Journal: Nature Communications

Article Title: The E3 ubiquitin ligase Pellino2 mediates priming of the NLRP3 inflammasome

doi: 10.1038/s41467-018-03669-z

Figure Lengend Snippet: Pellino2 ubiquitinates IRAK1 and suppress the inhibitory effects of IRAK1 on NLRP3. a Immunoblot analysis of myc and IRAK1 in lysates (Input) and immunoprecipitated (IP) myc samples from HEK293T cells transfected with myc-tagged Pellino2 and untagged IRAK1. b Immunoblot analysis of HA, IRAK1 and FLAG in lysates (Input) and IP IRAK1 samples from HEK293T cells transfected with FLAG-tagged Pellino2, FLAG-tagged Pellino2 RING mutant, untagged IRAK1, and HA-Ubiquitin. c, d Immunoblot analysis of Ubiquitin (short exposure (SE) or long exposure (LE)) and IRAK1 in lysates (Input) and IP IRAK1 samples or IRAK1 and ubq in TUBE-Ubq elution and cell lysates ( d ) from WT and Peli2 −/− BMDMs treated with 100 ng/ml of LPS for the indicated times. e Immunoblot analysis of NLRP3 and IRAK1 in lysates (Input) and IP IRAK1 samples from WT and Peli2 −/− BMDMs treated with 100 ng/ml LPS for the indicated times. f ELISA of IL-1β (left panel) and TNF (right panel) in medium from primary WT and Irak1 −/− BMDMs treated with 100 ng/ml LPS for 3 h and then with 2.5 mM ATP or 5 mM Nigericin for 1 h. UT, untreated. g Immunoblot analysis of IL-1β and Caspase-1 in medium (Sup) and lysates of WT and Irak1 −/− BMDMs stimulated with 100 ng/ml LPS for 3 h and 2.5 mM ATP for 1 h. h Immunoblot analysis of HA, NLRP3, and IRAK1 in lysates (Input) and IP NLRP3 samples from HEK293T cells transfected with V5-tagged NLRP3, untagged IRAK1, untagged kinase dead IRAK1 (IRAK1-KD), and HA-ubiquitin. β-Actin was used as loading controls. i Immunoblot analysis of Ubiquitin, NLRP3, and IRAK1 in lysates (Input) and IP NLRP3 samples from immortalized WT and Irak1 −/− BMDMs treated with 100 ng/ml LPS for the indicated times. j Immortalized WT and Irak1 −/− BMDMs were infected with MSCV as control (Ctrl) or with MSCV containing an expression construct encoding myc-tagged murine Pellino2 (Peli2), Pellino2 RING mutant (RING) or Pellino2 FHA mutant (FHA). Immunoblot analysis of myc and NLRP3 in lysates (Input) and IP myc samples from virus-infected BMDMs treated with 100 ng/ml LPS for indicated times. * p

Article Snippet: Anti-p-ERK (9101), anti-ERK (9102), anti-p-IκBα (9246), anti-pIKK (14938), anti-p65 (3033) anti-p-P38 (9211), anti-P38 (9212), anti-p-Jnk (9251), anti-Jnk (9252), anti-myc (2276), anti-IRAK1 (4504), anti-IRAK4 (4363), and anti-human caspase 1 p20 (4199) were from CellSignaling; anti-mouse caspase1 p20 (AG-20B-0042-C100) and anti-mouse NLRP3 (AG-20B-0014-C100) was from adipogen; anti-mouse IL1β (AF-401-NA) was from R & D; anti-IκB-α (C-21; sc-371), anti-Ub (P4D1; sc-8017), and anti-ASC (sc-514414) was from Santa Cruz; anti-HA (16B12; MMS-101P) was from Covance; anti-K63 ubiquitin (HWA4C4; BML-PW0600) was from Enzo life science; anti-K48 ubiquitin (Apu2; 05-1307) was from Millipore; anti-flag (F3165) and anti-β-actin (AC-15; A 1978) were from Sigma; anti-mouse IRDyeTM 680 (926-68070) and anti-rabbit IRDyeTM 800 (926-32211) were from LI-COR Biosciences; anti-mouse-HRP and anti-rabbit-HRP were from Promega.

