Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: Lactate treatment improves brain biochemistry and cognitive function in transgenic Alzheimer’s and wild-type mice

doi: 10.64898/2026.01.28.702254

Figure Lengend Snippet: Relative mRNA expression levels of hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 1 ( Hcar1 ), monocarboxylate transporter 2 ( Mct2, Slc16a7 ), Vascular endothelial growth factor ( Vegfa ), Brain-derived neurotrophic factor ( Bdnf ), and Insulin-like growth factor 1 ( Igf1 ) were quantified by RT-qPCR using the 2 ⁻ΔΔCt method in 5XFAD transgenic (Tg) and wild-type (WT) mice treated with lactate or vehicle. Tg lactate ( n = 10), Tg vehicle ( n = 11), WT lactate ( n = 7), and WT vehicle ( n = 8). Groups included both sexes and combined early- and late-treatment start cohorts. (a) Hcar1 expression showed a modest increase following lactate treatment in WT mice; however, no significant differences were observed in any of the groups. (b) Lactate administration significantly increased Mct2 expression in WT mice compared to vehicle-treated controls ( p = 0.021, d = 1.26). No significant changes were observed in Tg mice treated with lactate versus vehicle. (c) Bdnf expression was significantly higher in WT mice receiving lactate compared to vehicle-treated WT controls ( p < 0.001, d = 2.14). (d) Igf1 expression was significantly upregulated in WT mice receiving lactate compared to WT controls ( p = 0.033, d = 1.16). (e) Vegfa expression was significantly upregulated in lactate-treated WT mice compared to vehicle-treated WT controls ( p = 0.004, d = 1.60). Data are presented as individual data points, with statistical analyses performed using one-way ANOVA, followed by Fisher’s least significant test (LSD). Results are displayed as mean ± standard deviation (SD).

Article Snippet: Genes of interest, including Bdnf (Mm01334042_m1), Hcar1 (Mm00558586_s1), Igf1 (Mm00439560_m1), Il1b (Mm00434228_m1), Il4 (Mm00445259_m1), Il13 (Mm00434204_m1), Slc16a7 (Mct2) (Mm00441442_m1), Vegfa (Mm00437306_m1), were assessed.

Techniques: Expressing, Derivative Assay, Quantitative RT-PCR, Transgenic Assay, Standard Deviation

Journal: Nature Communications

Article Title: Airway immune profiles and therapeutic implications of IGF1 in eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis

doi: 10.1038/s41467-025-68104-6

Figure Lengend Snippet: a UMAP plots of 12 macrophage and DC subtypes from baseline and follow-up samples. IGF1 ⁺Macrophage cluster (cluster 3) highlighted. b Volcano plot of DEGs in IGF1 ⁺ macrophages between baseline and follow-up. Upregulated (red), downregulated (blue), stable (grey) genes shown. c Bar plots of top enriched Reactome pathways in IGF1 ⁺ macrophages from DEGs (two-sided Wilcoxon rank-sum test, adjusted P values). Pathway enrichment of top 20 upregulated genes via Enrichr (Reactome_Pathways_2024, hypergeometric test, unadjusted P values). d UMAP plots of key marker gene expression ( HP , IGF1 , RETN ) in macrophage subsets; color intensity reflects normalized UMI counts. e Violin plots of IGF1 , RETN , HP expression across disease phases (EGPA baseline, Cs-remission, Cs-relapse) in macrophages. f Immunofluorescent staining and quantification of IGF1⁺CD68⁺ macrophages in bronchial mucosae (biological replicates; EGPA n = 15, Cs-remission n = 3, Cs-relapse n = 5). Scale bars: 100 μm (upper), 20 μm (lower). g UMAP plots of 11 epithelial cell subsets from combined samples. h Heatmap of relative enrichment (observed/expected Ro/e) of epithelial subtypes across groups and sample types. i Dot plot of reciprocal epithelial ligand-receptor expression across subsets. Interaction pairs linked by color-coded lines; dot size reflects expression fraction, color intensity shows relative expression. j Violin plots of marker gene expression for goblet cell subsets (Goblet-1, Goblet−2) and ionocytes across groups. k Immunofluorescent staining and quantification of MUC5AC⁺ epithelial cells (biological replicates; EGPA n = 10, Cs-remission n = 3, Cs-relapse n = 5). Scale bar: 100 μm. Data presented as median with IQR. f , k Two-sided Kruskal–Wallis test with Dunn’s post-hoc and Bonferroni correction. * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01, *** P < 0.001; NS, not significant. Exact P values in Supplementary Data . Cs-relapse corticosteroid relapse, Cs-remission corticosteroid remission, DC dendritic cell, DEGs differentially expressed genes, IGF1 insulin-like growth factor 1, MUC5AC mucin 5AC, Ro/e ratio of observed to expected.

