Figure 2 E are included for comparison. Mean apical process volume:surface area ratio: Hum iZEB2 − Dox = 1.11; Hum iZEB2 + Dox = 0.76. ∗∗ p < 0.01, Mann-Whitney U, two-tailed, n (− Dox and + Dox) = 9 cells. Error bars are SD. (G) Quantification of the surface area of individual delineated ZO1 cell perimeters as shown in (E). Gorilla measurements from two cell lines (G1, G2) combined are shown for comparison. Mean apical surface area/cell: Hum iZEB2 − Dox = 9.62 μm 2 , Hum iZEB2 + Dox = 3.08 μm 2 , and gorilla (G1,G2) = 4.50 μm 2 . ∗∗∗∗ p < 0.0001, Mann-Whitney U, two-tailed, n (− Dox) = 180 cells from 8 organoids, n (+ Dox) = 199 cells from 8 organoids, both from 2 independent batches, box and whisker plots show median with min-max values, data points represent individual cells. (H) Quantification of perimeters of neuroepithelial buds from bright field images at days 5 and 10, and overall organoid size at day 10. Gorilla (G1,G2) measurements were combined and included for comparison. Day 5 mean neuroepithelial bud perimeter: Hum iZEB2 − Dox = 272 μm, Hum iZEB2 + Dox = 237 μm, and gorilla (G1,G2) = 232 μm. ∗∗∗∗ p < 0.0001, Mann-Whitney U, two-tailed, n (− Dox) = 142 neuroepithelial buds from 41 organoids from 3 independent batches; n (+Dox) = 195 neuroepithelial buds from 38 organoids from 3 independent batches; n (G1,G2) = 555 neuroepithelial buds from 114 organoids from 16 independent batches. Day 10 mean neuroepithelial bud perimeter: Hum iZEB2 − Dox = 300 μm, Hum iZEB2 + Dox = 198 μm, and gorilla (G1,G2) = 227 μm. Day 10 mean organoid area: Hum iZEB2 − Dox = 201,434 μm 2 , Hum iZEB2 + Dox = 132,325 μm 2 , and gorilla (G1,G2) = 93,447 μm 2 . ∗∗∗∗ p < 0.0001, Mann-Whitney U, two-tailed, n (− Dox day 10) = 15 organoids and 106 neuroepithelial buds from 3 independent batches, n (+ Dox day 10) = 15 organoids and 149 neuroepithelial buds from 3 independent batches, error bars are SD. (I) Representative immunofluorescence images showing the effect of BMP4 on the morphology of neural progenitor cells revealed by sparse viral labeling with GFP on day 5 untreated (− BMP4) and treated (+ BMP4) gorilla (G1) organoids with staining for GFP, SOX2, and DAPI. Arrows indicate the apical process. Scale bar, 40 μm. (J) Immunofluorescent staining for ZO1 showing apical surface areas of individual progenitor cells from BMP4-treated (+ BMP4) and untreated (− BMP4) gorilla (G1) organoids at day 5. Perimeters of some individual progenitor cells are delineated in white. Scale bar, 10 μm. (K) Quantification of individual delineated ZO1 cell perimeters as shown in (J). Mean apical surface area/cell: gorilla − BMP4 = 2.72 μm 2 and gorilla + BMP4 = 4.13 μm 2 . ∗∗∗∗ p < 0.0001, Mann-Whitney U, two-tailed, n (− BMP4) = 301 cells from 8 organoids from 2 independent batches, n (+ BMP4) = 326 cells from 8 organoids from 2 independent batches, box and whisker plots are median with min-max values, data points represent individual cells. (L) Immunofluorescence images of human (H9) and gorilla (G1) day 5 organoids untreated (− LPA) and treated (+ LPA) with staining for OCLN, ZO1, and DAPI. LPA treatment in gorilla results in increased OCLN distribution along the apicobasal axis of cells (arrowheads) and expanded apical surfaces of cells (ZO1, bottom panel). Scale bar, 40 μm (upper panels), 10 μm (bottom panels). (M) Quantification of individual delineated ZO1 cell perimeters as shown in (L). Mean apical surface area/cell: human − LPA = 5.36 μm 2 , human + LPA = 5.25 μm 2 , gorilla − LPA = 2.44 μm 2 , and gorilla + LPA = 4.73 μm 2 . ∗ p < 0.05 ∗∗∗∗ p < 0.0001, Kruskal-Wallis and post hoc Dunn’s multiple comparisons test, n (human − LPA) = 146 cells from 3 organoids of 1 batch, n (human + LPA) = 200 cells from 3 organoids of 1 batch, n (gorilla − LPA) = 375 cells from 7 organoids and 2 independent batches, n (gorilla + LPA) = 457 cells from 10 organoids and 2 independent batches, box and whisker plots show median with min-max values, data points represent individual cells. (N) Schematic summarizing the morphological changes that occur in neural progenitor cells as they transition from NE to tNE cells (purple background). ZEB2 is highlighted as a driver, which acts through BMP-responsive SMADs to downregulate epithelial features, notably tight-junction proteins (TJs, green), and involves apical constriction through rearrangements in the actin cytoskeleton (actin, magenta). See also
