Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: Single injection of modified self-amplifying RNA encoding a CD19 bispecific T cell engager mediates long-term malignant B cell clearance

doi: 10.64898/2026.04.18.719371

Figure Lengend Snippet: (A) Schematic of a single intravenous administration of modified saRNA-BiTE encapsulated in LNPs inducing sustained BiTE production and durable B cell clearance in patients. NSP, VEEV non-structural protein; SP, murine Igκ signal peptide. (B) saRNA-BiTE and mRNA-BiTE-induced killing of Nalm6 (target), Raji (target), and K562 (bystander) cells in co-cultures with primary human T cells when treated with transfected HeLa cell media at a 33 ng RNA dose collected on day 1 or day 7 post transfection. (C) saRNA-BiTE and mRNA-BiTE-induced killing of Nalm6 cells in Nalm6 and primary human T cell co-cultures when treated with HeLa cell media at a 33 ng RNA dose collected from different time points over a week post transfection. (D) IFNγ levels in Nalm6 and primary human T cell co-cultures treated with HeLa cell media at a 33 ng RNA dose collected on day 1 and day 7 post transfection. Data are presented as mean ± s.d. (n = 2 to 3 biological replicates). Statistical significance was determined using two-way ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple comparison. Significance is only labeled for comparison between saRNA-BiTE and mRNA-BiTE for panels C and D.

Article Snippet: HeLa cells (ATCC) were cultured in DMEM (Corning) supplemented with 10% FBS and 1% Pen-Strep.

Techniques: Modification, Transfection, Comparison, Labeling

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: Single injection of modified self-amplifying RNA encoding a CD19 bispecific T cell engager mediates long-term malignant B cell clearance

doi: 10.64898/2026.04.18.719371

Figure Lengend Snippet: (A) Denaturing gel electrophoresis showing full-length saRNA-BiTE (∼ 9400 nt) and mRNA-BiTE (∼ 1900 nt) before and after cellulose purification with good integrity. (B) Dot blot of saRNA-BiTE and mRNA-BiTE demonstrating under limit-of-detection levels of dsRNA after cellulose purification. (C) Physical properties of saRNA-BiTE, mRNA-BiTE, and saRNA-mCherry LNPs measured by DLS and encapsulation efficiency. DLS data are presented as mean ± s.d. (n = 5 technical replicates). (D) Western blotting confirming secretion of full-length BiTE from saRNA-BiTE and mRNA-BiTE transfected HeLa cells but not saRNA-mCherry transfected cells.

Article Snippet: HeLa cells (ATCC) were cultured in DMEM (Corning) supplemented with 10% FBS and 1% Pen-Strep.

Techniques: Nucleic Acid Electrophoresis, Purification, Dot Blot, Encapsulation, Western Blot, Transfection

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: Single injection of modified self-amplifying RNA encoding a CD19 bispecific T cell engager mediates long-term malignant B cell clearance

doi: 10.64898/2026.04.18.719371

Figure Lengend Snippet: (A) BiTE-induced killing of Nalm6 cells (target) in Nalm6 and primary human T cell co-cultures when treated with HeLa cell media collected from different time points over a week post transfection at all RNA doses. (B) BiTE-induced killing of Raji cells (target) in Raji and primary human T cell co-cultures when treated with HeLa cell media collected on day 1 or day 7 post transfection. (C) BiTE-induced killing of K562 cells (bystander) in K562 and primary human T cell co-cultures when treated with HeLa cell media collected on day 1 post transfection. (D) IFNγ levels in Nalm6 and primary human T cell co-cultures treated with HeLa cell media collected on day 1 and day 7 post transfection at all RNA doses. Data are presented as mean ± s.d. (n = 2 to 3 biological replicates). Statistical significance was determined using two-way ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple comparison. Significance is only labeled for comparison between saRNA-BiTE and mRNA-BiTE at each RNA dose level.

Article Snippet: HeLa cells (ATCC) were cultured in DMEM (Corning) supplemented with 10% FBS and 1% Pen-Strep.

