tpmpa Search Results


gaba c r antagonist tpmpa  (Tocris)
95
Tocris gaba c r antagonist tpmpa
(A) Contrast response function from saturating RGCs (n = 15) before and after application of <t>TPMPA.</t> (D) Contrast response function from non-saturating RGCs (n = 28) before and after application of TPMPA. Data points in (A) and (B) are the mean ± SEM. * P < 0.05, # P < 0.01, † P < 0.001 (Holm-Bonferroni multiple correction). (C) Contrast thresholds for saturating RGCs before and after application of TPMPA. (D) Contrast thresholds for non-saturating RGCs before and after application of TPMPA. In (C) and (D), boxes represent the interquartile range (IQR) between first and third quartiles and the line inside represents the median. Whiskers denote the lowest and highest values within 1.5 x IQR from the first and third quartiles. Circles represent all data points. Note the contrast threshold value for one cell in (D) was immeasurable (i.e., exceeded 83%).
Gaba C R Antagonist Tpmpa, supplied by Tocris, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 95/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
https://www.bioz.com/result/gaba c r antagonist tpmpa/product/Tocris
Average 95 stars, based on 1 article reviews
gaba c r antagonist tpmpa - by Bioz Stars, 2026-02
95/100 stars
  Buy from Supplier
tpmpa  (Tocris)
93
Tocris tpmpa
KEY RESOURCES TABLE
Tpmpa, supplied by Tocris, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 93/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
https://www.bioz.com/result/tpmpa/product/Tocris
Average 93 stars, based on 1 article reviews
tpmpa - by Bioz Stars, 2026-02
93/100 stars
  Buy from Supplier
1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridin-4-yl)methylphosphinic acid (tpmpa  (Fisher Scientific)
90
Fisher Scientific 1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridin-4-yl)methylphosphinic acid (tpmpa
A, Example experiments and mean data (2.5 mM Ca 2+ n = 4, Ca 2+ -free n = 4) showing the effects of NPPB (50–100 µM) and FFA (100–200 µM) on the holding current in recordings from axon-severed BCTs, with subsequent addition of <t>picrotoxin</t> (PTX; 200 µM). NPPB/FFA(1) was measured 5–10 mins after drug application; NPPB/FFA(2) was measured 10–20 mins after application. B, Example GABA C R responses evoked by local application of GABA (100 µM, 100 ms) and the charge of GABA-evoked responses against time for the recording in Ca 2+ -free conditions in A, with mean data (2.5 mM Ca 2+ n = 2, Ca 2+ -free n = 4) showing the effect of NPPB and/or FFA on the charge of GABA-evoked responses. C, Example responses and mean data (n = 6) showing the effect of the GAT-1 inhibitor NO-711 (3 µM) on GABA-evoked responses (100 µM, 50–100 ms), and the associated increase in the tonic GABA C R current. D, An example experiment in Ca 2+ -free extracellular solution and mean data (2.5 mM Ca 2+ n = 3, Ca 2+ -free n = 4) showing the effect of NPPB (50 µM) and/or FFA (100–200 µM) on the holding current in recordings from the terminals of intact BCs, with subsequent addition of picrotoxin (200 µM). E, Mean data showing the effect of NPPB (50 µM) and/or FFA (100-200 µM) on the charge of GABA-evoked responses (2.5 mM Ca 2+ n = 2, Ca 2+ -free n = 3) in recordings from the terminals of intact BCs. All experiments in this and subsequent figures were performed with CsCl-based intracellular solution at a holding potential of -60 mV in the presence of bicuculline (50 µM), unless stated otherwise. Example evoked currents show the average of 2–5 responses in each condition. Error bars represent SEM; * denotes P<0.05.
1,2,5,6 Tetrahydropyridin 4 Yl)Methylphosphinic Acid (Tpmpa, supplied by Fisher Scientific, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 90/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
