Journal: International journal of pharmaceutics

Article Title: In vivo controlled release of fenretinide from long-acting release depots for chemoprevention of oral squamous cell carcinoma recurrence

doi: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2017.11.037

Figure Lengend Snippet: a) In vivo release of 4HPR from CR PLGA millicylinders vs . that from water soluble matrix PVA/sucrose implants with and without solubilizers. The PLGA implants contained 20% 4HPR + 15% MgCO 3 + 1% PVP + 20% NaDC or CaDC, while the PVA/sucrose implants contained either 20% 4HPR or additional solubilizer and crystallization inhibitor (20% NaDC + 1% PVP). b) Implant images prior to harvesting from rat SC tissue on day 28 (yellow represents 4HPR). C) In vivo release of sodium and calcium deoxycholate (DC − ) from PLGA millicylinders. ( mean ± SE, n = 3).

Article Snippet: Excipients used were sodium deoxycholate, (NaDC, 99% pure, Acros), polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP K30, 40 kDa, BASF), hydroxypropyl methylcellulose K4M (HPMC K4M, Dow Chemical, Midland, MI), and β-CD (Sigma-Aldrich).

Techniques: In Vivo, Crystallization Assay

Journal: Journal of Bacteriology

Article Title: Cholate Resistance in Lactococcus lactis Is Mediated by an ATP-Dependent Multispecific Organic Anion Transporter

doi:

Figure Lengend Snippet: Sensitivity of wild-type L. lactis MG1363 and the cholate-resistant L. lactis C41-2 to cholate, deoxycholate, and taurocholate. Both strains were grown for 6 h in M17 medium containing various concentrations of cholate (●), deoxycholate (▴), and taurocholate (■). The solid lines and the dotted line represent L. lactis MG1363 and L. lactis C41-2, respectively.

Article Snippet: Sodium taurocholate, sodium cholate, potassium cholate, and sodium deoxycholate were purchased from Sigma.

Techniques:

Journal: International Journal of Nanomedicine

Article Title: Use of transethosomes for enhancing the transdermal delivery of olmesartan medoxomil: in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo evaluation

doi: 10.2147/IJN.S196771

Figure Lengend Snippet: DSC thermogram of ( A ) OLM, ( B ) PC, ( C ) SDC, ( D ) physical mixture of OLM and transethosomal components, and ( E ) TE14. Abbreviations: DSC, differential scanning calorimetry; OLM, olmesartan medoxomil; PC, phospholipid; SDC, sodium deoxycholate; TE, transethosome.

Article Snippet: L-α phosphotidylcholine from egg yolk, Span 20 (S20), Span 60 (S60), sodium deoxycholate (SDC), cellulose membrane (12,000–14,000 molecular weight cutoff), and fluorescein diacetate (FDA) were purchased from Sigma Aldrich Chemical Co. (St Louis, MO, USA).

Techniques:

Journal: Molecules : A Journal of Synthetic Chemistry and Natural Product Chemistry

Article Title: Membranolytic Activity of Bile Salts: Influence of Biological Membrane Properties and Composition

doi: 10.3390/12102292

Figure Lengend Snippet: Chemical structure of the two bile salts: ( A ) sodium cholate (NaC) and ( B ) sodium deoxycholate (NaDC). Under physiological conditions (300 mOsmol, pH 7) bile salts are negatively charged. ( C ) Structural formula of sodium cholate showing the hydrophobic surface (indicated in red) and the hydrophilic parts (indicated in blue) of the molecule.

Article Snippet: The bile salts sodium cholate (NaC) and sodium deoxycholate (NaDC) were purchased from Sigma (Deisenhofen, Germany).

Techniques:

Journal: Infection and Immunity

Article Title: The Terminal Sialic Acid of Glycoconjugates on the Surface of Intestinal Epithelial Cells Activates Excystation of Cryptosporidium parvum

doi: 10.1128/IAI.00362-08

Figure Lengend Snippet: Effect of the human Caco2 intestinal cell line and a physiologically compatible concentration of the bile salt sodium deoxycholate (BS) in triggering the excystation of sporozoites from oocysts of C. parvum . Oocysts were incubated at 37°C alone

Article Snippet: In some experiments, the bile salt sodium deoxycholate (0.1% [wt/vol]; Sigma-Aldrich) was added to the excystation medium.

Techniques: Concentration Assay, Incubation

Journal: BioMed Research International

Article Title: GYY4137 Attenuates Sodium Deoxycholate-Induced Intestinal Barrier Injury Both In Vitro and In Vivo

doi: 10.1155/2019/5752323

Figure Lengend Snippet: The effects of GYY4137 on the status of P-MLCK-P-MLC2 signaling pathway in Caco-2 monolayers with short-term SDC treatment. Caco-2 monolayers were treated as described in Figure 3 . (a–c) GYY4137 inhibited SDC-induced increased phosphorylation of MLCK and MLC2. Results were expressed as mean ± SEM ( n = 3). ∗ P

Article Snippet: Chemicals and Regents In our research, SDC, GYY4137, FITC-dextran (4 KDa, FD-4), and FITC-dextran (40 KDa, FD-40) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA).

Techniques:

Journal: BioMed Research International

Article Title: GYY4137 Attenuates Sodium Deoxycholate-Induced Intestinal Barrier Injury Both In Vitro and In Vivo

doi: 10.1155/2019/5752323

Figure Lengend Snippet: The effects of GYY4137 on the body weight, barrier function, and histological score of mice with the gavage of SDC. (a) GYY4137 obviously inhibited the decreased body weight of mice treated with SDC. (b) GYY4137 remarkably ameliorated the broken intestinal barrier featured by increased FD-4 flux in mice treated with SDC. (c) GYY4137 attenuated the mucosal damage caused by SDC. (d) GYY4137 significantly attenuated the increased histological score in mice with the gavage of SDC. All experiments were performed using 6 mice per experimental group and repeated at least three times. Results were expressed as mean ± SEM ( n = 6). ∗ P

Article Snippet: Chemicals and Regents In our research, SDC, GYY4137, FITC-dextran (4 KDa, FD-4), and FITC-dextran (40 KDa, FD-40) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA).

Techniques: Mouse Assay

Journal: BioMed Research International

Article Title: GYY4137 Attenuates Sodium Deoxycholate-Induced Intestinal Barrier Injury Both In Vitro and In Vivo

doi: 10.1155/2019/5752323

Figure Lengend Snippet: The effects of GYY4137 and SDC on the expression level of TJs in monolayers. Caco-2 monolayers were preincubated with or without 200 μ M GYY4137 for 48 h and then treated in the presence or absence of 2 mM SDC for 30 min. The total protein of monolayers was harvested after treatment for western blot assay. Results were expressed as mean ± SEM ( n = 3).

Article Snippet: Chemicals and Regents In our research, SDC, GYY4137, FITC-dextran (4 KDa, FD-4), and FITC-dextran (40 KDa, FD-40) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA).

Techniques: Expressing, Western Blot

Journal: BioMed Research International

Article Title: GYY4137 Attenuates Sodium Deoxycholate-Induced Intestinal Barrier Injury Both In Vitro and In Vivo

doi: 10.1155/2019/5752323

Figure Lengend Snippet: The effects of GYY4137 and SDC on the localization of TJs in monolayers. ZO-1 and Occludin were stained by immunofluorescence. The altered localization of TJs induced by SDC was ameliorated by GYY4137.

Article Snippet: Chemicals and Regents In our research, SDC, GYY4137, FITC-dextran (4 KDa, FD-4), and FITC-dextran (40 KDa, FD-40) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA).

Techniques: Staining, Immunofluorescence

Journal: BioMed Research International

Article Title: GYY4137 Attenuates Sodium Deoxycholate-Induced Intestinal Barrier Injury Both In Vitro and In Vivo

doi: 10.1155/2019/5752323

Figure Lengend Snippet: Destructive effects of SDC on Caco-2 monolayer barrier function and GYY4137 ameliorates intestinal epithelial barrier dysfunction induced by SDC. (a) Caco-2 monolayers were treated with different concentrations (0–2.4 mM) of SDC. 2 Mm or greater concentration could significantly decrease the TEER at 30 min. (b) Dose-response of the TEER of Caco-2 monolayers treated with different concentrations of SDC for 30 min. Concentration ≥2 mM significantly degraded the TEER. (c) Caco-2 monolayers were preincubated with or without 50, 100, and 200 μ M GYY4137 for 48 h and then treated in the presence or absence of 2 mM SDC for 30 min. GYY4137 significantly attenuated TEER reduction induced by SDC treatment. (d) Caco-2 monolayers were treated as described. The increase of FD-40 flux induced by SDC was significantly attenuated by GYY4137 treatment. Results were expressed as mean ± SEM ( n = 3). ∗ P

Article Snippet: Chemicals and Regents In our research, SDC, GYY4137, FITC-dextran (4 KDa, FD-4), and FITC-dextran (40 KDa, FD-40) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA).

Techniques: Concentration Assay

Journal: BioMed Research International

Article Title: GYY4137 Attenuates Sodium Deoxycholate-Induced Intestinal Barrier Injury Both In Vitro and In Vivo

doi: 10.1155/2019/5752323

Figure Lengend Snippet: The effects of GYY4137 on the expression level of TJs of mice with the gavage of SDC. GYY4137 significantly inhibited the decreased expression of ZO-1 and Occludin in the proximal colon of mice with the gavage of SDC. All experiments were performed using 6 mice per experimental group and repeated at least three times. Results were expressed as mean ± SEM ( n = 6). ∗ P

Article Snippet: Chemicals and Regents In our research, SDC, GYY4137, FITC-dextran (4 KDa, FD-4), and FITC-dextran (40 KDa, FD-40) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA).

Techniques: Expressing, Mouse Assay

Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives

Article Title: Persistent Organic Pollutants Modify Gut Microbiota–Host Metabolic Homeostasis in Mice Through Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Activation

doi: 10.1289/ehp.1409055

Figure Lengend Snippet: Bile acid metabolism in animals treated with vehicle or TCDF (24 μg/kg). Abbreviations: CA, cholic acid; CDCA, chenodeoxycholic acid; DCA, deoxycholic acid; G, glycine-conjugated; LCA, lithocholic acid; MCA, muricholic acid; NS, not significant; T, taurine-conjugated species; UDCA, ursodeoxycholic acid. Quantification of specific bile acids levels in intestinal tissue ( A,B ) and feces ( C,D ) throughout the enterohepatic circulation of Ahr +/+ mice. ( E ) Quantification of total bile acids in liver, intestine, cecum, and feces of Ahr +/+ mice; the bile acid profile in the small intestine shows the data from jejunum segment. qPCR analysis of Fgf15 , Fxr, and Shp mRNAs in the ileum ( F ) and Fxr and Shp mRNA expression in the liver ( G ) of Ahr +/+ and Ahr –/– mice. ( H ) qPCR analysis of Cyp7a1 , Cyp8b1 , Cyp27a1 , Akr1d1, and Cyp7b1 mRNAs in the liver of Ahr +/+ mice. ( I – K ) mRNA encoding bile acid transporters involved in taurine biosynthesis and bile acid conjugation in the ileum ( I ), and mRNA encoding bile acid transporters in the distal liver ( J ) and ileum ( K ) of vehicle- and TCDF-treated Ahr +/+ mice. Data are presented as mean ± SD; n = 6/group. See also Supplemental Material, Tables S1 and S2. * p

Article Snippet: External bile acid standards, including cholic acid (CA), lithocholic acid (LCA), chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA), deoxycholic acid (DCA), ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA), α-muricholic acid (αMCA), β-muricholic acid (βMCA), ω-muricholic acid (ωMCA), glycocholic acid (GCA), glycochenodeoxycholic acid (GCDCA), taurocholic acid (TCA), taurodeoxycholic acid (TDCA), tauro chenodeoxycholic acid (TCDCA), taurolithocholic acid (TLCA), tauro-α-muricholic acid (TαMCA), and tauro-β-muricholic acid (TβMCA), were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich.

Techniques: Mouse Assay, Real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction, Expressing, Conjugation Assay

Journal: International Journal of Nanomedicine

Article Title: Sodium deoxycholate-decorated zein nanoparticles for a stable colloidal drug delivery system

doi: 10.2147/IJN.S156930

Figure Lengend Snippet: TEM analysis of ( A ) surfactant-free zein nanoparticles (2 mg/mL of protein), and of zein nanosystems prepared with ( B ) PLX188 (5% w/v), ( C ) T80 (2.5% w/v), or ( D ) SD (1.25% w/v). Scale bar =200 nm. Abbreviations: TEM, transmission electron microscopy; T80, Tween 80 ® ; PLX188, Poloxamer 188 ® ; SD, sodium deoxycholate monohydrate.

Article Snippet: Materials Yellow zein, sodium deoxycholate monohydrate (SD), all-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA), red oil, rhodamine B, 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-3,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide salt (used for MTT-tests), phosphate buffered saline (PBS) tablets, dimethyl sulfoxide, and amphothericin B solution (250 μg/mL), were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Co. (St Louis, MO, USA).

Techniques: Transmission Electron Microscopy, Transmission Assay, Electron Microscopy

Journal: International Journal of Nanomedicine

Article Title: Sodium deoxycholate-decorated zein nanoparticles for a stable colloidal drug delivery system

doi: 10.2147/IJN.S156930

Figure Lengend Snippet: TSI of surfactant-free zein nanoparticles as a function of zein concentration ( A and B ). TSI of zein nanoparticles (2 mg/mL of protein) prepared with various surfactants (PLX188 5% w/v, T80 2.5% w/v, and SD 1.25% w/v) ( C and D ). T =20°C ( A and C ); T =37°C ( B and D ). Abbreviations: TSI, Turbiscan Stability Index; T80, Tween 80 ® ; PLX188, Poloxamer 188 ® ; SD, sodium deoxycholate monohydrate; T, temperature.

