Journal: Journal of Nanobiotechnology

Article Title: Non-invasive profiling of exosomal miRNA and protein biomarkers from vaginal discharge for the early detection of preterm labor

doi: 10.1186/s12951-026-04277-6

Figure Lengend Snippet: Overview of the analysis of small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) from the vaginal discharge of pregnant women for the diagnosis of preterm labor. ( A ) Illustration of preterm labor indicating symptoms such as regular contractions, abdominal pain, and changes in vaginal discharge (VD). ( B ) Collection of VD using a swab from pregnant women with asymptomatic term birth (TB) and patients with preterm labor (PTL). ( C ) Isolation of sEVs using the biologically intact exosome separation technology (BEST). ( D ) Analysis of exosomal proteins and miRNAs to identify potential biomarkers for diagnosing preterm labor. ( E ) Particle concentration and size distribution of VD-derived sEVs from TB and PTL measured by nanoparticle tracking analysis. ( F ) Comparison of particle size distributions before and after isolation of sEVs. VD Prep., pretreated vaginal discharge; VD-exo Precipitation, sEVs isolated using the precipitation method from VD Prep.; VD-exo BEST, sEVs isolated using the BEST method from VD Prep. The peaks in size were marked after normalization. ( G ) Concentration of 30–200 nm particles, corresponding to the exosome-enriched population, measured in TB and PTL samples for VD Prep., VD-exo Precipitation, and VD-exo BEST. This analysis was performed to compare particle characteristics across different isolation methods. ( H ) Total protein concentration in TB and PTL samples. Data are presented as mean ± standard error. P- values indicate statistical significance across the isolation methods, analyzed by paired t-test

Article Snippet: The resulting supernatant was then used for isolating sEVs derived from vaginal discharge using the precipitation method and Biologically intact Exosome Separation Technology (BEST) [ ], as depicted in Supplementary Fig. 1B and C. BEST is a microfluidics-based EV isolation platform that enables selective separation of exosome-enriched EVs under mild flow conditions without relying on externally applied physical forces such as ultracentrifugation or high-pressure filtration.

Techniques: Biomarker Discovery, Isolation, Concentration Assay, Derivative Assay, Comparison, Protein Concentration

Journal: Journal of Nanobiotechnology

Article Title: Non-invasive profiling of exosomal miRNA and protein biomarkers from vaginal discharge for the early detection of preterm labor

doi: 10.1186/s12951-026-04277-6

Figure Lengend Snippet: Comparative analysis of protein expression in TB and PTL using different isolation methods. ( A ) Venn diagram displaying the overlap of differentially expressed proteins identified in VD-exo BEST and VD-exo Precipitation from TB and PTL samples. Numbers represent the unique and shared proteins among the groups. ( B ) The PCA plot with 95% confidence ellipse displaying the separation of protein expression profiles among VD Prep., VD-exo BEST, and VD-exo Precipitation from TB and PTL samples. The first two principal components (PC1 and PC2) explain 19.1% and 15.3% of the variance, respectively. ( C ) Heatmap showing the expression levels of significantly differentially expressed proteins across VD Prep., VD-exo Precipitation, and VD-exo BEST for TB and PTL. ( D )–( F ) Volcano plots depicting the differential expression of proteins in PTL compared to TB for ( D ) VD Prep., ( E ) VD-exo Precipitation, and ( F ) VD-exo BEST. Proteins significantly up-regulated in PTL are shown in red, significantly down-regulated proteins in green, and non-significant changes in blue. Selected proteins of interest (HGS, ATL3, APOH, and GUSB) are highlighted and labeled. HGS, hepatocyte growth factor-regulated tyrosine kinase substrate; ATL3, atlastin-3; APOH, apolipoprotein H or beta-2-glycoprotein 1; GUSB, beta-glucuronidase

Article Snippet: The resulting supernatant was then used for isolating sEVs derived from vaginal discharge using the precipitation method and Biologically intact Exosome Separation Technology (BEST) [ ], as depicted in Supplementary Fig. 1B and C. BEST is a microfluidics-based EV isolation platform that enables selective separation of exosome-enriched EVs under mild flow conditions without relying on externally applied physical forces such as ultracentrifugation or high-pressure filtration.