https://www.bioz.com/result/1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridin-4-yl)methylphosphinic acid (tpmpa/product/Fisher Scientific
Average 90 stars, based on 1 article reviews
1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridin-4-yl)methylphosphinic acid (tpmpa - by Bioz Stars, 2026-02
90/100 stars
  Buy from Supplier
tpmpa  (Schmid GmbH)
90
Schmid GmbH tpmpa
A, Example experiments and mean data (2.5 mM Ca 2+ n = 4, Ca 2+ -free n = 4) showing the effects of NPPB (50–100 µM) and FFA (100–200 µM) on the holding current in recordings from axon-severed BCTs, with subsequent addition of <t>picrotoxin</t> (PTX; 200 µM). NPPB/FFA(1) was measured 5–10 mins after drug application; NPPB/FFA(2) was measured 10–20 mins after application. B, Example GABA C R responses evoked by local application of GABA (100 µM, 100 ms) and the charge of GABA-evoked responses against time for the recording in Ca 2+ -free conditions in A, with mean data (2.5 mM Ca 2+ n = 2, Ca 2+ -free n = 4) showing the effect of NPPB and/or FFA on the charge of GABA-evoked responses. C, Example responses and mean data (n = 6) showing the effect of the GAT-1 inhibitor NO-711 (3 µM) on GABA-evoked responses (100 µM, 50–100 ms), and the associated increase in the tonic GABA C R current. D, An example experiment in Ca 2+ -free extracellular solution and mean data (2.5 mM Ca 2+ n = 3, Ca 2+ -free n = 4) showing the effect of NPPB (50 µM) and/or FFA (100–200 µM) on the holding current in recordings from the terminals of intact BCs, with subsequent addition of picrotoxin (200 µM). E, Mean data showing the effect of NPPB (50 µM) and/or FFA (100-200 µM) on the charge of GABA-evoked responses (2.5 mM Ca 2+ n = 2, Ca 2+ -free n = 3) in recordings from the terminals of intact BCs. All experiments in this and subsequent figures were performed with CsCl-based intracellular solution at a holding potential of -60 mV in the presence of bicuculline (50 µM), unless stated otherwise. Example evoked currents show the average of 2–5 responses in each condition. Error bars represent SEM; * denotes P<0.05.
Tpmpa, supplied by Schmid GmbH, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 90/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
https://www.bioz.com/result/tpmpa/product/Schmid GmbH
Average 90 stars, based on 1 article reviews
tpmpa - by Bioz Stars, 2026-02
90/100 stars
  Buy from Supplier
1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridin-4-yl)-methylphosphinic acid (tpmpa  (Biotrend Chemicals)
90
Biotrend Chemicals 1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridin-4-yl)-methylphosphinic acid (tpmpa
A, Example experiments and mean data (2.5 mM Ca 2+ n = 4, Ca 2+ -free n = 4) showing the effects of NPPB (50–100 µM) and FFA (100–200 µM) on the holding current in recordings from axon-severed BCTs, with subsequent addition of <t>picrotoxin</t> (PTX; 200 µM). NPPB/FFA(1) was measured 5–10 mins after drug application; NPPB/FFA(2) was measured 10–20 mins after application. B, Example GABA C R responses evoked by local application of GABA (100 µM, 100 ms) and the charge of GABA-evoked responses against time for the recording in Ca 2+ -free conditions in A, with mean data (2.5 mM Ca 2+ n = 2, Ca 2+ -free n = 4) showing the effect of NPPB and/or FFA on the charge of GABA-evoked responses. C, Example responses and mean data (n = 6) showing the effect of the GAT-1 inhibitor NO-711 (3 µM) on GABA-evoked responses (100 µM, 50–100 ms), and the associated increase in the tonic GABA C R current. D, An example experiment in Ca 2+ -free extracellular solution and mean data (2.5 mM Ca 2+ n = 3, Ca 2+ -free n = 4) showing the effect of NPPB (50 µM) and/or FFA (100–200 