Techniques: Immunoprecipitation, Transfection, Mutagenesis, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay, Infection, Expressing, Construct

Journal: Nature Communications

Article Title: The E3 ubiquitin ligase Pellino2 mediates priming of the NLRP3 inflammasome

doi: 10.1038/s41467-018-03669-z

Figure Lengend Snippet: Pellino2 mediates NLRP3-dependent oligomerization of ASC. a Immunofluorescence staining of ASC in WT and Peli2 −/− BMDMs that were left untreated (UT) or treated with 100 ng/ml LPS for 3 h and further stimulated with ATP for 30 min. ASC specks were detected by immunostaining using anti-ASC antibody and anti-rabbit Alexa Fluor 568 (red) and cells were counter stained with nuclei-staining DAPI. The histogram quantitates the percentage of cells that exhibit ASC speck formation. (scale bar = 100 μm). b, c Immunoblot analysis of ASC in chemically cross-linked NP-40 insoluble fractions and in NP-40 soluble fractions from cell lysates of WT and Peli2 −/− BMDMs stimulated with 100 ng/ml LPS for 3 h with or without further treatment with b 2.5 mM ATP, or c 5 mM Nigericin for 30 min. β-Actin was used as loading controls. d WT and Peli2 −/− BMDMs were infected with MSCV as control (Ctrl) or with MSCV containing an expression construct encoding myc-tagged murine Pellino2 (Peli2), Pellino2 RING mutant (RING), or Pellino2 FHA mutant (FHA). Immunoblot analysis of ASC in chemically cross-linked NP-40 insoluble fractions and in NP-40 soluble fractions from cell lysates of MSCV-infected cells treated with 100 ng/ml LPS for 3 h followed by 2.5 mM ATP for 30 min. The expression of the Pellino2 constructs was measured by immunoblotting with an anti-myc antibody. ** p

Article Snippet: Anti-p-ERK (9101), anti-ERK (9102), anti-p-IκBα (9246), anti-pIKK (14938), anti-p65 (3033) anti-p-P38 (9211), anti-P38 (9212), anti-p-Jnk (9251), anti-Jnk (9252), anti-myc (2276), anti-IRAK1 (4504), anti-IRAK4 (4363), and anti-human caspase 1 p20 (4199) were from CellSignaling; anti-mouse caspase1 p20 (AG-20B-0042-C100) and anti-mouse NLRP3 (AG-20B-0014-C100) was from adipogen; anti-mouse IL1β (AF-401-NA) was from R & D; anti-IκB-α (C-21; sc-371), anti-Ub (P4D1; sc-8017), and anti-ASC (sc-514414) was from Santa Cruz; anti-HA (16B12; MMS-101P) was from Covance; anti-K63 ubiquitin (HWA4C4; BML-PW0600) was from Enzo life science; anti-K48 ubiquitin (Apu2; 05-1307) was from Millipore; anti-flag (F3165) and anti-β-actin (AC-15; A 1978) were from Sigma; anti-mouse IRDyeTM 680 (926-68070) and anti-rabbit IRDyeTM 800 (926-32211) were from LI-COR Biosciences; anti-mouse-HRP and anti-rabbit-HRP were from Promega.

Techniques: Immunofluorescence, Staining, Immunostaining, Infection, Expressing, Construct, Mutagenesis

Journal: Nature Communications

Article Title: The E3 ubiquitin ligase Pellino2 mediates priming of the NLRP3 inflammasome

