Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: A Versatile Polypharmacology Platform Promotes Cytoprotection and Viability of Human Pluripotent and Differentiated Cells

doi: 10.1101/815761

Figure Lengend Snippet: a, After gene editing, LMNB1-edited clones #5 and #8 were established as cell lines, expanded, and their normal karyotype confirmed. b-c, Western blot and immunocytochemical analysis of gene-edited and clone cell line demonstrating expression of typical markers for pluripotent (OCT4) and differentiated cells (Brachyury for mesoderm; SOX17 for endoderm; PAX6 for ectoderm) after directed differentiation in adherent cultures. Scale bar in c : 50 μm.

Article Snippet: On day 7, mRNA from individual EBs was extracted using TurboCapture 96 mRNA kit (Qiagen), reverse-transcribed into cDNA using Sensiscript RT kit (Qiagen), and pre-amplified using TaqMan PreAmp Master Mix (Thermo Fisher Scientific) and Taqman probes for PAX6 (Hs01088114 ) , Brachyury (Hs00610080) and SOX17 (Hs00751752), followed by qPCR quantification of PAX6, Brachyury, and SOX17.

Techniques: Clone Assay, Western Blot, Expressing

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: A Versatile Polypharmacology Platform Promotes Cytoprotection and Viability of Human Pluripotent and Differentiated Cells

doi: 10.1101/815761

Figure Lengend Snippet: a, EB formation in the presence of DMSO, Y-27632 and CEPT. Human ESCs (WA09) cells were dissociated with Accutase and plated into 6-well ULA plates in E6 medium. Representative phase-contrast images were taken at 24 h post-plating. Scale bar, 50 μm. b, To generate single EBs, hESCs were dissociated with Accutase and plating into AggreWell plates (5,000 cells/well). Images were taken 24 h post-plating. In the presence of DMSO the vast majority cells underwent cell death and EB formation was not observed. Treatment with Y-27632 supported EB formation but significant numbers of dead cells were detected surrounding the EB. Note that CEPT enables EB formation without apparent cell death. Scale bar, 100 μm. c, Quantification of the diameter of single EBs (24 h post-plating). Data are mean ± s.d. (n = 20 EBs for Y-27632 and n = 22 for CEPT), **** P < 0.0001, two-tailed Student’s t -test. d, Single EB formation in 96-well ULA plates. Dissociated hESCs were plated into 96-well ULA plates at 2,000 cells/well. Live and dead cells were stained with calcein green AM and propidium iodide (PI) 24 h after cell seeding. Scale bars, 100 μm. e, Quantification of cell survival in single EBs at day 1 and day 7 by using the CTG 3D assay. Note the significant difference between Y-27632 and CEPT treatment at both timepoints. Data represent mean ± s.d. (n = 24 EBs for each group), **** P < 0.0001, one-way ANOVA. f, CEPT supports differentiation of single EBs into the three germ layers. Individual EBs were cultured in E6 medium to allow for spontaneous differentiation and analyzed on day 7 for the expression of PAX6, SOX17, and Brachyury using an optimized quantitative RT-PCR protocol that enabled detection of low transcript levels in single EBs (see Materials and Methods section for details). Data represent mean ± s.d. (n = 3 experiments and in each experiment 24 EBs were analyzed for each group), * P = 0.0327, two-tailed Student’s t -test. g, h, Cerebral organoids were generated by using Y-27632 and CEPT for the first 24 h. At day 30, organoids were fixed, sectioned, processed for histology (hematoxylin and eosin stain) and immunohistochemistry for FOXG1. Representative images show that CEPT treatment resulted in larger organoids and more abundant FOXG1-expressing cells. Scale bars, 400 μm.

Article Snippet: On day 7, mRNA from individual EBs was extracted using TurboCapture 96 mRNA kit (Qiagen), reverse-transcribed into cDNA using Sensiscript RT kit (Qiagen), and pre-amplified using TaqMan PreAmp Master Mix (Thermo Fisher Scientific) and Taqman probes for PAX6 (Hs01088114 ) , Brachyury (Hs00610080) and SOX17 (Hs00751752), followed by qPCR quantification of PAX6, Brachyury, and SOX17.