µM) on the holding current in recordings from the terminals of intact BCs, with subsequent addition of picrotoxin (200 µM). E, Mean data showing the effect of NPPB (50 µM) and/or FFA (100-200 µM) on the charge of GABA-evoked responses (2.5 mM Ca 2+ n = 2, Ca 2+ -free n = 3) in recordings from the terminals of intact BCs. All experiments in this and subsequent figures were performed with CsCl-based intracellular solution at a holding potential of -60 mV in the presence of bicuculline (50 µM), unless stated otherwise. Example evoked currents show the average of 2–5 responses in each condition. Error bars represent SEM; * denotes P<0.05.
1,2,5,6 Tetrahydropyridin 4 Yl) Methylphosphinic Acid (Tpmpa, supplied by Biotrend Chemicals, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 90/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
https://www.bioz.com/result/1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridin-4-yl)-methylphosphinic acid (tpmpa/product/Biotrend Chemicals
Average 90 stars, based on 1 article reviews
1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridin-4-yl)-methylphosphinic acid (tpmpa - by Bioz Stars, 2026-02
90/100 stars
  Buy from Supplier
ym 58483  (Bio-Techne corporation)
94
Bio-Techne corporation ym 58483
A, Example experiments and mean data (2.5 mM Ca 2+ n = 4, Ca 2+ -free n = 4) showing the effects of NPPB (50–100 µM) and FFA (100–200 µM) on the holding current in recordings from axon-severed BCTs, with subsequent addition of <t>picrotoxin</t> (PTX; 200 µM). NPPB/FFA(1) was measured 5–10 mins after drug application; NPPB/FFA(2) was measured 10–20 mins after application. B, Example GABA C R responses evoked by local application of GABA (100 µM, 100 ms) and the charge of GABA-evoked responses against time for the recording in Ca 2+ -free conditions in A, with mean data (2.5 mM Ca 2+ n = 2, Ca 2+ -free n = 4) showing the effect of NPPB and/or FFA on the charge of GABA-evoked responses. C, Example responses and mean data (n = 6) showing the effect of the GAT-1 inhibitor NO-711 (3 µM) on GABA-evoked responses (100 µM, 50–100 ms), and the associated increase in the tonic GABA C R current. D, An example experiment in Ca 2+ -free extracellular solution and mean data (2.5 mM Ca 2+ n = 3, Ca 2+ -free n = 4) showing the effect of NPPB (50 µM) and/or FFA (100–200 µM) on the holding current in recordings from the terminals of intact BCs, with subsequent addition of picrotoxin (200 µM). E, Mean data showing the effect of NPPB (50 µM) and/or FFA (100-200 µM) on the charge of GABA-evoked responses (2.5 mM Ca 2+ n = 2, Ca 2+ -free n = 3) in recordings from the terminals of intact BCs. All experiments in this and subsequent figures were performed with CsCl-based intracellular solution at a holding potential of -60 mV in the presence of bicuculline (50 µM), unless stated otherwise. Example evoked currents show the average of 2–5 responses in each condition. Error bars represent SEM; * denotes P<0.05.
Ym 58483, supplied by Bio-Techne corporation, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 94/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
https://www.bioz.com/result/ym 58483/product/Bio-Techne corporation
Average 94 stars, based on 1 article reviews
ym 58483 - by Bioz Stars, 2026-02
94/100 stars
  Buy from Supplier
tpmpa  (Santa Cruz Biotechnology)
85
Santa Cruz Biotechnology tpmpa