Techniques: Expressing, Isolation, Quantitative Proteomics, Labeling

Journal: Kidney International Reports

Article Title: Markers of Mineral Metabolism in Children With CKD Stages 2 to 5D

doi: 10.1016/j.ekir.2026.103800

Figure Lengend Snippet: Markers for chronic kidney disease–mineral and bone disorder in children with CKD according to CKD stages. Values for (a) phosphate, (b) iFGF23, (c) total FGF23, and (d) iPTH are given as age- and sex-related z-scores. For patients on dialysis treatment, estimated glomerular filtration rate was set to 10 ml/min per 1.73 m 2 . Gray shaded areas indicate the normal range (mean ± 2 SD), with the 0-line highlighted in white. #, ##, ### and #### indicate statistical significance from healthy controls at P < 0.05, P < 0.01, P < 0.001, and P < 0.0001, respectively (1-sample t test or Wilcoxon signed rank test according to Kolgorow-Smirnov normality test). Values not sharing superscript letters a, b, c, and d are significantly different from the values for other CKD stages (1-way analysis of variance, followed by Tukey’s multiple comparisons, or Kruskal-Wallis-test, followed by Dunn’s multiple comparisons). CKD, chronic kidney disease; FGF23, fibroblast growth factor 23; iFGF23, intact FGF23; iPTH, intact parathyroid hormone.

Article Snippet: Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits were used for quantitative determination of iFGF23 (Quidel, Catalog # 60-6600, RRID: AB_2891250 ), total FGF23 using the C-term FGF23 assay kit, which measures both the full-length hormone and its posttranslationally cleaved C-terminal fragments (Quidel, Catalog # 60-6100, RRID: AB_2722648 ), sKlotho (Immuno Biological Laboratories, Catalog # 27998, RRID: AB_2750859 ) in plasma, and sclerostin (TECO Medical, Catalog # TE1023-HS, RRID: AB_2894880 ) in serum.

Techniques: Filtration

Journal: Kidney International Reports

Article Title: Markers of Mineral Metabolism in Children With CKD Stages 2 to 5D

doi: 10.1016/j.ekir.2026.103800

Figure Lengend Snippet: Markers for chronic kidney disease–mineral and bone disorder in children with chronic kidney disease as a function of eGFR. Values for (a) phosphate, (b) calcium, (c) sclerostin, (d) 25(OH)D, (e) total FGF23, (f) iFGF23, (g) sKlotho, (h) iPTH, (i) 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 , and (j) AP are given as age- and sex-related z-scores. For patients on dialysis treatment, eGFR was set to 10 ml/min per 1.73 m 2 . The respective best-fit function (sigmoidal, linear, or semilogarithmic) is presented, with the blue-shaded area indicating the 95% confidence interval. Gray shaded areas indicate the normal range (mean ± 2 SD), with the 0-line highlighted in white. 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 , 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D 3 ; 25(OH)D, 25-hydroxyvitamin D3; AP, alkaline phosphatase; eGFR, estimated gloemrular filtration rate; FGF23, fibroblast growth factor 23; iFGF23, intact FGF23; sKlotho, soluble Klotho; iPTH, intact parathyroid hormone.

Article Snippet: Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits were used for quantitative determination of iFGF23 (Quidel, Catalog # 60-6600, RRID: AB_2891250 ), total FGF23 using the C-term FGF23 assay kit, which measures both the full-length hormone and its posttranslationally cleaved C-terminal fragments (Quidel, Catalog # 60-6100, RRID: AB_2722648 ), sKlotho (Immuno Biological Laboratories, Catalog # 27998, RRID: AB_2750859 ) in plasma, and sclerostin (TECO Medical, Catalog # TE1023-HS, RRID: AB_2894880 ) in serum.

Techniques: Filtration

Journal: Kidney International Reports

Article Title: Markers of Mineral Metabolism in Children With CKD Stages 2 to 5D

doi: 10.1016/j.ekir.2026.103800

Figure Lengend Snippet: Alterations in the ratio of iFGF23 to (a) phosphate (Pi) and (b) calcium (Ca) in pediatric patients with chronic kidney disease as a function of eGFR. For patients on dialysis treatment, eGFR was set to 10 ml/min per 1.73 m 2 . Data are given as age- and sex-related z-scores. The respective best-fit function (semi-logarithmic) is presented, with the blue-shaded area indicating the 95% confidence interval. Gray shaded areas indicate the normal range (mean ± 2 SD), with the 0-line highlighted in white. eGFR, estimated gloemrular filtration rate; iFGF23, intact fibroblast growth factor 23.