Techniques: Two Tailed Test, Staining, Cell Culture, Expressing, Quantitative RT-PCR, Generated, H&E Stain, Immunohistochemistry

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: A Versatile Polypharmacology Platform Promotes Cytoprotection and Viability of Human Pluripotent and Differentiated Cells

doi: 10.1101/815761

Figure Lengend Snippet: Basal expression levels of Caspase-3 in hESCs (WA09) in comparison to their lineage-restricted precursors after directed differentiation into ectoderm (PAX6), mesoderm (Brachyury), and endoderm (SOX17). Note the strong Caspase-3 expression at the pluripotent state and downregulation upon differentiation.

Article Snippet: On day 7, mRNA from individual EBs was extracted using TurboCapture 96 mRNA kit (Qiagen), reverse-transcribed into cDNA using Sensiscript RT kit (Qiagen), and pre-amplified using TaqMan PreAmp Master Mix (Thermo Fisher Scientific) and Taqman probes for PAX6 (Hs01088114 ) , Brachyury (Hs00610080) and SOX17 (Hs00751752), followed by qPCR quantification of PAX6, Brachyury, and SOX17.

Techniques: Expressing, Comparison

Journal: Arthritis Research & Therapy

Article Title: Mesenchymal progenitor cell markers in human articular cartilage: normal distribution and changes in osteoarthritis

doi: 10.1186/ar2719

Figure Lengend Snippet: Side population in normal cartilage. (a) FACS image of the gated side population (SP) and non-SP (NSP) cells isolated via cell sorting. (b) Expression level of ABCG2 in SP and NSP cells. The three-fold higher expression of ABCG2 indicates successful isolation of the cartilage SP.

Article Snippet: Quantitative real-time RT-PCR (qPCR) was performed using TaqMan Gene Expression Assay probe for ABCG2 (Hs00194979_m1), Sox9 (Hs00165814_m1), Col2a1 IIA (Hs00156568_m1), Col2a1 IIB (Hs01064869_m1), Aggecan (Hs00202971_m1), Col1a1 (Hs00164004_m1), Col10a1 (Hs00166657_m1), Runx2 (Hs00298328_s1), Osterix (Hs00541729_m1), Osteocalcin (Hs01587814_g1), Adiponectin (Hs02564413_S1), and GAPDH (Hs99999905_m1) (All Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA, USA).

Techniques: Isolation, FACS, Expressing

Journal: Cell reports

Article Title: A single amino acid in the Salmonella effector SarA/SteE triggers supraphysiological activation of STAT3 for anti-inflammatory gene expression.

doi: 10.1016/j.celrep.2025.115530

Figure Lengend Snippet: Figure 1. SarA induces anti-inflammatory cell signaling and strong STAT3 phosphorylation (A) Graphical comparison of SarA vs. gp130 activation of STAT3, including sequence alignment of SarA and gp130 GBS domain. Schematic created using BioRender. (B) SarA upregulated genes significantly overlap with IL-10 target genes. Venn diagrams showing overlap of genes upregulated in a SarA-dependent manner (at 24 h post-Salmonella Typhimurium infection in LCLs [data from Jaslow et al.5]) and in an IL-10- or IL-6-dependent manner (after 8 h cytokine stimulation in dendritic cells [data from Braun et al.10]). p values obtained from a chi-squared test. See also Figure S1. (C) Wild-type Salmonella Typhimurium infection leads to increased expression of anti-inflammatory genes. THP-1 cells were either stimulated with 10 ng/mL of IL-6 or infected with wild type or DsarA Salmonella Typhimurium. RNA was collected from cells 8 hpi, and expression levels of SBNO2 and TNIP3 were measured via qPCR. Points represent six biological replicates across three experiments (with each biological replicate shown being the average of three qPCR technical replicates). Gray values above bars are the mean. Data are represented as mean ± SEM. p values obtained from Brown-Forsythe and Welch ANOVAs with Dunnett’s T3 multiple comparisons test. (D) DsarA mutant strain of Salmonella Typhimurium has a significantly higher percentage of infection at 8 hpi, but wild type and DsarA have similar rates of intracellular replication. THP-1 cells were infected at MOI 10 with inducible GFP-expression bacteria. Bacterial replication was quantified as the ratio of median GFP value of infected cells at 8 hpi over 3.5 hpi. Points represent six biological replicates across three independent experiments. Data are represented as mean ± SEM. p values obtained from unpaired t tests with Welch’s correction. (E) SarA GBS domain leads to greater STAT3 phosphorylation and SOCS3 abundance compared to gp130 GBS domain as quantified by western blot after overexpression in HeLa cells. The asterisk on the b-tubulin blot marks the residual signal from the 50-kDa FLAG band of FLAG-gp130; they are similar molecular weights, and both were detected using anti-mouse secondary antibody. Representative of four experiments that are quantified in (F) and (G). See also Figure S3. (F) Quantification of STAT3 phosphorylation at each time point from western blot in (E). Points represent four experiments. Data are represented as mean ± SEM. p values obtained from unpaired t tests with Welch’s correction comparing FLAG-SarA to FLAG-SarA:gp130 and FLAG-gp130 to FLAG-gp130:SarA.