A, Example experiments and mean data (2.5 mM Ca 2+ n = 4, Ca 2+ -free n = 4) showing the effects of NPPB (50–100 µM) and FFA (100–200 µM) on the holding current in recordings from axon-severed BCTs, with subsequent addition of <t>picrotoxin</t> (PTX; 200 µM). NPPB/FFA(1) was measured 5–10 mins after drug application; NPPB/FFA(2) was measured 10–20 mins after application. B, Example GABA C R responses evoked by local application of GABA (100 µM, 100 ms) and the charge of GABA-evoked responses against time for the recording in Ca 2+ -free conditions in A, with mean data (2.5 mM Ca 2+ n = 2, Ca 2+ -free n = 4) showing the effect of NPPB and/or FFA on the charge of GABA-evoked responses. C, Example responses and mean data (n = 6) showing the effect of the GAT-1 inhibitor NO-711 (3 µM) on GABA-evoked responses (100 µM, 50–100 ms), and the associated increase in the tonic GABA C R current. D, An example experiment in Ca 2+ -free extracellular solution and mean data (2.5 mM Ca 2+ n = 3, Ca 2+ -free n = 4) showing the effect of NPPB (50 µM) and/or FFA (100–200 µM) on the holding current in recordings from the terminals of intact BCs, with subsequent addition of picrotoxin (200 µM). E, Mean data showing the effect of NPPB (50 µM) and/or FFA (100-200 µM) on the charge of GABA-evoked responses (2.5 mM Ca 2+ n = 2, Ca 2+ -free n = 3) in recordings from the terminals of intact BCs. All experiments in this and subsequent figures were performed with CsCl-based intracellular solution at a holding potential of -60 mV in the presence of bicuculline (50 µM), unless stated otherwise. Example evoked currents show the average of 2–5 responses in each condition. Error bars represent SEM; * denotes P<0.05.
Tpmpa, supplied by Santa Cruz Biotechnology, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 85/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
https://www.bioz.com/result/tpmpa/product/Santa Cruz Biotechnology
Average 85 stars, based on 1 article reviews
tpmpa - by Bioz Stars, 2026-02
85/100 stars
  Buy from Supplier
tpmpa  (Biotrend Chemicals)
90
Biotrend Chemicals tpmpa
A, Example experiments and mean data (2.5 mM Ca 2+ n = 4, Ca 2+ -free n = 4) showing the effects of NPPB (50–100 µM) and FFA (100–200 µM) on the holding current in recordings from axon-severed BCTs, with subsequent addition of <t>picrotoxin</t> (PTX; 200 µM). NPPB/FFA(1) was measured 5–10 mins after drug application; NPPB/FFA(2) was measured 10–20 mins after application. B, Example GABA C R responses evoked by local application of GABA (100 µM, 100 ms) and the charge of GABA-evoked responses against time for the recording in Ca 2+ -free conditions in A, with mean data (2.5 mM Ca 2+ n = 2, Ca 2+ -free n = 4) showing the effect of NPPB and/or FFA on the charge of GABA-evoked responses. C, Example responses and mean data (n = 6) showing the effect of the GAT-1 inhibitor NO-711 (3 µM) on GABA-evoked responses (100 µM, 50–100 ms), and the associated increase in the tonic GABA C R current. D, An example experiment in Ca 2+ -free extracellular solution and mean data (2.5 mM Ca 2+ n = 3, Ca 2+ -free n = 4) showing the effect of NPPB (50 µM) and/or FFA (100–200 µM) on the holding current in recordings from the terminals of intact BCs, with subsequent addition of picrotoxin (200 µM). E, Mean data showing the effect of NPPB (50 µM) and/or FFA (100-200 µM) on the charge of GABA-evoked responses (2.5 mM Ca 2+ n = 2, Ca 2+ -free n = 3) in recordings from the terminals of intact BCs. All experiments in this and subsequent figures were performed with CsCl-based intracellular solution at a holding potential of -60 mV in the presence of bicuculline (50 µM), unless stated otherwise. Example evoked currents show the average of 2–5 responses in each condition. Error bars represent SEM; * denotes P<0.05.
Tpmpa, supplied by Biotrend Chemicals, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 90/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
https://www.bioz.com/result/tpmpa/product/Biotrend Chemicals
Average 90 stars, based on 1 article reviews
tpmpa - by Bioz Stars, 2026-02
90/100 stars
  Buy from Supplier