Article Snippet: Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits were used for quantitative determination of iFGF23 (Quidel, Catalog # 60-6600, RRID: AB_2891250 ), total FGF23 using the C-term FGF23 assay kit, which measures both the full-length hormone and its posttranslationally cleaved C-terminal fragments (Quidel, Catalog # 60-6100, RRID: AB_2722648 ), sKlotho (Immuno Biological Laboratories, Catalog # 27998, RRID: AB_2750859 ) in plasma, and sclerostin (TECO Medical, Catalog # TE1023-HS, RRID: AB_2894880 ) in serum.

Techniques: Filtration

Journal: Kidney International Reports

Article Title: Markers of Mineral Metabolism in Children With CKD Stages 2 to 5D

doi: 10.1016/j.ekir.2026.103800

Figure Lengend Snippet: Overview of the dynamic changes of 8 key markers for chronic kidney disease– mineral and bone disorder in pediatric patients with chronic kidney disease as determined in the present study, as a function of eGFR. Values for iFGF23, iPTH, phosphate, 25(OH)D, sKlotho, calcium, 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 , and sclerostin are given as age- and sex-related z-scores. For patients undergoing dialysis, eGFR was set to 10 ml/min per 1.73 m 2 . The respective best-fit function (sigmoidal, linear, or semilogarithmic) is presented, with the blue shaded area indicating the 95% confidence interval. Gray shaded areas indicate the normal range (mean ± 2 SD), with the 0-line highlighted in white. 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 , 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D 3 ; 25(OH)D, 25-hydroxyvitamin D3; eGFR, estimated gloemrular filtration rate; iFGF23, intact fibroblast growth factor 23; iPTH, intact parathyroid hormone; sKlotho, soluble Klotho.

Article Snippet: Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits were used for quantitative determination of iFGF23 (Quidel, Catalog # 60-6600, RRID: AB_2891250 ), total FGF23 using the C-term FGF23 assay kit, which measures both the full-length hormone and its posttranslationally cleaved C-terminal fragments (Quidel, Catalog # 60-6100, RRID: AB_2722648 ), sKlotho (Immuno Biological Laboratories, Catalog # 27998, RRID: AB_2750859 ) in plasma, and sclerostin (TECO Medical, Catalog # TE1023-HS, RRID: AB_2894880 ) in serum.

Techniques: Filtration

Journal: medRxiv

Article Title: In Vivo Blood Kinetics and Transcript Integrity of Three mRNA–Lipid Nanoparticle Vaccines in Humans

doi: 10.64898/2026.03.13.26348310

Figure Lengend Snippet: A) Three cohort of human subjects were recruited who received either Moderna, Pfizer, or mRNA-RBD vaccination. B) Serial blood samples were collected before and after vaccination and analyzed by ddPCR, mass spectrometry and ELISA to quantify vaccine mRNA, ionizable lipid, and antibody response (anti-PEG and anti-spike), respectively.

Article Snippet: Intact mRNA exposure was similar across the three Moderna booster formulations (Fig. S2C).

Techniques: Mass Spectrometry, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay

Journal: medRxiv

Article Title: In Vivo Blood Kinetics and Transcript Integrity of Three mRNA–Lipid Nanoparticle Vaccines in Humans

doi: 10.64898/2026.03.13.26348310

Figure Lengend Snippet: Comparison of in vivo vaccine mRNA kinetics in human blood following three types of SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination (Moderna, Pfizer, or mRNA-RBD). (A–C) Longitudinal vaccine mRNA concentrations (copies µL −1 ) in human blood from seven cohorts receiving either (A) Moderna bivalent ancestral + BA.1, bivalent ancestral + BA.5, or monovalent XBB.1.5; (B) Pfizer; or (C) mRNA-RBD at 10, 20, or 50 µg doses. The lower limit of quantification (LLOQ; dashed line) was determined from linear standard curves (Figure S1D–G). In panel A, two the lower limits of quantifications (LLOQs) are shown: 0.4 copies µL −1 for Moderna XBB.1.5 (dark blue dashed line) and 0.93 copies µL −1 for Moderna bivalent vaccines (light blue dashed line). Undetected samples (0 copies μL −1 ) were plotted with open symbols. (D–G) Comparison of (D) mRNA concentration at day 6–7 post-vaccination, (E) post-peak mRNA decay rates, (F) post-peak area under the curve (AUC) of mRNA kinetics in blood, and (G) averaged mRNA kinetics across donors among the three vaccine types. In (D–F), each dot represents one participant, and the horizontal line indicates the median. In (G), averaged mRNA kinetics are shown as mean predictions from the best-fit linear model, with shaded regions indicating the 95% confidence interval bounds. Statistical analysis was performed using the nonparametric Kruskal–Wallis test with Dunn’s multiple comparisons in (D, F) and the likelihood ratio test in (E).