Article Snippet: For human sputum IGF1 concentration detection, 100uL sputum supernatant was used (Multi Sciences, Cat# EK1131-96).

Techniques: Marker, Gene Expression, Expressing, Staining

Journal: Nature Communications

Article Title: Airway immune profiles and therapeutic implications of IGF1 in eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis

doi: 10.1038/s41467-025-68104-6

Figure Lengend Snippet: a Immunofluorescent staining and quantification of IGF1⁺ epithelial cells at bronchial mucosae from control ( n = 6), SEA ( n = 9), EGPA ( n = 10), Cs-remission ( n = 3), and Cs-relapse ( n = 5) groups (biological replicates). Scale bar: 100 μm. b Bar plots of IGF1 concentrations in sputum samples from Control ( n = 13), SEA ( n = 23), and EGPA ( n = 21) (biological replicates). c Schematic of EGPA airway epithelial cells in ALI culture stimulated with IL-13, IL-33, or medium (Control). Bar plots show relative expression of IGF1 , IGF1R , and IGFBP3 , and IGF1 concentrations under different conditions. Data from 3 independent experiments (biological replicates). d Schematic of ALI system with IGF1 stimulation versus control. Representative histological (HE, PAS) and immunofluorescent (MUC5AC with DAPI) staining demonstrate morphological changes and mucin production (goblet hyperplasia) in ALI cultures with medium (Control) or IGF1 stimulation. Scale bars: 50 μm (HE, PAS), 20 μm (MUC5AC). Bar plots of IL-25, IL-33, and TSLP concentrations in culture supernatant at time points (Day 9, 13, 17, 21). Data from 3 independent experiments (biological replicates). e Scatter plot showing positive correlation between eosinophil abundance and IGF1 concentration in sputum from EGPA patients ( n = 21). f Schematic of proposed mechanism where IGF1 promotes goblet hyperplasia and augments T2-mediated inflammation through IGF1-IL25 loop, contributing to disease exacerbation in asthma and EGPA. Data presented as mean ± SD. a – c Two-sided one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s post-hoc test. d Two-sided unpaired t -test. e Two-sided Pearson correlation test. * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01, *** P < 0.001; NS, not significant. Exact P values in Supplementary Data . ALI air-liquid interface, HE hematoxylin and eosin, IGF1R insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor, IGFBP3 insulin-like growth factor binding protein 3, PAS periodic acid-Schiff, TSLP thymic stromal lymphopoietin.

Article Snippet: For human sputum IGF1 concentration detection, 100uL sputum supernatant was used (Multi Sciences, Cat# EK1131-96).