Image Search Results


(A) Contrast response function from saturating RGCs (n = 15) before and after application of TPMPA. (D) Contrast response function from non-saturating RGCs (n = 28) before and after application of TPMPA. Data points in (A) and (B) are the mean ± SEM. * P < 0.05, # P < 0.01, † P < 0.001 (Holm-Bonferroni multiple correction). (C) Contrast thresholds for saturating RGCs before and after application of TPMPA. (D) Contrast thresholds for non-saturating RGCs before and after application of TPMPA. In (C) and (D), boxes represent the interquartile range (IQR) between first and third quartiles and the line inside represents the median. Whiskers denote the lowest and highest values within 1.5 x IQR from the first and third quartiles. Circles represent all data points. Note the contrast threshold value for one cell in (D) was immeasurable (i.e., exceeded 83%).

Journal: PLoS ONE

Article Title: Effects of GABA C R and mGluR1 antagonists on contrast response functions of Sprague-Dawley and P23H rat retinal ganglion cells

doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0189980

Figure Lengend Snippet: (A) Contrast response function from saturating RGCs (n = 15) before and after application of TPMPA. (D) Contrast response function from non-saturating RGCs (n = 28) before and after application of TPMPA. Data points in (A) and (B) are the mean ± SEM. * P < 0.05, # P < 0.01, † P < 0.001 (Holm-Bonferroni multiple correction). (C) Contrast thresholds for saturating RGCs before and after application of TPMPA. (D) Contrast thresholds for non-saturating RGCs before and after application of TPMPA. In (C) and (D), boxes represent the interquartile range (IQR) between first and third quartiles and the line inside represents the median. Whiskers denote the lowest and highest values within 1.5 x IQR from the first and third quartiles. Circles represent all data points. Note the contrast threshold value for one cell in (D) was immeasurable (i.e., exceeded 83%).

Article Snippet: The mGluR1 antagonist JNJ16259685 (Tocris Bioscience) and the GABA C R antagonist TPMPA (Tocris Bioscience) were added to the bath at 0.5 μM and 100 μM, respectively, using a calibrated syringe pump, as described previously [ ].

Techniques:

(A) Contrast response function from saturating RGCs (n = 7) before and after application of TPMPA. (B) Contrast response function from non-saturating RGCs (n = 28) before and after application of TPMPA. * P < 0.05, # P < 0.01, † P < 0.001 (Holm-Bonferroni multiple correction). (C) Contrast thresholds for saturating RGCs before and after application of TPMPA. (D) Contrast thresholds for non-saturating RGCs before and after application of TPMPA. In (C) and (D), boxes represent the interquartile range (IQR) between first and third quartiles and the line inside represents the median, which in (C) in the presence of TPMPA is near the upper end of the box. Whiskers denote the lowest and highest values within 1.5 x IQR from the first and third quartiles. Circles represent all data points. Note the contrast threshold values for three cells in (C) and ten cells in (D) were immeasurable (i.e., exceeded 83%).

Journal: PLoS ONE

Article Title: Effects of GABA C R and mGluR1 antagonists on contrast response functions of Sprague-Dawley and P23H rat retinal ganglion cells

doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0189980

Figure Lengend Snippet: (A) Contrast response function from saturating RGCs (n = 7) before and after application of TPMPA. (B) Contrast response function from non-saturating RGCs (n = 28) before and after application of TPMPA. * P < 0.05, # P < 0.01, † P < 0.001 (Holm-Bonferroni multiple correction). (C) Contrast thresholds for saturating RGCs before and after application of TPMPA. (D) Contrast thresholds for non-saturating RGCs before and after application of TPMPA. In (C) and (D), boxes represent the interquartile range (IQR) between first and third quartiles and the line inside represents the median, which in (C) in the presence of TPMPA is near the upper end of the box. Whiskers denote the lowest and highest values within 1.5 x IQR from the first and third quartiles. Circles represent all data points. Note the contrast threshold values for three cells in (C) and ten cells in (D) were immeasurable (i.e., exceeded 83%).

Article Snippet: The mGluR1 antagonist JNJ16259685 (Tocris Bioscience) and the GABA C R antagonist TPMPA (Tocris Bioscience) were added to the bath at 0.5 μM and 100 μM, respectively, using a calibrated syringe pump, as described previously [ ].

Techniques:

KEY RESOURCES TABLE

Journal: Current biology : CB

Article Title: Dopamine regulation of GABA A receptors contributes to light/dark modulation of the ON-cone bipolar cell receptive field surround in the retina

doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2017.07.063

Figure Lengend Snippet: KEY RESOURCES TABLE

Article Snippet: All chemicals and test drugs were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO), except for gabazine, {"type":"entrez-protein","attrs":{"text":"SCH23390","term_id":"1052733334","term_text":"SCH23390"}} SCH23390 and TPMPA (all from Tocris, Bristol, UK), and Alexa Fluor 488 and peanut agglutinin (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA).