Article Snippet: REAGENT or RESOURCE SOURCE IDENTIFIER Antibodies Anti-FLAG M2 Sigma Cat#F3165; RRID:AB_259529 Anti-pY705-STAT3 clone D2A7 CST Cat#9145; RRID:AB_2491009 Anti-STAT3 clone 124H6 CST Cat#9139; RRID:AB_331757 Anti-SOCS3 polyclonal Proteintech Cat#14025-1-AP; RRID:AB_10597854 Anti-GSK3b clone D5C5Z CST Cat#12456; RRID:AB_2636978 Anti-pTYR-1000 monoclonal pool CST Cat#8954; RRID:AB_2687925 Bacterial and virus strains S. enterica Typhimurium 14028s + p67GFP3.1 Dennis Ko DCK22 S. enterica Typhimurium 14028s DsarA + p67GFP3.1 Sarah Jaslow5 DCK444 S. enterica Typhimurium 14028s DsarA + pWSK129 Sarah Jaslow5 DCK486 S. enterica Typhimurium 14028s DsarA + pWSK129-sarA + p67GFP3.1 Sarah Jaslow5 DCK487b S. enterica Typhimurium 14028s DsarA + pWSK129-sarA:gp130 + p67GFP3.1 This study DCK1156 S. enterica Typhimurium 14028s DsarA + pWSK129-sarA168R + p67GFP3.1 This study DCK1222 S. enterica Typhimurium 14028s DsarA + pWSK129-sarA:gp130R168I + p67GFP3.1 This study DCK1223 Chemicals, peptides, and recombinant proteins OSM PeproTech Cat#300-10 IL-6 PeproTech Cat#200-06 IL-10 PeproTech Cat#200-10 Gentamicin Sulfate Sigma Cat#G3632-5G 7-aminoactinomycin D (7AAD) Enzo ALX-380-283 Isopropyl ß-D-1-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG) ThermoFisher Cat#15529–019 Taqman FAM-MGB TNIP3 probe ThermoFisher 4448892, Hs00375573 Taqman FAM-MGB SBNO2 probe ThermoFisher 4448892, Hs00922127 Taqman FAM-MGB SOCS3 probe ThermoFisher 4453320, Hs02330328 Taqman FAM-MGB PTPN11 probe ThermoFisher 4453320, Hs00275784 Taqman FAM-MGB RNA18S5 probe ThermoFisher 4331182, Hs03928985 siGENOME Non-Targeting #5 Dharmacon Cat#D-001210-05 siGENOME SOCS3 SMARTpool siRNA Dharmacon Cat#M-004299-02-0005 siGENOME PTPN11 SMARTpool siRNA Dharmacon Cat#M-003947-01-0005 25mM gp130 phosphopeptide Genscript SGpYRHQVPSV 25mM gp130R168I phosphopeptide Genscript SGpYIHQVPSV 25mM SarA phosphopeptide Genscript SGpYIAQYRHS 25mM SarAI168R phosphopeptide Genscript SGpYRAQYRHS PTMScan Wild Type Alpha-Lytic Protease (WaLP) Cell Signaling Cat#33036 10X Kinase Buffer Cell Signaling Cat#9802 (Continued on next page) 14 Cell Reports 44, 115530, April 22, 2025

Techniques: Phospho-proteomics, Comparison, Activation Assay, Sequencing, Infection, Expressing, Mutagenesis, Bacteria, Western Blot, Over Expression

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: PHGDH is required for germinal center formation and is a therapeutic target in MYC -driven lymphoma

doi: 10.1101/2021.11.11.468272

Figure Lengend Snippet: (A) Uniform Manifold Approximation and Projection (UMAP) of tonsillar B cell scRNA clusters (including naïve, activated, pre-GC, total GC, plasmablasts, memory (MBC), and cycling B cells) (panel on the left). Expression of SSP-network genes in B-cell subsets (right). (B) Analysis of PHGDH, PSAT1 and PSPH protein levels in human naïve B cells isolated from blood bank volunteers by immunoblotting (n = 6). MDA-MB-231 and MDA-MB-468 cell lines were used as control for low- and high SSP-enzyme expression, respectively. (C) Quantification of specific transcript levels relative to b-actin mRNA levels. (D) Representative immunoblot of PHGDH, PSAT1 and PSPH proteins levels in resting and activated human naïve B cells. Human B cells were left unstimulated (-) or stimulated (+) with anti-IgM/G antibody, CD40 ligand (CD40L) and interleukin-4 (IL-4) for 3, 24 and 48 hours. (E) Quantification of protein levels shown in (D) normalized to HSC70. Individual samples (dots) and means (bars) values are plotted (n = 5; Mann Whitney test). (F) Relative mRNA expression of SSP enzyme genes in resting and activated human B cells determined by qPCR. Isolated human B cells were left unstimulated (-) or stimulated with (+) with anti-IgM/G antibody, CD40 ligand (CD40L) and interleukin-4 (IL-4) for 3, 24 and 48 hours before mRNA extraction. Specific transcript levels were determined relative to b-actin mRNA levels (n = 4; Mann Whitney test). (G) Representative immunohistochemical staining for PHGDH and PSAT1 in germinal center (GC) and marginal zone (MZ) areas in sections of human reactive tonsils and (H) quantification (n = 10; Mann Whitney test). (I) Mass isotopologue distribution of U-[ 13 C 6 ]-glucose-derived serine and glycine from human resting and activated B cells. B cells were left unstimulated (-) or stimulated (+) with anti-IgM/G antibody, CD40L and IL-4 for 48 hours. Cells were cultured for two hours in serine/glycine deplete media containing U-[ 13 C 6 ]-glucose.

Article Snippet: Primers used for qPCR were all purchased from Applied Biosystems and are listed below: TaqMan probe for human PHGDH: Hs01106329_m1 TaqMan probe for human PSAT1: Hs00795278_mH TaqMan probe for human PSPH: Hs00190154_m1 TaqMan probe for beta-Actin: Hs01060665_g1 TaqMan probe for human PHGDH: Mm01623589_g1 TaqMan probe for human PSAT1: Mm07293542_m1 TaqMan probe for human PSPH: Mm01197775_m1 TaqMan probe for beta-Actin: Mm02619580_g1

Techniques: Expressing, Isolation, Western Blot, Control, MANN-WHITNEY, Extraction, Immunohistochemical staining, Staining, Derivative Assay, Cell Culture

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: PHGDH is required for germinal center formation and is a therapeutic target in MYC -driven lymphoma

doi: 10.1101/2021.11.11.468272

Figure Lengend Snippet: (A) Analysis of PHGDH, PSAT1 and PSPH protein levels in resting B cells isolated from mouse spleen (SPL), peripheral blood (PB) and lymph nodes (LN). NIH3T3 murine cells were used as control for high expression of SSP-related enzymes. (B) Representative immunohistochemical staining for PNA as GC marker, PHGDH and PSAT1 on consecutive spleen sections derived from mouse spleens 8 days after sheep RBC immunization. (C) Expression of PHGDH and PSAT1 in GC B cells and non-GC B cells harvested from mouse spleen 8 days after immunization with sheep RBC (Mann-Whitney test). (D) Representative immunoblots of PHGDH, PSAT1 and PSPH proteins levels in murine resting and activated B cells. Mouse B cells were isolated from spleen and left unstimulated (-) or stimulated (+) with anti-IgM/G antibody, CD40 ligand (CD40L) and interleukin-4 (IL-4) for 24 hours before protein extraction and (E) quantification of protein levels normalized to HSC70. Individual samples (dots) and means (bars) values are plotted (n = 4; Mann-Whitney test). (F) Relative mRNA expression of SSP enzyme genes in resting and activated mouse B cells as determined by qPCR. Isolated mouse B cells were left unstimulated (-) or stimulated with (+) with anti-IgM/G antibody, CD40 ligand (CD40L) and interleukin-4 (IL-4) for 24 and 48 hours before mRNA extraction. Specific transcript levels were determined relative to β-actin mRNA levels (n = 4; Mann-Whitney test). (G) Mass isotopologue distribution of U-[ 13 C 6 ]-glucose-derived serine and glycine from murine resting and activated murine B cells. Cells were left unstimulated (-) or stimulated (+) with anti-IgM/G antibody, CD40L and IL-4 for 48 hours. Cells were then cultured for two hours in media depleted from serine and glycine and containing U-[ 13 C 6 ]-glucose. 13 C isotopologue distribution in serine and glycine was determined by LC-MS.

Article Snippet: Primers used for qPCR were all purchased from Applied Biosystems and are listed below: TaqMan probe for human PHGDH: Hs01106329_m1 TaqMan probe for human PSAT1: Hs00795278_mH TaqMan probe for human PSPH: Hs00190154_m1 TaqMan probe for beta-Actin: Hs01060665_g1 TaqMan probe for human PHGDH: Mm01623589_g1 TaqMan probe for human PSAT1: Mm07293542_m1 TaqMan probe for human PSPH: Mm01197775_m1 TaqMan probe for beta-Actin: Mm02619580_g1

Techniques: Isolation, Control, Expressing, Immunohistochemical staining, Staining, Marker, Derivative Assay, MANN-WHITNEY, Western Blot, Protein Extraction, Extraction, Cell Culture, Liquid Chromatography with Mass Spectroscopy

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: PHGDH is required for germinal center formation and is a therapeutic target in MYC -driven lymphoma

doi: 10.1101/2021.11.11.468272

Figure Lengend Snippet: (A) Representative immunohistochemical staining and (B) quantification for PHGDH and PSAT1 abundance in sections of human diagnostic biopsies from patients with Burkitt lymphoma (BL), Diffuse Large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) and Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). The statistical difference was analyzed using the ordinary one-way ANOVA. (C) Immunohistochemical analysis for PHGDH and PSAT1 in proliferation centers (PC) and resting zone (RZ) areas in sections from biopsies collected from patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and (D) quantification. Individual samples (dots) and means (bars) values are plotted. The statistical difference was analyzed using the Mann-Whitney test. (E) Kaplan-Meier survival analysis of patients with DLBCL from a published dataset (GSE10846). Patients whose PHGDH/PSAT1 mRNA levels were within the top quartile were grouped as PHGDH/PSAT1 high; those with PHGDH/PSAT1 mRNA levels within the bottom quartile were grouped as PHGDH/PSAT1 low. Statistical analyses were conducted with log-rank (Mantel-Cox) test.

Article Snippet: Primers used for qPCR were all purchased from Applied Biosystems and are listed below: TaqMan probe for human PHGDH: Hs01106329_m1 TaqMan probe for human PSAT1: Hs00795278_mH TaqMan probe for human PSPH: Hs00190154_m1 TaqMan probe for beta-Actin: Hs01060665_g1 TaqMan probe for human PHGDH: Mm01623589_g1 TaqMan probe for human PSAT1: Mm07293542_m1 TaqMan probe for human PSPH: Mm01197775_m1 TaqMan probe for beta-Actin: Mm02619580_g1

Techniques: Immunohistochemical staining, Staining, Diagnostic Assay, MANN-WHITNEY

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: PHGDH is required for germinal center formation and is a therapeutic target in MYC -driven lymphoma

doi: 10.1101/2021.11.11.468272

Figure Lengend Snippet: (A) Western blot analysis of PHGDH, PSAT1 and PSPH protein expression in B cell-derived lymphoma cell lines (MCL=Mantle cell lymphoma). Representative of three independent experiments. HSC70 was used as loading control. (B) Cell cycle profile of Ramos (top), Raji (center) and Daudi (bottom) cells. Cells were plated either in complete medium or equivalent medium lacking serine and glycine supplemented or not with 0.5mM sodium formate and 0.4mM glycine and treated with DMSO (as a solvent control) or 10μM PH-755 followed incubation with 10μM BrdU and staining with anti-BrdU and 7-ADD. Data are presented as mean (± SEM) and are representative of three independent experiments, with value for DMSO-treated cells and cultured in complete medium set to 1.0. (one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s post hoc test). (C) Ramos (left), Raji (center) and Daudi (right) cells were cultured in the same conditions specified in (B) for 48 hours. Cells were then permeabilised, fixed, and stained for active Caspase-3. Positive cells for active Caspase-3 were analyzed by flow cytometry. Graph shows the mean (± SEM) derived from three independent experiments, with value for DMSO-treated cells and cultured in complete medium set to 1.0. (one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s post hoc test). (D) Mass isotopologue distribution of U-[ 13 C 6 ]-glucose-derived serine and glycine for Ramos (top) and Daudi (bottom) cells cultured for 2 and 24 hours in medium lacking serine and glycine in presence of U-[ 13 C 6 ]-glucose (10mM) and treated with DMSO or 10μM PH-755. Serine, Glycine, ATP and GTP levels were measured by LC-MS. The percentage distribution of each isotopologue for their respective metabolite pool is shown. Data are presented as mean (± SEM) of six repeats and are representative of three independent experiments.

Article Snippet: Primers used for qPCR were all purchased from Applied Biosystems and are listed below: TaqMan probe for human PHGDH: Hs01106329_m1 TaqMan probe for human PSAT1: Hs00795278_mH TaqMan probe for human PSPH: Hs00190154_m1 TaqMan probe for beta-Actin: Hs01060665_g1 TaqMan probe for human PHGDH: Mm01623589_g1 TaqMan probe for human PSAT1: Mm07293542_m1 TaqMan probe for human PSPH: Mm01197775_m1 TaqMan probe for beta-Actin: Mm02619580_g1

Techniques: Western Blot, Expressing, Derivative Assay, Control, Solvent, Incubation, Staining, Cell Culture, Flow Cytometry, Liquid Chromatography with Mass Spectroscopy

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: PHGDH is required for germinal center formation and is a therapeutic target in MYC -driven lymphoma

doi: 10.1101/2021.11.11.468272

Figure Lengend Snippet: (A) Immunoblot of PHGDH, PSAT1 and PSPH expression in splenic B cells from wild-type (WT; n=3) and Eμ-Myc mice (n=6). HSC70 was used as loading control. (B) Representative immunohistochemical staining for B220, Ki67, MYC, PHGDH and PSAT1 abundance in sections of spleens from either wild-type (n=3) or Eμ-Myc (n=3) mice. (C) Isotope tracing analysis in splenic B cells isolated from either C57BL/6 WT mice or Eμ-MYC mice and cultured for 2 hours with 13 C 6 -labeled glucose. Serine, Glycine levels were measured by LC-MS. The percent distribution of each isotopologue of their respective metabolite pool is represented as mean (± SEM) of triplicate cultures and is representative of three independent experiments. (D) Schematic showing allograft lymphoma model, in which lymphoma cells are injected via the tail vein into nine-week-old-male C57BL/6J mice. Three days after lymphoma engraftment, mice are randomized to receive either vehicle or tamoxifen treatment by oral gavage for 4 days. Samples were collected 20 days post-injection. (E) Representative pictures of spleens from mice (n=3 per group) sacrificed 20 days after transplantation (left) and quantification of the spleen weight (right). Data are represented as mean (± SEM); two-tailed Student’s t-test. (F) Schematic showing allograft lymphoma model, in which lymphoma cells are injected via the tail vein into nine-week-old-male C57BL/6J mice. Two days after lymphoma engraftment, mice are randomized to be treated with either vehicle or PH-755 by oral gavage for 14 days. (G) Representative pictures of spleens from mice (n=3 per group) sacrificed after 7 or 14 days post-transplantation (left) and quantification of the spleen weight (right). Data are represented as mean (± SEM); two-tailed Student’s t-test.

Article Snippet: Primers used for qPCR were all purchased from Applied Biosystems and are listed below: TaqMan probe for human PHGDH: Hs01106329_m1 TaqMan probe for human PSAT1: Hs00795278_mH TaqMan probe for human PSPH: Hs00190154_m1 TaqMan probe for beta-Actin: Hs01060665_g1 TaqMan probe for human PHGDH: Mm01623589_g1 TaqMan probe for human PSAT1: Mm07293542_m1 TaqMan probe for human PSPH: Mm01197775_m1 TaqMan probe for beta-Actin: Mm02619580_g1

Techniques: Western Blot, Expressing, Control, Immunohistochemical staining, Staining, Isolation, Cell Culture, Labeling, Liquid Chromatography with Mass Spectroscopy, Injection, Transplantation Assay, Two Tailed Test