doi: 10.1038/s41467-018-03669-z

Figure Lengend Snippet: Pellino2 mediates LPS-induced ubiquitination and activation of NLRP3. a-c Immunoblot analysis of NLRP3 and ubiquitin in cell lysates (Input) and immunoprecipitated (IP) NLRP3 samples ( a ) or NLRP3 and K63-linked ubiquitin (K63-ubq) in K63-TUBE-FLAG elution and cell lysates ( b ) or NLRP3 and K48-ubq in K48-TUBE-FLAG elution and cell lysates ( c ) from WT and Peli2 −/− BMDMs treated with a 100 ng/ml LPS for the indicated times. d ELISA of IL-1β in medium from WT and Peli2 −/− BMDMs treated with 100 ng/ml LPS for 2 h followed by sequential treatment with 1 μM MCC950 for 1 h and 2.5 mM ATP for 30 min. UT, untreated. e, f Immunoblot analysis of ubiquitin and NLRP3 in lysates (Input) and immunoprecipitated (IP) NLRP3 samples ( e ) or NLRP3 and K63-ubq in K63-TUBE-FLAG elution and cell lysates ( f ) from WT and Peli2 −/− BMDMs pre-treated with 1 μM MCC950 for 1 h followed by treatment with 100 ng/ml LPS for the indicated times. g Peli2 −/− BMDMs were infected with MSCV as control (MSCV-Ctrl) or with MSCV containing an expression construct encoding myc-tagged murine Pellino2 (MSCV-Peli2). Immunoblot analysis of NLRP3 and myc in lysates (Input) and immunoprecipitated (IP) myc samples from MSCV-infected cells treated with 100 ng/ml LPS for the indicated times. β-Actin was used as loading controls. * p

Article Snippet: Anti-p-ERK (9101), anti-ERK (9102), anti-p-IκBα (9246), anti-pIKK (14938), anti-p65 (3033) anti-p-P38 (9211), anti-P38 (9212), anti-p-Jnk (9251), anti-Jnk (9252), anti-myc (2276), anti-IRAK1 (4504), anti-IRAK4 (4363), and anti-human caspase 1 p20 (4199) were from CellSignaling; anti-mouse caspase1 p20 (AG-20B-0042-C100) and anti-mouse NLRP3 (AG-20B-0014-C100) was from adipogen; anti-mouse IL1β (AF-401-NA) was from R & D; anti-IκB-α (C-21; sc-371), anti-Ub (P4D1; sc-8017), and anti-ASC (sc-514414) was from Santa Cruz; anti-HA (16B12; MMS-101P) was from Covance; anti-K63 ubiquitin (HWA4C4; BML-PW0600) was from Enzo life science; anti-K48 ubiquitin (Apu2; 05-1307) was from Millipore; anti-flag (F3165) and anti-β-actin (AC-15; A 1978) were from Sigma; anti-mouse IRDyeTM 680 (926-68070) and anti-rabbit IRDyeTM 800 (926-32211) were from LI-COR Biosciences; anti-mouse-HRP and anti-rabbit-HRP were from Promega.

Techniques: Activation Assay, Immunoprecipitation, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay, Infection, Expressing, Construct

Journal: Nature Communications

Article Title: The E3 ubiquitin ligase Pellino2 mediates priming of the NLRP3 inflammasome

doi: 10.1038/s41467-018-03669-z

Figure Lengend Snippet: Pellino2 mediates activation of the NLRP3 pathway. ELISA of a IL-1β and b IL-18, and c LDH assay of medium from WT and Peli2 −/− BMDMs treated with 100 ng/ml LPS for 3 h with or without further stimulation with 2.5 mM ATP for 1 h. UT, untreated. d Immunoblot analysis of IL-1β and Caspase-1 in medium (Sup) and lysates from WT and Peli2 −/− BMDMs stimulated with 100 ng/ml LPS for 3 h with or without further stimulation with 2.5 mM ATP for 1 h or transfection of Poly (dA:dT) (1 μg/ml) for 6 h. ELISA of e IL-1β and f IL-18 and g LDH assay of medium from WT and Peli2 −/− BMDMs treated with 100 ng/ml LPS for 3 h with or without further stimulation with 5 mM Nigericin for 1 h. h Immunoblot analysis of IL-1β and Caspase-1 in medium (Sup) and lysates from WT and Peli2 −/− BMDMs stimulated with 100 ng/ml LPS for 3 h with or without further stimulation with 5 mM Nigericin for 1 h or transfection of Poly (dA:dT) (1 μg/ml) for 6 h. i ELISA of IL-1β of medium from WT and Peli2 −/− BMDMs treated with 100 ng/ml LPS for 3 h with or without further stimulation with the indicated concentrations of Alum for 6 h. j ELISA of IL-1β in medium from peritoneal-resident macrophages isolated from WT and Peli2 −/− mice. Cells were treated with 100 ng/ml of LPS for 3 h with or without further stimulation with 2.5 mM ATP for 1 h. k-m Human THP1 cells were transfected with human Pellino2-specific siRNA or control siRNA. k Quantitative RT-PCR analysis of PELI2 expression in transfected cells. l ELISA of IL-1β in medium from transfected THP1 cells stimulated with 100 ng/ml LPS for 6 h with or without further treatment with 2.5 mM ATP or 5 mM Nigericin for 1 h. m Immunoblot analysis of IL-1β and Caspase-1 in medium (Sup) and lysates from transfected THP1 cells stimulated with 100 ng/ml LPS for 6 h with or without further stimulation with 2.5 mM ATP or 5 mM Nigericin for 1 h. β-Actin was used as loading controls. * p