Techniques: Recombinant, Plasmid Preparation, Electron Microscopy, Software

A, Example experiments and mean data (2.5 mM Ca 2+ n = 4, Ca 2+ -free n = 4) showing the effects of NPPB (50–100 µM) and FFA (100–200 µM) on the holding current in recordings from axon-severed BCTs, with subsequent addition of picrotoxin (PTX; 200 µM). NPPB/FFA(1) was measured 5–10 mins after drug application; NPPB/FFA(2) was measured 10–20 mins after application. B, Example GABA C R responses evoked by local application of GABA (100 µM, 100 ms) and the charge of GABA-evoked responses against time for the recording in Ca 2+ -free conditions in A, with mean data (2.5 mM Ca 2+ n = 2, Ca 2+ -free n = 4) showing the effect of NPPB and/or FFA on the charge of GABA-evoked responses. C, Example responses and mean data (n = 6) showing the effect of the GAT-1 inhibitor NO-711 (3 µM) on GABA-evoked responses (100 µM, 50–100 ms), and the associated increase in the tonic GABA C R current. D, An example experiment in Ca 2+ -free extracellular solution and mean data (2.5 mM Ca 2+ n = 3, Ca 2+ -free n = 4) showing the effect of NPPB (50 µM) and/or FFA (100–200 µM) on the holding current in recordings from the terminals of intact BCs, with subsequent addition of picrotoxin (200 µM). E, Mean data showing the effect of NPPB (50 µM) and/or FFA (100-200 µM) on the charge of GABA-evoked responses (2.5 mM Ca 2+ n = 2, Ca 2+ -free n = 3) in recordings from the terminals of intact BCs. All experiments in this and subsequent figures were performed with CsCl-based intracellular solution at a holding potential of -60 mV in the presence of bicuculline (50 µM), unless stated otherwise. Example evoked currents show the average of 2–5 responses in each condition. Error bars represent SEM; * denotes P<0.05.

Journal: PLoS ONE

Article Title: Pharmacological Analysis of the Activation and Receptor Properties of the Tonic GABA C R Current in Retinal Bipolar Cell Terminals

doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0024892

Figure Lengend Snippet: A, Example experiments and mean data (2.5 mM Ca 2+ n = 4, Ca 2+ -free n = 4) showing the effects of NPPB (50–100 µM) and FFA (100–200 µM) on the holding current in recordings from axon-severed BCTs, with subsequent addition of picrotoxin (PTX; 200 µM). NPPB/FFA(1) was measured 5–10 mins after drug application; NPPB/FFA(2) was measured 10–20 mins after application. B, Example GABA C R responses evoked by local application of GABA (100 µM, 100 ms) and the charge of GABA-evoked responses against time for the recording in Ca 2+ -free conditions in A, with mean data (2.5 mM Ca 2+ n = 2, Ca 2+ -free n = 4) showing the effect of NPPB and/or FFA on the charge of GABA-evoked responses. C, Example responses and mean data (n = 6) showing the effect of the GAT-1 inhibitor NO-711 (3 µM) on GABA-evoked responses (100 µM, 50–100 ms), and the associated increase in the tonic GABA C R current. D, An example experiment in Ca 2+ -free extracellular solution and mean data (2.5 mM Ca 2+ n = 3, Ca 2+ -free n = 4) showing the effect of NPPB (50 µM) and/or FFA (100–200 µM) on the holding current in recordings from the terminals of intact BCs, with subsequent addition of picrotoxin (200 µM). E, Mean data showing the effect of NPPB (50 µM) and/or FFA (100-200 µM) on the charge of GABA-evoked responses (2.5 mM Ca 2+ n = 2, Ca 2+ -free n = 3) in recordings from the terminals of intact BCs. All experiments in this and subsequent figures were performed with CsCl-based intracellular solution at a holding potential of -60 mV in the presence of bicuculline (50 µM), unless stated otherwise. Example evoked currents show the average of 2–5 responses in each condition. Error bars represent SEM; * denotes P<0.05.

Article Snippet: Salts and drugs, including GABA, L-glutamate, 5-nitro-2-(3-phenylpropylamino)benzoic acid (NPPB), 2-(3-trifluoromethylphenylamino)-benzoic acid (flufenamic acid), 4,4′-diisothiocyanostilbene-2,2′-disulphonic acid (DIDS), picrotoxin, (1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridin-4-yl)methylphosphinic acid (TPMPA), bicuculline, 1,2,5,6-tetrahydro-1-2-(diphenylmethylene)aminooxyethyl-3-pyridinecarboxylic acid hydrochloride (NO-711) and cyclothiazide were obtained from Tocris (Bristol, UK), Sigma-Aldrich (Gillingham, UK) and Fisher Scientific (Loughborough, UK).