Article Snippet: Intact mRNA exposure was similar across the three Moderna booster formulations (Fig. S2C).

Techniques: Comparison, In Vivo, Vaccines, Concentration Assay

Journal: medRxiv

Article Title: In Vivo Blood Kinetics and Transcript Integrity of Three mRNA–Lipid Nanoparticle Vaccines in Humans

doi: 10.64898/2026.03.13.26348310

Figure Lengend Snippet: Comparison of in vivo ionizable lipid kinetics in human blood following Moderna, Pfizer, or mRNA-RBD vaccination. (A–C) Longitudinal ionizable lipid concentrations (ng mL −1 ) in human blood from seven cohorts who received either (A) Moderna bivalent ancestral + BA.1, bivalent ancestral + BA.5, or monovalent XBB.1.5 (formulated with SM-102); (B) Pfizer (formulated with ALC-0315); or (C) mRNA-RBD (formulated with Dlin-MC3-DMA) vaccination at 10, 20, or 50 µg doses. (D–G) Comparison of (D) ionizable lipid concentration at day 6–7 post-vaccination, (E) post-peak ionizable lipid decay rates, (F) post-peak AUC of ionizable lipid kinetics in blood, and (G) averaged ionizable lipid kinetics across donors among the three vaccine types. In (D–F), each dot represents one participant, and the horizontal line indicates the median. In (G), averaged ionizable lipid kinetics are shown as mean predictions from the best-fit linear model, with shaded regions indicating the 95% confidence interval bounds. Statistical analysis was performed using the nonparametric Kruskal–Wallis test with Dunn’s multiple comparisons in (D, F) and the likelihood ratio test in (E).

Article Snippet: Intact mRNA exposure was similar across the three Moderna booster formulations (Fig. S2C).

Techniques: Comparison, In Vivo, Concentration Assay

Journal: medRxiv

Article Title: In Vivo Blood Kinetics and Transcript Integrity of Three mRNA–Lipid Nanoparticle Vaccines in Humans

doi: 10.64898/2026.03.13.26348310

Figure Lengend Snippet: Comparison of in vivo vaccine mRNA integrity in human blood between Moderna and Pfizer vaccines. (A,B) Longitudinal vaccine mRNA integrity in human blood from four cohorts who received either (A) Moderna bivalent ancestral + BA.1, bivalent ancestral + BA.5, or monovalent XBB.1.5 or (B) Pfizer vaccination. (C,D) Longitudinal intact vaccine mRNA concentration (copies µL −1 ) in human blood from the four cohorts. The LLOQ (shown as a dashed line) was determined based on the linear standard curves of vaccine mRNA (Figure S1D–F). In panel C, two LLOQs are shown: 0.4 copies µL −1 for Moderna XBB.1.5 (dark blue dashed line) and 0.93 copies µL −1 for Moderna bivalent vaccines (light blue dashed line). Undetected samples (0 copies μL −1 ) were plotted with open symbols. (E–G) Comparison of (E) post-peak intact mRNA decay rates, (F) post-peak AUC of intact mRNA kinetics in blood, and (G) averaged intact mRNA kinetics across donors between the two vaccine types. In (E,F), each dot represents one participant, and the horizontal line indicates the median. In (G), averaged intact mRNA kinetics are shown as mean predictions from the best-fit linear model, with shaded regions indicating the 95% confidence interval bounds. Statistical analysis was performed using the nonparametric Mann−Whitney U test in (F) and the likelihood ratio test in (E).

Article Snippet: Intact mRNA exposure was similar across the three Moderna booster formulations (Fig. S2C).

