non-pathogenic soil-borne fungi affect plant development and resistance to insects

doi: 10.1007/s00442-019-04433-w

Figure Lengend Snippet: a Change in flowering time (mean % ± SE) of Arabidopsis thaliana exposed temporary to fungal volatiles in vitro, and subsequently grown in soil 2.5 weeks. b Pearson correlation between the fold change of flower dry weight (mean % ± SE) and flowering time (mean % ± SE) of A. thaliana exposed to the fungal volatiles relative to control. Ci, Chaetomium indicum; Fo47, Fusarium oxysporum 47; For, F. oxysporum f.sp. raphani; Mp, Mucor plumbeus; Pl, Phoma leveillei; Rs, Rhizoctonia solani; Ss, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum; Tv, Trichoderma viride; Ua, Ulocladium atrum; Vd, Verticillium dahliae; Vl, Verticillium longisporum. Main effect of the volatile exposure was tested using a one-sample Student’s t test ( H 0 = 0), and difference of flowering time in response to volatiles of different fungal pathogenicity was tested using two-sample Student’s t test at α = 0.05. Asterisks indicate statistical differences with the respective control plants (* P < 0.05; ** P < 0.01; *** P < 0.001) using one-sample Student’s t test ( H 0 = 0). For the Pearson correlation, dash lines represent the control plants

Article Snippet: We selected five fungi that are economically important pathogens of brassicaceous crops (Table S2, Fig. S1): Verticillium longisporum (Zhou et al., ); Verticillium dahliae (Fradin and Thomma, ); Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Dickman and Mitra, ) ; Fusarium oxysporum f. sp . raphani (Leeman et al., ), and Rhizoctonia solani (Pannecoucque and Höfte, ).

Techniques: In Vitro, Control

Journal: Oecologia

Article Title: Volatiles of pathogenic and non-pathogenic soil-borne fungi affect plant development and resistance to insects

doi: 10.1007/s00442-019-04433-w

Figure Lengend Snippet: Change in larval fresh weight (mean ± SE) of Mamestra brassicae at a 3 days post-hatching and b 7 days post-hatching when feeding on Arabidopsis thaliana exposed temporary to fungal volatiles in vitro, and subsequently grown in soil. Ci, Chaetomium indicum ; Fo47, Fusarium oxysporum 47; For, F. oxysporum f.sp. raphani; Mp, Mucor plumbeus ; Pl, Phoma leveillei; Rs, Rhizoctonia solani; Ss, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum; Tv, Trichoderma viride; Ua, Ulocladium atrum; Vd, Verticillium dahliae; Vl, Verticillium longisporum. Main effect of the volatile exposure was tested using a one-sample Student’s t test ( H 0 = 0), and difference of larval fresh weight between plants exposed to volatiles of different fungal pathogenicity was tested using two-sample Student’s t test at α = 0.05. Asterisks indicate statistical differences with the respective control plants (* P < 0.05; ** P < 0.01; *** P < 0.001) using one-sample Student’s t test ( H 0 = 0). N indicates the number of pots that were infested with 20 larvae

Article Snippet: We selected five fungi that are economically important pathogens of brassicaceous crops (Table S2, Fig. S1): Verticillium longisporum (Zhou et al., ); Verticillium dahliae (Fradin and Thomma, ); Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Dickman and Mitra, ) ; Fusarium oxysporum f. sp . raphani (Leeman et al., ), and Rhizoctonia solani (Pannecoucque and Höfte, ).

Techniques: In Vitro, Control

Journal: Oecologia

Article Title: Volatiles of pathogenic and non-pathogenic soil-borne fungi affect plant development and resistance to insects

doi: 10.1007/s00442-019-04433-w

Figure Lengend Snippet: CO 2 concentration (mean ± SE) measured for the 11 fungi and their respective controls when a enclosed alone, and b co-cultivated with Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings for 7 and 14 days. Pearson correlation between the average plant dry weight (mean ± SE) upon co-cultivation for 14 days and c the average CO 2 concentration (mean ± SE) measured after 14 days when the fungi were enclosed alone, and d the average CO 2 concentration (mean ± SE) measured after 14 days when the fungi were co-cultivated with plants. Blank, empty Petri dish; C4, C7 and C10, medium alone pre-incubated for 4, 7, and 10 days; Ci, Chaetomium indicum; Fo47, Fusarium oxysporum 47; For, F. oxysporum f.sp. raphani; Mp, Mucor plumbeus; Pl, Phoma leveillei; Rs, Rhizoctonia solani; Ss, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum; Tv, Trichoderma viride; Ua, Ulocladium atrum; Vd, Verticillium dahliae; Vl, Verticillium longisporum . Upon co-cultivation with plants, each fungal volatile exposure was replicated 2–7 times, and when the fungus was incubated alone, each volatile exposure was replicated 5–8 times. Due to fungal overgrowth on plant compartment, exposure with R. solani volatiles was excluded from the analysis upon co-cultivation with A. thaliana. Main effects of the fungal volatiles and exposure time were tested using ANOVA. Detailed output of the pairwise differences between the fungal volatile exposures is reported in the electronic supplemental material (Fig. S5)

Article Snippet: We selected five fungi that are economically important pathogens of brassicaceous crops (Table S2, Fig. S1): Verticillium longisporum (Zhou et al., ); Verticillium dahliae (Fradin and Thomma, ); Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Dickman and Mitra, ) ; Fusarium oxysporum f. sp . raphani (Leeman et al., ), and Rhizoctonia solani (Pannecoucque and Höfte, ).

Techniques: Concentration Assay, Incubation