Techniques:

A, Example experiment and mean data (n = 9) showing the biphasic effect of DIDS (500 µM) on the holding current in normal Ca 2+ extracellular solution, with subsequent application of picrotoxin (200 µM). DIDS(1) was measured at the peak of the tonic current potentiation, DIDS(2) was measured following 15-30 mins of DIDS application, just prior to addition of picrotoxin. B, Example experiment and mean data (n = 11) showing a similar effect of DIDS (500 µM) in Ca 2+ -free extracellular solution. C, The charge of GABA-evoked responses (100 µM, 100 ms) against time and example responses for the experiment in A, with mean data (2.5 mM Ca 2+ n = 7, Ca 2+ -free n = 7) showing the effect of DIDS on the charge and the decay time-constant of GABA-evoked responses. D, Example responses and mean data showing the effects of DIDS (500 µM; n = 5) and NO-711 (3 µM; n = 6) on the charge of GABA C R-mediated synaptic feedback responses evoked by brief BCT depolarization (to -10 mV for 5 ms).

Journal: PLoS ONE

Article Title: Pharmacological Analysis of the Activation and Receptor Properties of the Tonic GABA C R Current in Retinal Bipolar Cell Terminals

doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0024892

Figure Lengend Snippet: A, Example experiment and mean data (n = 9) showing the biphasic effect of DIDS (500 µM) on the holding current in normal Ca 2+ extracellular solution, with subsequent application of picrotoxin (200 µM). DIDS(1) was measured at the peak of the tonic current potentiation, DIDS(2) was measured following 15-30 mins of DIDS application, just prior to addition of picrotoxin. B, Example experiment and mean data (n = 11) showing a similar effect of DIDS (500 µM) in Ca 2+ -free extracellular solution. C, The charge of GABA-evoked responses (100 µM, 100 ms) against time and example responses for the experiment in A, with mean data (2.5 mM Ca 2+ n = 7, Ca 2+ -free n = 7) showing the effect of DIDS on the charge and the decay time-constant of GABA-evoked responses. D, Example responses and mean data showing the effects of DIDS (500 µM; n = 5) and NO-711 (3 µM; n = 6) on the charge of GABA C R-mediated synaptic feedback responses evoked by brief BCT depolarization (to -10 mV for 5 ms).

Article Snippet: Salts and drugs, including GABA, L-glutamate, 5-nitro-2-(3-phenylpropylamino)benzoic acid (NPPB), 2-(3-trifluoromethylphenylamino)-benzoic acid (flufenamic acid), 4,4′-diisothiocyanostilbene-2,2′-disulphonic acid (DIDS), picrotoxin, (1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridin-4-yl)methylphosphinic acid (TPMPA), bicuculline, 1,2,5,6-tetrahydro-1-2-(diphenylmethylene)aminooxyethyl-3-pyridinecarboxylic acid hydrochloride (NO-711) and cyclothiazide were obtained from Tocris (Bristol, UK), Sigma-Aldrich (Gillingham, UK) and Fisher Scientific (Loughborough, UK).

Techniques:

A, Example GABA C R responses evoked by local application of L-glutamate (glu; 100 µM, 10 ms) to activate reciprocal amacrine cell synapses, and their inhibition by picrotoxin. Three individual responses (grey) and the mean response (black) are shown for each condition. B, An example experiment showing inhibition of the tonic GABA C R current by the same concentrations of picrotoxin, following potentiation of the current by NO-711 (3 µM). C, Example average GABA C R-mediated mIPSCs during baseline and following application of NO-711 (3 µM), with mean data for average mIPSC charge under these conditions (n = 4). GABA C R mIPSCs were recorded in Ca 2+ -free extracellular solution to facilitate their detection, in the presence of bicuculline. D, Dose-response curves for picrotoxin inhibition of glu-evoked (n = 4–6) and tonic (n = 3–6) GABA C R currents, fit with Hill equations to give IC 50 values.