Techniques: Transfection, Comparison, Labeling

Journal: npj Viruses

Article Title: SARS-CoV-2 crossreactive B-cells outnumber seasonal coronavirus spike-specific clones at the end of the COVID-19 pandemic

doi: 10.1038/s44298-026-00185-6

Figure Lengend Snippet: a Serum IgG and b IgA 50% endpoint antibody titers towards prefusion stabilized spike (S-trimer), the S1 and S2 subdomains of spike and the receptor binding domain (RBD) of the ancestral SARS-CoV-2 strain (Anc.) and delta, omicron BA.1 and BA.5 variants and the seasonal human coronaviruses (sHCoVs) 229E, NL63, HKU1 and OC43 were determined using protein microarray from healthy individuals sampled before (blue) or at the end of the pandemic (red). Mean titers are indicated on top and the number of seroconverted individuals is indicated below the graph. The lower limit of detection (LLoD) is indicated by a dotted line. c The frequency of reactive IgG and d IgA B-cells was determined by B-cell profiling for 8 donors sampled pre- (blue) and 8 donors sampled end-pandemic (red). Center line, median; boxes, upper and lower quartiles; significance of titer differences and B-cell frequencies for sHCoVs were calculated using a Mann-Whitney test and shown as * p < 0.05 or ** p < 0.01.

Article Snippet: The OC43 strain VR-1558 (ATCC, CCL-244) was propagated in MRC-5 cells (ATCC, CCL-171).

Techniques: Binding Assay, Microarray, MANN-WHITNEY

Journal: npj Viruses

Article Title: SARS-CoV-2 crossreactive B-cells outnumber seasonal coronavirus spike-specific clones at the end of the COVID-19 pandemic

doi: 10.1038/s44298-026-00185-6

Figure Lengend Snippet: a Type specific and cross-reactive clones targeting SARS-CoV-2 and alpha-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 and beta-CoV pre- and end-pandemic are enumerated and plotted in Venn diagrams for S-trimer, S1, and S2. b The fraction of clones that are SARS-CoV-2-specific (red), sHCoV-specific (blue), or cross-reactive (green) from pooled pre- and pooled end-pandemic donors is plotted. c Proportion of beta-CoV clones, including SARS-CoV-2, that are reactive towards S1 (orange) or S2 (dark red) pre- and end-pandemic. d The level of reactivity of SARS-CoV-2, 229E and NL63 S1-reactive (left panel) as well as SARS-CoV-2, HKU1 and OC43 S2-reactive IgG clones (right panel) detected in end-pandemic donors is indicated as the mean fluorescent intensity (MFI; range: 1,000-65,350). Cross-reactivity of clones is indicated by a connecting line.

Article Snippet: The OC43 strain VR-1558 (ATCC, CCL-244) was propagated in MRC-5 cells (ATCC, CCL-171).

Techniques: Clone Assay

Journal: npj Viruses

Article Title: SARS-CoV-2 crossreactive B-cells outnumber seasonal coronavirus spike-specific clones at the end of the COVID-19 pandemic

doi: 10.1038/s44298-026-00185-6

Figure Lengend Snippet: a Serum OC43 neutralization potential was determined using 50% focus reduction neutralization tests (FRNT50) and compared between pre- (blue) and end-pandemic (red) donors. Statistical significance was determined by Mann–Whitney U -test. b Linear regression analysis between serum OC43 neutralization titers and OC43 IgG binding titers (pre-pandemic, blue) or OC43 and SARS-CoV-2 IgG binding titers (end-pandemic, red). The regression line and 95% confidence interval are plotted for significant correlations ( p < 0.05). c The OC43 neutralization titers of sera depleted of OC43 S1-specific antibodies (left panel) (Wilcoxon paired t -test), and sera depleted for OC43 S2- or SARS-CoV-2 S2-specific antibodies (right panel), normalized to mock-depleted sera are shown. Statistical significance was determined between the original titers by one-way ANOVA with Geisser-Greenhouse correction. d IgG B-cell culture supernatants that were OC43 S1-specific, S2-specific, or SARS-CoV-2/OC43 S2-cross-reactive were tested in a OC43 focus reduction assay and compared with non-reactive controls (unpaired Student’s t-test). Significant differences were plotted as * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01 and *** p < 0.001.

Article Snippet: The OC43 strain VR-1558 (ATCC, CCL-244) was propagated in MRC-5 cells (ATCC, CCL-171).

Techniques: Neutralization, MANN-WHITNEY, Binding Assay, Cell Culture