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Journal: Cell
Article Title: An early cell shape transition drives evolutionary expansion of the human forebrain
doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2021.02.050
Figure Lengend Snippet: ZEB2-driven junctional remodeling and apical constriction dictate species-specific timing of NE transition (A) Immunofluorescent staining of uninduced (− Dox) and induced (+ Dox) Hum iZEB2 organoids for GFP and SHROOM3. Note the expression of ZEB2-GFP and apical accumulation of SHROOM3 in induced organoids. Scale bar, 50 μm. (B) Representative bright field images of day 5 Hum iZEB2 and gorilla organoids. Induced (+ Dox) Hum iZEB2 organoids show smaller neuroepithelial buds (arrowheads) that are more round in shape, similar to gorilla (G1), while uninduced (− Dox) show more elongated structures typical of human. Scale bar, 200 μm. (C) Immunofluorescence images through day 5 whole mount Hum iZEB2 uninduced (− Dox), induced (+ Dox) and gorilla (G1) organoids stained for GFP, ZO1, and SOX2. Sparse labeling with viral GFP shows ZEB2 induction triggers the constriction of apical processes (arrows) in progenitor cells, similar to gorilla at day 5. Scale bar, 50 μm. (D) Representative immunofluorescence images through whole mount day 5 uninduced (− Dox), induced (+ Dox) Hum iZEB2 and gorilla (G1) organoids with superimposed individual segmented GFP+ progenitor cells (white) showing their 3D morphology. Note the thinning of apical processes observed upon ZEB2 induction. Scale bar, 10 μm. (E) Immunofluorescent staining for ZO1 on the surface of apical lumens showing the apical surface areas of individual progenitor cells in day 5 Hum iZEB2 uninduced (− Dox), induced (+ Dox) and gorilla (G1) organoids. Perimeters of some individual progenitor cells of day 5 organoids are delineated in white. Scale bar, 10 μm. (F) Quantification of the volume as normalized to surface area of the apical processes of induced (+ Dox) versus uninduced (− Dox) Hum iZEB2 neural progenitor cells on day 5. The apical processes of segmented cells directly below the cell body were used for quantification. Gorilla day 5 measurements from Figure 2 E are included for comparison. Mean apical process volume:surface area ratio: Hum iZEB2 − Dox = 1.11; Hum iZEB2 + Dox = 0.76. ∗∗ p < 0.01, Mann-Whitney U, two-tailed, n (− Dox and + Dox) = 9 cells. Error bars are SD. (G) Quantification of the surface area of individual delineated ZO1 cell perimeters as shown in (E). Gorilla measurements from two cell lines (G1, G2) combined are shown for comparison. Mean apical surface area/cell: Hum iZEB2 − Dox = 9.62 μm 2 , Hum iZEB2 + Dox = 3.08 μm 2 , and gorilla (G1,G2) = 4.50 μm 2 . ∗∗∗∗ p < 0.0001, Mann-Whitney U, two-tailed, n (− Dox) = 180 cells from 8 organoids, n (+ Dox) = 199 cells from 8 organoids, both from 2 independent batches, box and whisker plots show median with min-max values, data points represent individual cells. (H) Quantification of perimeters of neuroepithelial buds from bright field images at days 5 and 10, and overall organoid size at day 10. Gorilla (G1,G2) measurements were combined and included for comparison. Day 5 mean neuroepithelial bud perimeter: Hum iZEB2 − Dox = 272 μm, Hum iZEB2 + Dox = 237 μm, and gorilla (G1,G2) = 232 μm. ∗∗∗∗ p < 0.0001, Mann-Whitney U, two-tailed, n (− Dox) = 142 neuroepithelial buds from 41 organoids from 3 independent batches; n (+Dox) = 195 neuroepithelial buds from 38 organoids from 3 independent batches; n (G1,G2) = 555 neuroepithelial buds from 114 organoids from 16 independent batches. Day 10 mean neuroepithelial bud perimeter: Hum iZEB2 − Dox = 300 μm, Hum iZEB2 + Dox = 198 μm, and gorilla (G1,G2) = 227 μm. Day 10 mean organoid area: Hum iZEB2 − Dox = 201,434 μm 2 , Hum iZEB2 + Dox = 132,325 μm 2 , and gorilla (G1,G2) = 93,447 μm 2 . ∗∗∗∗ p < 0.0001, Mann-Whitney U, two-tailed, n (− Dox day 10) = 15 organoids and 106 neuroepithelial buds from 3 independent batches, n (+ Dox day 10) = 15 organoids and 149 neuroepithelial buds from 3 independent batches, error bars are SD. (I) Representative immunofluorescence images showing the effect of BMP4 on the morphology of neural progenitor cells revealed by sparse viral labeling with GFP on day 5 untreated (− BMP4) and treated (+ BMP4) gorilla (G1) organoids with staining for GFP, SOX2, and DAPI. Arrows indicate the apical process. Scale bar, 40 μm. (J) Immunofluorescent staining for ZO1 showing apical surface areas of individual progenitor cells from BMP4-treated (+ BMP4) and untreated (− BMP4) gorilla (G1) organoids at day 5. Perimeters of some individual progenitor cells are delineated in white. Scale bar, 10 μm. (K) Quantification of individual delineated ZO1 cell perimeters as shown in (J). Mean apical surface area/cell: gorilla − BMP4 = 2.72 μm 2 and gorilla + BMP4 = 4.13 μm 2 . ∗∗∗∗ p < 0.0001, Mann-Whitney U, two-tailed, n (− BMP4) = 301 cells from 8 organoids from 2 independent batches, n (+ BMP4) = 326 cells from 8 organoids from 2 independent batches, box and whisker plots are median with min-max values, data points represent individual cells. (L) Immunofluorescence images of human (H9) and gorilla (G1) day 5 organoids untreated (− LPA) and treated (+ LPA) with staining for OCLN, ZO1, and DAPI. LPA treatment in gorilla results in increased OCLN distribution along the apicobasal axis of cells (arrowheads) and expanded apical surfaces of cells (ZO1, bottom panel). Scale bar, 40 μm (upper panels), 10 μm (bottom panels). (M) Quantification of individual delineated ZO1 cell perimeters as shown in (L). Mean apical surface area/cell: human − LPA = 5.36 μm 2 , human + LPA = 5.25 μm 2 , gorilla − LPA = 2.44 μm 2 , and gorilla + LPA = 4.73 μm 2 . ∗ p < 0.05 ∗∗∗∗ p < 0.0001, Kruskal-Wallis and post hoc Dunn’s multiple comparisons test, n (human − LPA) = 146 cells from 3 organoids of 1 batch, n (human + LPA) = 200 cells from 3 organoids of 1 batch, n (gorilla − LPA) = 375 cells from 7 organoids and 2 independent batches, n (gorilla + LPA) = 457 cells from 10 organoids and 2 independent batches, box and whisker plots show median with min-max values, data points represent individual cells. (N) Schematic summarizing the morphological changes that occur in neural progenitor cells as they transition from NE to tNE cells (purple background). ZEB2 is highlighted as a driver, which acts through BMP-responsive SMADs to downregulate epithelial features, notably tight-junction proteins (TJs, green), and involves apical constriction through rearrangements in the actin cytoskeleton (actin, magenta). See also Figure S7 .
Article Snippet: Primary antibodies used for protein detection, with their corresponding dilutions for immunofluorescence (IF), western blotting (WB) and WB blocking conditions were as follows: mouse anti-β-actin (Abcam, 8226, WB 1:2000 in BSA), mouse anti-ZEB2 (Origene, TA802113, IF 1:150, WB 1:2000 in milk), sheep anti-TBR2 (R&D Systems, AF6166, IF 1:200), mouse anti-CDH2 (BD Biosciences, 610920, IF 1:500, WB 1:1000 in milk), mouse anti-CDH1 (BD Biosciences, 610181, IF 1:500, 1:1000 in milk), rabbit anti-OCLN (Abcam, ab31721, IF 1:200, WB 1:1000 in milk), rabbit anti-EMX1 (ATLAS Antibodies, HPA006421, IF 1:100), rabbit anti-EMX1 (Origene, TA325087, WB 1:1000 in BSA), rabbit anti-BLBP (Abcam, ab32423, IF 1:200), rabbit anti-GLAST (Abcam, ab416, IF 1:200), goat anti-DCX (N-19) (Santa Cruz, sc-8067, IF 1:300), rat anti-CTIP2 (Abcam, ab18465, IF 1:200), mouse anti-HuC/D (Life Technologies, A21271, IF 1:200), mouse anti-ZO1 (BD Biosciences, 610966, IF 1:300), chicken anti-GFP (Thermo Fisher, A10262, IF 1:500), rabbit anti-GFP (Abcam, ab290, WB 1:1000 in milk), rabbit anti-EpCAM (Abcam, ab71916, IF 1:300, WB 1:1000 in milk), mouse anti-Vimentin (V9) (Santa Cruz, sc-6260, IF 1:200, WB 1:1000 in BSA) rabbit anti-PAX6 (Abcam, ab195045, IF 1:200), rabbit anti-SOX2 (Abcam, ab97959, IF 1:200), rabbit anti-SHROOM3 (ATLAS Antibodies, HPA047784, IF 1:200, WB 1:1000), mouse anti-GAPDH (Abcam, ab8245, WB 1:2000 in milk), mouse anti-TUJ1 (Biolegend, 801213, IF 1:500).
Techniques: Staining, Expressing, Immunofluorescence, Labeling, MANN-WHITNEY, Two Tailed Test, Whisker Assay