Journal: PLoS ONE

Article Title: Pharmacological Analysis of the Activation and Receptor Properties of the Tonic GABA C R Current in Retinal Bipolar Cell Terminals

doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0024892

Figure Lengend Snippet: A, Example GABA C R responses evoked by local application of L-glutamate (glu; 100 µM, 10 ms) to activate reciprocal amacrine cell synapses, and their inhibition by picrotoxin. Three individual responses (grey) and the mean response (black) are shown for each condition. B, An example experiment showing inhibition of the tonic GABA C R current by the same concentrations of picrotoxin, following potentiation of the current by NO-711 (3 µM). C, Example average GABA C R-mediated mIPSCs during baseline and following application of NO-711 (3 µM), with mean data for average mIPSC charge under these conditions (n = 4). GABA C R mIPSCs were recorded in Ca 2+ -free extracellular solution to facilitate their detection, in the presence of bicuculline. D, Dose-response curves for picrotoxin inhibition of glu-evoked (n = 4–6) and tonic (n = 3–6) GABA C R currents, fit with Hill equations to give IC 50 values.

Article Snippet: Salts and drugs, including GABA, L-glutamate, 5-nitro-2-(3-phenylpropylamino)benzoic acid (NPPB), 2-(3-trifluoromethylphenylamino)-benzoic acid (flufenamic acid), 4,4′-diisothiocyanostilbene-2,2′-disulphonic acid (DIDS), picrotoxin, (1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridin-4-yl)methylphosphinic acid (TPMPA), bicuculline, 1,2,5,6-tetrahydro-1-2-(diphenylmethylene)aminooxyethyl-3-pyridinecarboxylic acid hydrochloride (NO-711) and cyclothiazide were obtained from Tocris (Bristol, UK), Sigma-Aldrich (Gillingham, UK) and Fisher Scientific (Loughborough, UK).

Techniques: Inhibition

A, Example experiment showing the effect of cyclothiazide (CTZ; 300 µM) on the holding current, with subsequent application of NO-711 (3 µM) and picrotoxin (250 µM), with mean data for these experiments (n = 10). B, Example synaptic feedback currents evoked by brief BCT depolarization (to −10 mV for 5 ms) during wash-on of cyclothiazide, and mean data showing the biphasic effect of cyclothiazide on the charge of feedback responses (n = 8). CTZ(1) was measured 3–4 mins after application, CTZ(2) was measured 6–8 mins after application. C, Example GABA-evoked responses (100 µM, 50–100 ms) showing the effects of cyclothiazide and NO-711 on response amplitude (top) and kinetics (bottom, peak-scaled responses from a different experiment), with mean data (n = 7) for the charge and decay time-constant of GABA-evoked responses under these conditions.

Journal: PLoS ONE

Article Title: Pharmacological Analysis of the Activation and Receptor Properties of the Tonic GABA C R Current in Retinal Bipolar Cell Terminals

doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0024892

Figure Lengend Snippet: A, Example experiment showing the effect of cyclothiazide (CTZ; 300 µM) on the holding current, with subsequent application of NO-711 (3 µM) and picrotoxin (250 µM), with mean data for these experiments (n = 10). B, Example synaptic feedback currents evoked by brief BCT depolarization (to −10 mV for 5 ms) during wash-on of cyclothiazide, and mean data showing the biphasic effect of cyclothiazide on the charge of feedback responses (n = 8). CTZ(1) was measured 3–4 mins after application, CTZ(2) was measured 6–8 mins after application. C, Example GABA-evoked responses (100 µM, 50–100 ms) showing the effects of cyclothiazide and NO-711 on response amplitude (top) and kinetics (bottom, peak-scaled responses from a different experiment), with mean data (n = 7) for the charge and decay time-constant of GABA-evoked responses under these conditions.

Article Snippet: Salts and drugs, including GABA, L-glutamate, 5-nitro-2-(3-phenylpropylamino)benzoic acid (NPPB), 2-(3-trifluoromethylphenylamino)-benzoic acid (flufenamic acid), 4,4′-diisothiocyanostilbene-2,2′-disulphonic acid (DIDS), picrotoxin, (1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridin-4-yl)methylphosphinic acid (TPMPA), bicuculline, 1,2,5,6-tetrahydro-1-2-(diphenylmethylene)aminooxyethyl-3-pyridinecarboxylic acid hydrochloride (NO-711) and cyclothiazide were obtained from Tocris (Bristol, UK), Sigma-Aldrich (Gillingham, UK) and Fisher Scientific (Loughborough, UK).

Techniques: