c12 ie dap  (InvivoGen)

Journal: Nutrients

Article Title: Avenanthramide-C Mitigates High-Fat Diet-Accelerated Alzheimer’s Pathologies via NOD1-Driven Neuroinflammation in 5×FAD Mice

doi: 10.3390/nu17162679

Figure Lengend Snippet: Avn-C treatment inhibits the NOD1/RIP2/NF-κB signaling pathway in the hippocampi of obese 5×FAD mice. ( A ) Differential expression analysis was performed on RNA-seq data. Volcano plot shows the DEGs (|FC| > 1.2, adj. p -value < 0.05) in the hippocampus (n = 3 per group from three animals). ( B ) Bubble chart shows the expression profiles of the top 20 DEGs in the hippocampus. ( C ) GO enrichment analysis was performed using R on 46 DEGs in HFD + Avn-C versus HFD. The most significantly represented GO term was ordered by adj. p -value < 0.05, and the activation of biological processes was assessed by calculating the GeneRatio (activated genes/total genes). ( D ) Circos plot shows eight genes’ expression, associated with at least three functional categories. Related genes were explored for their involvement in the top six functional categories. ( E ) Representative immunoblots showing the protein levels of NOD1, RIP2, p-p65, and p65 in the hippocampus. ( F – H ) Densitometry analysis and quantification of Western blots. One-way ANOVA: F (2, 15) = 41.9, p < 0.0001, η 2 = 0.85; F (2, 15) = 36.7, p < 0.0001, η 2 = 0.83; F (2, 15) = 29.1, p < 0.0001, η 2 = 0.80. Data are expressed as means ± S.E.M., and statistical analysis was performed via Tukey’s post hoc test, *** p < 0.001.

Article Snippet: C12-iE-DAP, a NOD1 agonist (tlrl-c12dap), was obtained from InvivoGen.

Techniques: Quantitative Proteomics, RNA Sequencing, Expressing, Activation Assay, Functional Assay, Western Blot

Journal: Nutrients

Article Title: Avenanthramide-C Mitigates High-Fat Diet-Accelerated Alzheimer’s Pathologies via NOD1-Driven Neuroinflammation in 5×FAD Mice

doi: 10.3390/nu17162679

Figure Lengend Snippet: NOD1 activation abolishes Avn-C-mediated memory improvements in obese 5×FAD mice. ( A ) Graphical representation of experimental design. ( B ) Heatmap plots show the average cumulative time that 5×FAD mice spent in different parts in the NOR session. Red indicates longer times. Blue indicates shorter times. ( C ) Discrimination index expressed in seconds (n = 8 per group from eight animals). One-way ANOVA: F (4, 35) = 25.0, p < 0.0001, η 2 = 0.74. ( D ) Heatmap plots show the escape strategy during the hidden platform task. Red indicates longer times. Blue indicates shorter times. ( E ) Escape latency and ( F ) time in the target quadrant (%) (n = 8 per group from eight animals). One-way ANOVA: F (4, 35) = 10.5, p = 0.01, η 2 = 0.55; F (4, 35) = 29.1, p < 0.0001, η 2 = 0.77. Data are expressed as means ± S.E.M., and statistical analysis was performed via Tukey’s post hoc test, * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001.

Article Snippet: C12-iE-DAP, a NOD1 agonist (tlrl-c12dap), was obtained from InvivoGen.

Techniques: Activation Assay

Journal: Nutrients

Article Title: Avenanthramide-C Mitigates High-Fat Diet-Accelerated Alzheimer’s Pathologies via NOD1-Driven Neuroinflammation in 5×FAD Mice

doi: 10.3390/nu17162679

Figure Lengend Snippet: NOD1 activation inhibits the effects of Avn-C in reducing cytokine levels and Aβ deposition in obese 5×FAD mice. ( A – D ) ELISA results show the levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-10 in the hippocampus (n = 4 per group from four animals). One-way ANOVA: F (4, 15) = 63.0, p < 0.0001, η 2 = 0.94; F (4, 15) = 85.7, p < 0.0001, η 2 = 0.96; F (4, 15) = 23.8, p < 0.0001, η 2 = 0.86; F (4, 15) = 38.2, p < 0.0001, η 2 = 0.91. ( E ) Representative images of Aβ plaque immunofluorescence staining in the cortex and hippocampus from each group. ( F , G ) Quantification of Aβ deposition (% Area) based on immunofluorescence staining in the cortex and hippocampus (n = 8 per group from four animals, two sections from each mouse). One-way ANOVA: F (4, 35) = 100.6, p < 0.0001, η 2 = 0.92; F (4, 35) = 67.7, p < 0.0001, η 2 = 0.89. Scale bar = 200 μm. ( H , I ) Average size of Aβ plaque (μm) was calculated based on immunofluorescence staining in the cortex and hippocampus (n = 8 per group from four animals, two sections from each mouse). One-way ANOVA: F (4, 35) = 32.0, p < 0.0001, η 2 = 0.79; F (4, 35) = 45.7, p < 0.0001, η 2 = 0.84. Scale bar = 200 μm. Data are expressed as means ± S.E.M., and statistical analysis was performed via Tukey’s post hoc test, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001.

Article Snippet: C12-iE-DAP, a NOD1 agonist (tlrl-c12dap), was obtained from InvivoGen.

Techniques: Activation Assay, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay, Immunofluorescence, Staining