Techniques: Staining, Control, Expressing, Concentration Assay, Binding Assay

Journal: Nature Communications

Article Title: Airway immune profiles and therapeutic implications of IGF1 in eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis

doi: 10.1038/s41467-025-68104-6

Figure Lengend Snippet: a – e Anti-IGF1 treatment reduces eosinophilic inflammation and airway remodeling in IL-5 transgenic mice challenged with HDM and IL-33. Mice were divided into Control (PBS-treated), Model (HDM+IL-33 challenged), and Anti-IGF1 (HDM+IL-33+anti-IGF1 antibody) groups. a Total cell counts in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) from control, model, and anti-IGF1-treated groups. b Eosinophil percentage in BALF. c Absolute eosinophil counts in BALF. d IL−25 levels in BALF quantified by ELISA. e Representative histological images of lung sections stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E, upper panels) and periodic acid-Schiff (PAS, lower panels), with corresponding inflammation and PAS score quantifications. Scale bar, 100 μm. f – h IGF1R deficiency modulates eosinophilic inflammation and airway remodeling via IL−25 in HDM+IL-33 challenged mice. f Total cell counts in BALF from wild-type (WT, Scgb1a1 -IRES-+/+ Igf1r f/f ), conditional knockout ( Scgb1a1 -IRES-Cre/+ Igf1r f/f , CKO), and CKO mice treated with recombinant IL-25 (rIL-25). All groups were challenged with HDM+IL-33. g Flow cytometric analysis of eosinophils (CD45 + Siglec-F + CD11c - ) in BALF. Representative plots and quantification of eosinophil percentages are shown. h Representative H&E (upper panels) and PAS (lower panels) staining of lung sections from WT, CKO, and CKO+rIL-25 groups, with quantification of inflammation and PAS scores. Scale bar, 100 μm. Statistical analysis: Data are presented as mean ± SD ( n = 5 mice per group). Statistical significance was determined using a two-sided one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s post hoc test. * p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01; *** p < 0.001; NS, not significant. Exact P values and complete test statistics for a – h are provided in Supplementary Data . CKO conditional knockout, HDM house dust mite, rIL-25 recombinant IL-25, WT wild-type.

Article Snippet: For human sputum IGF1 concentration detection, 100uL sputum supernatant was used (Multi Sciences, Cat# EK1131-96).

Techniques: Transgenic Assay, Control, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay, Staining, Knock-Out, Recombinant

Journal: International Journal of Molecular Sciences

Article Title: Calcium and Cadmium Activate ESRRB to Mediate Cell Stemness and Pluripotency

doi: 10.3390/ijms27010231

Figure Lengend Snippet: Effects of calcium and cadmium on ESRRB-regulated genes in HEK293T cells. ( A – E ), Effects of calcium on the induction of stemness core transcription factor genes ESRRB , SOX2 , KLF4 , NANOG , and OCT4 . ( F – I ), Effects of calcium on the induction of SFRP2 , PRL , IGF1 , and DPT . ( J – N ), Effects of cadmium on the induction of stemness core transcription factor genes ESRRB , SOX2 , KLF4 , NANOG , and OCT4 . ( O – R ), Effects of cadmium on the induction of SFRP2 , PRL , IGF1 , and DPT . Data are expressed as fold change (mean ± SEM); n = 3 to 7; statistical significance is defined as a p value of <0.05, p value is marked above if statistically significant.

Article Snippet: IGF1 Taqman probe , Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA , Hs01547656_m1.

Techniques:

Journal: International Journal of Molecular Sciences

Article Title: Calcium and Cadmium Activate ESRRB to Mediate Cell Stemness and Pluripotency

doi: 10.3390/ijms27010231

Figure Lengend Snippet: Effects of calcium and cadmium on ESRRB-regulated genes in MDA-MB-453 cells. ( A – E ), Effects of calcium and cadmium on the induction of stemness core transcription factor genes ESRRB , SOX2 , KLF4 , NANOG , and OCT4 . ( F – H ), Effects of calcium and cadmium on the induction of ESR1 , IGF1 , and DPT ; data are expressed as fold change (mean ± SEM); n = 5 to 7. ( I ), Effects of extracellular calcium treatment on the concentration of intracellular calcium. Data are expressed as calcium concentration in nM (mean ± SEM); n = 3. Statistical significance is defined as a p value of <0.05, p value is marked above if statistically significant.

Article Snippet: IGF1 Taqman probe , Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA , Hs01547656_m1.

Techniques: Concentration Assay