Article Snippet: Anti-p-ERK (9101), anti-ERK (9102), anti-p-IκBα (9246), anti-pIKK (14938), anti-p65 (3033) anti-p-P38 (9211), anti-P38 (9212), anti-p-Jnk (9251), anti-Jnk (9252), anti-myc (2276), anti-IRAK1 (4504), anti-IRAK4 (4363), and anti-human caspase 1 p20 (4199) were from CellSignaling; anti-mouse caspase1 p20 (AG-20B-0042-C100) and anti-mouse NLRP3 (AG-20B-0014-C100) was from adipogen; anti-mouse IL1β (AF-401-NA) was from R & D; anti-IκB-α (C-21; sc-371), anti-Ub (P4D1; sc-8017), and anti-ASC (sc-514414) was from Santa Cruz; anti-HA (16B12; MMS-101P) was from Covance; anti-K63 ubiquitin (HWA4C4; BML-PW0600) was from Enzo life science; anti-K48 ubiquitin (Apu2; 05-1307) was from Millipore; anti-flag (F3165) and anti-β-actin (AC-15; A 1978) were from Sigma; anti-mouse IRDyeTM 680 (926-68070) and anti-rabbit IRDyeTM 800 (926-32211) were from LI-COR Biosciences; anti-mouse-HRP and anti-rabbit-HRP were from Promega.

Techniques: Activation Assay, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay, Lactate Dehydrogenase Assay, Transfection, Isolation, Mouse Assay, Quantitative RT-PCR, Expressing

Journal: Nature Communications

Article Title: The E3 ubiquitin ligase Pellino2 mediates priming of the NLRP3 inflammasome

doi: 10.1038/s41467-018-03669-z

Figure Lengend Snippet: Pellino2 mediates activation of the NLRP3 pathway in response to bacterial infection. a-f WT and Peli2 −/− BMDMs were infected with a, b C. rodentium , c, d E.coli , or e, f P. aeruginosa (PA01 strain) at a multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 100. a, c, e ELISA of IL-1β, IL-18, and CXCL1 in medium from BMDMs infected for 6 h. b, d Immunoblot analysis of Caspase-11 in lysates from cells infected for 0–6 h. f Immunoblot analysis of IL-1β and Caspase-1 in lysates from cells infected with PAO1 for 3 h. β-Actin was used as loading controls. g ELISA of IL-1β, IL-18, and IL-6 in peritoneal lavage from WT and Peli2 −/− mice previously infected for 10 h by intraperitoneal injection of PAO1 (1.5 × 10 7 CFU). * p

Article Snippet: Anti-p-ERK (9101), anti-ERK (9102), anti-p-IκBα (9246), anti-pIKK (14938), anti-p65 (3033) anti-p-P38 (9211), anti-P38 (9212), anti-p-Jnk (9251), anti-Jnk (9252), anti-myc (2276), anti-IRAK1 (4504), anti-IRAK4 (4363), and anti-human caspase 1 p20 (4199) were from CellSignaling; anti-mouse caspase1 p20 (AG-20B-0042-C100) and anti-mouse NLRP3 (AG-20B-0014-C100) was from adipogen; anti-mouse IL1β (AF-401-NA) was from R & D; anti-IκB-α (C-21; sc-371), anti-Ub (P4D1; sc-8017), and anti-ASC (sc-514414) was from Santa Cruz; anti-HA (16B12; MMS-101P) was from Covance; anti-K63 ubiquitin (HWA4C4; BML-PW0600) was from Enzo life science; anti-K48 ubiquitin (Apu2; 05-1307) was from Millipore; anti-flag (F3165) and anti-β-actin (AC-15; A 1978) were from Sigma; anti-mouse IRDyeTM 680 (926-68070) and anti-rabbit IRDyeTM 800 (926-32211) were from LI-COR Biosciences; anti-mouse-HRP and anti-rabbit-HRP were from Promega.