Article Snippet: Materials Yellow zein, sodium deoxycholate monohydrate (SD), all-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA), red oil, rhodamine B, 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-3,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide salt (used for MTT-tests), phosphate buffered saline (PBS) tablets, dimethyl sulfoxide, and amphothericin B solution (250 μg/mL), were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Co. (St Louis, MO, USA).

Techniques: Concentration Assay

Journal: Molecules

Article Title: Chitosan-Coated Flexible Liposomes Magnify the Anticancer Activity and Bioavailability of Docetaxel: Impact on Composition

doi: 10.3390/molecules24020250

Figure Lengend Snippet: Zeta potentials of docetaxel (DXT)-loaded (5 mg/mL) liposomes and chitosomes. The data are expressed as means ± SD, n = 3. CL—conventional liposome; FL—flexible liposome; T—Tween-80; DP—dicetyl phosphate; NDC—sodium deoxycholate; C—chitosan-coated (0.5 mg/mL).

Article Snippet: Sodium deoxycholate, methanol, and acetonitrile (HPLC grade) were purchased from Fisher Scientific Co., (Hampton, NH, USA).

Techniques:

Journal: Methods (San Diego, Calif.)

Article Title: Functional Microbiomics: Evaluation of Gut Microbiota-Bile Acid Metabolism Interactions in Health and Disease

doi: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2018.04.028

Figure Lengend Snippet: Bile salt hydrolase (BSH) enzyme activity assay. Taurodeoxycholic acid was used as the substrate for the enzyme assay, and results are therefore expressed as rate of deoxycholic acid formation (* p

Article Snippet: Faecal protein incubated with phosphate-buffered saline served as a negative control, and faecal protein incubated with varying concentrations of deoxycholic acid (Merck) was used to establish a standard curve to quantify precipitate formation.

Techniques: Enzyme Activity Assay, Enzymatic Assay

Journal: International Journal of Molecular Sciences

Article Title: Multifunctional Composite Microcapsules for Oral Delivery of Insulin

doi: 10.3390/ijms18010054

Figure Lengend Snippet: Diagram of the preparation of multifunctional composite microcapsules. Ins-SD complex, insulin-sodium deoxycholate complex; PVA, polyvinyl alcohol; PLGA, poly(lactide- co -glycolide); NPs, nanoparticles, HP55, hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose phthalate.

Article Snippet: Sodium deoxycholate and poly(lactic-co -glycolic acid) (PLGA 75/25, molecular weight of 20 kDa) were purchased from Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd. (Osaka, Japan).

Techniques:

Journal: The Journal of Biological Chemistry

Article Title: Proto-oncogene Activity of Melanoma Antigen-A11 (MAGE-A11) Regulates Retinoblastoma-related p107 and E2F1 Proteins *

doi: 10.1074/jbc.M113.468579

Figure Lengend Snippet: MAGE-A11 interacts with p107 and Rb but not p130. pCMV-FLAG (−), pCMV-FLAG-MAGE, or FLAG-MAGE-(112–429) (5 μg) was expressed in COS1 cells with 5 μg of CMV-p107 ( A ), pCMV-hRb ( B ), or pcDNA3-p130 ( C ). Cells were incubated for 24 h in serum-free medium containing 0.1 μg/ml EGF and harvested in immunoprecipitation lysis buffer without deoxycholate or glycerol. Cell extracts (50 μg of protein/lane, right ) and immunoprecipitates ( IP , left ) were probed using p107, Rb, p130, and MAGE-A11 antibodies. Arrows , p107, Rb, p130, FLAG-MAGE, and IgG.

Article Snippet: Immunoblots of extracts from COS1 cells (2 × 106 cells/10-cm dish, 7 × 105 cells/6-cm dish) transfected using DEAE-dextran were prepared in immunoblot lysis buffer containing 1% Triton X-100, 0.1% SDS, 1% sodium deoxycholate, 0.15 m NaCl, 2 m m EDTA, 50 m m NaF, 2 m m sodium vanadate, 50 m m Tris-HCl (pH 7.5), 1 m m phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride, 1 m m dithiothreitol, and protease inhibitors (Roche Applied Science).

Techniques: Incubation, Immunoprecipitation, Lysis