Journal: Frontiers in Microbiology

Article Title: FDA Approved Drug Library Screening Identifies Robenidine as a Repositionable Antifungal

doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00996

Figure Lengend Snippet: A dose-dependent inhibitory effect of robenidine and fluconazole on the growth of Candida albicans , fluconazole-resistant C. albicans , the emerging fungal pathogen C. auris and other fungal species. (A) (Left) A time-course growth of C. albicans in the presence of fluconazole at different concentrations. The OD 600 was obtained every 15 min in BioTek plate reader last for 24 h. (middle and right) Effects of fluconazole at different concentrations on the growth of C. albicans after 13-h incubation or 24-h incubation. (B) (Left) A time-course growth of C. albicans in the presence of robenidine at different concentrations. The OD 600 was obtained every 15 min in BioTek plate reader last for 24 h. (middle and right) Effects of robenidine at different concentrations on the growth of C. albicans after 13-h incubation or 24-h incubation. “Flu” stands for fluconazole and “Robe” stands for robenidine. (C) Growth curves of the fluconazole resistant isolate #16 after treatment with fluconazole or robenidine. (D) Growth curves of fluconazole resistant isolate #17 after treatment with fluconazole or robenidine. (E) Growth curves of C. auris after treatment with fluconazole or robenidine. (F) Dose-dependent growth inhibition of robenidine observed in testing its antifungal activity against Saccharomyces cerevisiae , Cryptococcus neoformans , or Aspergillus fumigatus . Each growth curve experiment has been repeated more than 4 times.

Article Snippet: Fluconazole (HY-B0101; MCE) was used as a positive control.

Techniques: Incubation, Inhibition, Activity Assay

Journal: NPJ Biofilms and Microbiomes

Article Title: CO 2 enhances the formation, nutrient scavenging and drug resistance properties of C. albicans biofilms

doi: 10.1038/s41522-021-00238-z

Figure Lengend Snippet: a GSEA enrichment plot of the KETOCONAZOLE_UP gene set containing genes upregulated in C. albicans cells grown in the presence of Ketoconazole . NES normalised enrichment score; positive NES indicates enrichment in the upregulated group of genes. b Heat map of genes associated with drug transport, including the multidrug efflux pump gene MDR1 . c Biofilm growth assay of CAI4pSM2 in the presence of Fluconazole. d Biofilm growth assay of CAI4pSM2 in the presence of Nystatin. The relative XTT activity is presented with the 0.03% CO 2 biofilms being normalised to the 0.03% CO 2 untreated control and the 5% CO 2 biofilms being normalised to the 5% CO 2 untreated control. Two-way ANOVAs followed by Tukey tests for multiple comparisons were carried out: * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001. Asterisks directly above the bars indicate a significant difference to untreated in the same CO 2 environment.

Article Snippet: Fluconazole (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, sc-205698) was made as a 50 mg/ml stock solution in ethanol and diluted in RPMI-1640 to final concentrations ranging from 8 to 256 μg/ml.

Techniques: Drug Transport Assay, Growth Assay, Activity Assay, Control

Journal: Microorganisms

Article Title: Is the C -Terminal Domain an Effective and Selective Target for the Design of Hsp90 Inhibitors against Candida Yeast?

doi: 10.3390/microorganisms11122837

Figure Lengend Snippet: Physicochemical predicted properties of antifungal reference drugs (highlighted in grey) compared with Hsp90 inhibitors.

Article Snippet: Concerning the reference antifungal drug used in combination for the synergy assay, fluconazole (FD23320, >98%) and caspofungin (FC162691801, >98%) were purchased from Carbosynth Ltd., Berkshire, UK.

Techniques: Membrane, Diffusion-based Assay, Clinical Proteomics

Journal: Frontiers in Microbiology

Article Title: Red-Shifted Firefly Luciferase Optimized for Candida albicans In vivo Bioluminescence Imaging

doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01478

Figure Lengend Snippet: In vivo dynamics of infection during drug treatment. Drug treatment was initiated 24 h p.i. [intraperitoneal injection of fluconazole (FLC): 10 mg/kg (A) , caspofungin (CAS): 1 mg/kg (B) ] and repeated at 48 h p.i. for FLC and 48 h p.i., and 96 h p.i. for CAS. (Mann-Whitney unpaired test, p -value: * < 0.05, ** < 0.01, **** < 0.0001).

Article Snippet: For drug treatments, mice were injected intraperitoneally daily starting 24 h post-infection (p.i.) with 100 μl of fluconazole (FLC: 10 mg/kg; Toronto Research Chemicals) or 100 μl of caspofungin (CAS: 1 mg/kg; Cancidas® Merck, Switzerland).

Techniques: In Vivo, Infection, Injection, MANN-WHITNEY