Techniques: Activation Assay, Infection, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay, Mouse Assay, Injection

Journal: International Journal of Molecular Sciences

Article Title: The Cyanthin Diterpenoid and Sesterterpene Constituents of Hericium erinaceus Mycelium Ameliorate Alzheimer’s Disease-Related Pathologies in APP/PS1 Transgenic Mice

doi: 10.3390/ijms19020598

Figure Lengend Snippet: HE-A, but not HE-S, reduces Aβ accumulation in APP/PS1 mice. APP/PS1 transgenic mice were orally administered with vehicle (Veh), HE-A or HE-S for 30 days ( n = 8 for each group), and then the level of Aβ 1−40 and Aβ 1−42 in cortical homogenates was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) ( A ). The level of APP and C-terminal fragment (CTF) ( B ), and insulin-degrading enzyme (IDE) and neprilysin (NEP) ( C ) in homogenates were analyzed by immunoblotting. The level of IDE and NEP in wild type (WT) mice ( n = 5) is also compared. Representative immunoblots are shown at the left panel. The ratio of CTF-α and −β to β-actin is presented as percentage of Veh group. The ratio of IDE to β-actin is presented as percentage of WT group. The results are the mean ± S.E.M. Significant differences between Veh group and the other groups are indicated by *, p

Article Snippet: The primary antibodies used were as follows: mouse anti-GFAP antibody (GFAP, Millipore, MAB360, 2041104), mouse anti-APP antibody (Millipore, MAB348, 25030193), rabbit anti-CTF antibody (Millipore, AB5352, 22051154), rabbit anti-neprilysin (NEP) antibody (Millipore, AB5458, LV1423485), rabbit anti-IDE antibody (Millipore, AB9210, 2769024), mouse anti-β-actin antibody (Millipore, MAB, LV1460528) and goat anti-Iba-1 antibody (Abcam, ab5076, GR268568-3).

Techniques: Mouse Assay, Transgenic Assay, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay, Western Blot

Journal: International Journal of Molecular Sciences

Article Title: The Cyanthin Diterpenoid and Sesterterpene Constituents of Hericium erinaceus Mycelium Ameliorate Alzheimer’s Disease-Related Pathologies in APP/PS1 Transgenic Mice

doi: 10.3390/ijms19020598

Figure Lengend Snippet: HE-A and HE-S reduce glial activation in APP/PS1 mice. APP/PS1 transgenic mice were orally administered with vehicle (Veh), HE-A or HE-S for 30 days ( n = 8 each). Amyloid plaques were detected by immunohistochemical staining with AB-10 antibody (blue). Microglia and reactive astrocytes were detected by immunohistochemical staining with Iba-1 antibody (red) and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) antibody (green), respectively. The representative immunostaining images of clusters in section of parietal cortical area and temporal cortical area are shown ( A ). Scale bar: 500 µm. The number of microglial and astroglial cluster in the section of cerebral hemisphere is calculated by image analysis software and shown in ( B ). The representative immunostaining images of glial cells without associated with plaque in Cornu Amonis (CA)1, CA3, dentate gyrus (DG) were shown in ( C ). The image in WT mice ( n = 5) is also compared. Sale bar: 100 µm. The immunoreactivity of Iba-1 and GFAP in the CA1, CA3, and DG is calculated by image analysis software and shown in ( D ). The level of GFAP and Iba-1 in homogenates were analyzed by immunoblotting (E, F). The protein level in WT mice ( n = 5) is also compared. Representative immunoblots are shown at (E). The ratio of CTF-α and −β to β-actin is presented as percentage of Veh group. The ratio of IDE to β-actin is presented as percentage of WT group. The results are the mean ± S.E.M. Significant differences between Veh group and the other groups are indicated by *, p

Article Snippet: The primary antibodies used were as follows: mouse anti-GFAP antibody (GFAP, Millipore, MAB360, 2041104), mouse anti-APP antibody (Millipore, MAB348, 25030193), rabbit anti-CTF antibody (Millipore, AB5352, 22051154), rabbit anti-neprilysin (NEP) antibody (Millipore, AB5458, LV1423485), rabbit anti-IDE antibody (Millipore, AB9210, 2769024), mouse anti-β-actin antibody (Millipore, MAB, LV1460528) and goat anti-Iba-1 antibody (Abcam, ab5076, GR268568-3).