Techniques: Comparison, In Vivo, Vaccines, Concentration Assay, MANN-WHITNEY

Journal: medRxiv

Article Title: In Vivo Blood Kinetics and Transcript Integrity of Three mRNA–Lipid Nanoparticle Vaccines in Humans

doi: 10.64898/2026.03.13.26348310

Figure Lengend Snippet: Comparison of in vivo decay kinetics of vaccine mRNA and ionizable lipids in human blood following Moderna, Pfizer, or mRNA-RBD vaccination. (A) Best-fit decay slopes of total mRNA, intact mRNA, and ionizable lipids across the three vaccines. The response at the peak time point for each parameter was normalized to 100%, and the percentage change over time illustrates the decline estimated from the best-fit linear model. (B) Half-life of total mRNA, intact mRNA, and ionizable lipids from the three vaccines, shown as the mean with upper and lower bound of 95% confidence intervals calculated across multiple donors in each cohort.

Article Snippet: Intact mRNA exposure was similar across the three Moderna booster formulations (Fig. S2C).

Techniques: Comparison, In Vivo, Vaccines

Journal: medRxiv

Article Title: In Vivo Blood Kinetics and Transcript Integrity of Three mRNA–Lipid Nanoparticle Vaccines in Humans

doi: 10.64898/2026.03.13.26348310

Figure Lengend Snippet: Comparison of anti-PEG antibody levels in human blood before and after Moderna, Pfizer, or mRNA-RBD vaccination. (A,B) Comparison of plasma anti-PEG IgG and IgM endpoint titers before vaccination (Pre-Vax) and after vaccination (Post-Vax) for the three vaccine types. (C,D) Cross-comparison of fold changes (Post-Vax/Pre-Vax) in anti-PEG IgG and IgM endpoint titers among the three vaccine types. In (C,D), each dot represents one participant, and the horizontal line indicates the mean. Statistical analysis was performed using the nonparametric Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed rank test in (A,B) and the nonparametric Kruskal–Wallis test with Dunn’s multiple comparisons in (C,D).

Article Snippet: Intact mRNA exposure was similar across the three Moderna booster formulations (Fig. S2C).

Techniques: Comparison, Clinical Proteomics

Journal: medRxiv

Article Title: In Vivo Blood Kinetics and Transcript Integrity of Three mRNA–Lipid Nanoparticle Vaccines in Humans

doi: 10.64898/2026.03.13.26348310

Figure Lengend Snippet: In vivo degradation patterns of Moderna vaccine mRNA in human blood evaluated using ten two-primer fragments in a duplex PCR assay. (A) Schematic illustration of the ten two-primer fragments, each targeting two regions of the Moderna vaccine mRNA sequence in the duplex ddPCR assay to assess degradation patterns of vaccine mRNA. (B) Vaccine mRNA integrity in plasma from six subjects at days 1, 4, and 7 post-Moderna vaccination (three subjects received the bivalent ancestral + BA.1 vaccine and three received the bivalent ancestral + BA.5 vaccine) assessed using the ten fragments. (C) Comparison of mRNA integrity across the ten fragments in plasma samples (day 1 post-vaccination), neat Moderna vaccine, and synthetic Moderna vaccine mRNA. (D,E) Spearman correlation analysis between mRNA integrity in plasma at day 1 post-vaccination and mRNA integrity in (D) neat Moderna vaccine or (E) synthetic Moderna vaccine mRNA. (F,G) Comparison of intact mRNA decay rates across (F) the ten fragments or (G) the six subjects. (H) Best-fit decay slopes of intact mRNA across six donors, with each data point representing the average decay rate calculated from ten individual fragments. For each donor, decay rates were estimated separately for each fragment, and the mean of these ten fragment-specific rates was used to represent the donor-level decay slope. As the decay slopes of donors 2 and 5 overlap, the curve of donor 5 was plotted with higher thickness than that of donor 2 to improve readability. In (C,F), mRNA integrity (%) and decay rates in plasma samples are shown as the mean with upper and lower bound of 95% confidence intervals calculated across six donors.

Article Snippet: Intact mRNA exposure was similar across the three Moderna booster formulations (Fig. S2C).

Techniques: In Vivo, Sequencing, Clinical Proteomics, Comparison