Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine

Article Title: Wheat amylase trypsin inhibitors drive intestinal inflammation via activation of toll-like receptor 4

doi: 10.1084/jem.20102660

Figure Lengend Snippet: Gliadin-induced innate immune responses are elicited by wheat ATI, a protein copurifying with ω-gliadins. (A) Stimulation of THP-1 cells with α-, γ-, ω1.2-, and ω5-gliadin fractions (all 100 µg/ml) isolated from the pure wheat strain Rektor. Co-incubation of α- and γ-gliadin with 100 µg/ml of regular PT gliadin from Sigma-Aldrich served as cell viability control. LPS was used as positive control, whereas PT or PT zein served as negative control. (B and C) IL-8 secretion after stimulation with 100 µg/ml ω-gliadins in TLR4-transfected (B) and in untransfected HEK-293 cells (C). 10 ng/ml PMA served as cell viability control. 10 ng/ml LPS, 100 µg/ml PT gliadin, or 100 µg/ml of a PT digest of Rektor gliadin (PT Rektor) served as positive control, and 100 µg/ml PT zein, 1 µg/ml Pam3CSK4, or a PT mixture (PT ctrl) served as negative controls. (D) Stimulatory capacity of synthetic overlapping 20mers of ω5-gliadin in TLR4-transfected HEK-293 cells. For illustration purposes, 9 fractions each were pooled in the stimulation experiments (each fraction at a concentration of 100 µg/ml), while also all 43 fractions were tested individually. LPS served as positive and Pam3CSK4 or PT zein as negative controls. (E and F) Dose response of IL-8 release by monocyte-derived DCs stimulated with water-soluble (ws) gliadin (which is enriched in ATI; E) or with purified ATI (F). LPS and water-soluble zein served as positive and negative controls, respectively. (G) Secretion of IL-12 in monocyte-derived DCs from healthy subjects upon stimulation with ATI and PT gliadin in the presence of 1,000 U/ml Interferon-γ as co-stimulatory protein. LPS and PT zein served as positive and negative controls, respectively. (H) Effect of proteinase K digestion of ATI and LPS on IL-8 secretion in DCs. (I) KC secretion in peritoneal macrophages isolated from MyD88 −/− mice compared with C57BL/6J wild-type mice upon ATI or water-soluble gliadin stimulation. LPS and water-soluble zein served as positive and negative controls, respectively. (J) IL-8 secretion of monocyte-derived DCs stimulated with ATI and LPS after preincubation with anti-TLR4 or anti-CD14 antibodies. TLR2 agonist Pam3CSK4 served as positive control. *, P < 0.05 versus negative (positive) control (if not indicated otherwise); all graphs illustrate representative data from one of at least three independent experiments, all performed in triplicates. Error bars depict standard errors of the mean.

Article Snippet: To exclude bacterial contaminants, recombinant flag-tagged ATI CM3 and 0.19 were generated in eukaryotic mycoplasma-free HEK-293 cells, using cDNAs optimized to fit eukaryotic codon usage (Genscript; CM3 and 0.19 with GenBank accession numbers AY436554.1 and AY729672.1 , respectively).

Techniques: Isolation, Incubation, Positive Control, Negative Control, Transfection, Concentration Assay, Derivative Assay, Purification

Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine

Article Title: Wheat amylase trypsin inhibitors drive intestinal inflammation via activation of toll-like receptor 4

doi: 10.1084/jem.20102660

Figure Lengend Snippet: Identification of ATI CM3 and 0.19 as inducers of innate immune responses. (A) Coimmunoprecipitation of a soluble flag-tagged TLR4/MD2 fusion protein with or without biotinylated ATI. Pull-down was performed by streptavidin-agarose. Western blot (WB) analysis using a rabbit anti-flag antibody was performed to detect the TLR4/MD2 fusion protein. The image illustrates representative data from one of three independent experiments. (B) CM3 and 0.19 were expressed in HEK-293 cells and purified as Flag-tagged molecules, yielding expected molecular masses of 15 kD and 17 kD, respectively, after 15% SDS-PAGE and Western blotting with Flag antibody. There was no expression in mock (vector only)-transfected cells. 0.19 was not secreted into media but could be recovered in SDS/DTT buffer (Cell), deoxycholate and Triton X-100 buffer (Sup), or the remaining cell pellet. (C) Purity of CM3 and 0.19 ATI after affinity purification on Flag-agarose (15% SDS-PAGE) after staining with Coomassie blue or blotting with Flag antibody. (B and C) Arrows denote expected molecular masses of CM3 and 0.19 ATIs. (D) IL-8 secretion by TLR4–CD14–MD2-expressing HEK-293 cells after stimulation with recombinant ATI. Cells were left untreated or stimulated with affinity-purified detergent extracts from mock-transfected cells, from recombinant CM3, 0.19, or with ATI isolated from wheat (all 5 µg/ml). Controls were 5 µg/ml Flag peptide, 100 µg/ml PT gliadin, and 10 ng/ml LPS. (E) Effect of expression of CM3 and 0.19 in HEK-TLR4 cells on downstream signaling of the canonical (pNF-κB/p65) and the alternative (pIRF3) pathways. Western blots of whole cell lysates (50 µg protein). (F) Reduction and alkylation (R/A) of enriched ATIs from spring wheat (ABic: ammonium bicarbonate extract; AA: acetic acid extract). Stimulatory capacity was measured by IL-8 secretion in U-937 cells. LPS served as positive control. *, P < 0.05 versus negative (positive) control. All graphs illustrate representative data from one of at least three independent experiments. D and F were performed in triplicates. Error bars depict standard errors of the mean.

Article Snippet: To exclude bacterial contaminants, recombinant flag-tagged ATI CM3 and 0.19 were generated in eukaryotic mycoplasma-free HEK-293 cells, using cDNAs optimized to fit eukaryotic codon usage (Genscript; CM3 and 0.19 with GenBank accession numbers AY436554.1 and AY729672.1 , respectively).

Techniques: Western Blot, Purification, SDS Page, Expressing, Plasmid Preparation, Transfection, Affinity Purification, Staining, Recombinant, Isolation, Positive Control