Techniques: Activation Assay, Mouse Assay, Transgenic Assay, Immunohistochemistry, Staining, Immunostaining, Software, Western Blot

Journal: Scientific Reports

Article Title: Productive Entry of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus via Macropinocytosis Independent of Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase

doi: 10.1038/srep19294

Figure Lengend Snippet: FMDV internalization and replication in BHK-21 cells are Cav-1 independent but require plasma membrane cholesterol. (A,B) Cav-1 downregulation did not affect the internalization of FMDV. Cells were transfected with control siRNA (left panels) or Cav-1 siRNA to downregulate Cav-1 expression (right panels). The effect of siRNA on AF594–CTxB uptake was apparent (red; upper panels). FMDV (MOI 25) was allowed to bind to siRNA-transfected cells for 1 h at 4 °C and then transferred to 37 °C. After incubation for 1 h at 37 °C, the fixed cells were processed for confocal microscopy (lower panels). (B) Quantitative analysis of the internalization of FMDV in siRNA-transfected cells. The internalized FMDV were analyzed in 10 individual siRNA-transfected cells. Each experiment was performed in triplicate and the results were presented as the mean ± SD. (C) Cav-1 downregulation did not affect the synthesis of viral proteins. The siRNA-transfected cells were infected (MOI 1) for 4 h and analyzed with an anti-FMDV antibody in Western blot, and β-actin was measured as the internal control. The relative quantification of the viral proteins was determined by densitometry as shown in the histogram. (D) MβCD inhibited the internalization of FMDV, whereas Nys did not. Cells were pretreated with MβCD (10 mM) or Nys (20 μg/mL) and then infected (MOI 25) as described in the Materials and Methods. Samples were then processed for confocal microscopy as in ( A ). (E) Quantitative analysis of the internalization of FMDV in Mock-, Nys- or MβCD-treated cells. (F) Nys did not affect FMDV entry and replication. Cells were treated with Nys 30 min before the infection (Pre) or treated 60 min after virus addition (Post) and maintained during the infection. After 4 hpi (FMDV, MOI 1) equivalent amounts of protein were analyzed in immunoblots, and fold induction was determined by densitometry. (G) MβCD inhibited FMDV entry and multiplication. MβCD was present only during treatment for 30 min before the infection (Pre) or 60 min after virus addition (Post). Samples were then processed for Western blot. SD, standard deviation; *P

Article Snippet: Specific antibodies against Pak1, phospho-Pak1 (Thr423), caveolin-1 (Cav-1), EEA1, GAPDH, and β-actin were purchased from Santa Cruz Biotechnology.

Techniques: Transfection, Expressing, Incubation, Confocal Microscopy, Infection, Western Blot, Standard Deviation

Journal: Scientific Reports

Article Title: Productive Entry of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus via Macropinocytosis Independent of Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase

doi: 10.1038/srep19294

Figure Lengend Snippet: FMDV entry into BHK-21 cells activates Rac1 and depends on Dynamin II. (A) Activation of Rac1 during FMDV entry. Cells were infected (MOI 10), and Rac1 activation was measured by GST-PAK1-PBD pull-down assay. Fold induction was determined by densitometry. (B,C) Rac1 Inh inhibited FMDV entry. Pretreated cells (200 μM Rac1 Inh) were infected (MOI 25) for 1 h at 37 °C and processed for confocal microscopy with AF594-phalloidin (red), anti-FMDV (green), and DAPI (blue). (C) Quantitative analysis of the internalization of FMDV. The internalized FMDV were analyzed in 10 individual DMSO- or Rac1 Inh-treated cells. Each experiment was performed in triplicate and the results were presented as the mean ± SD. (D–G) FMDV infection was inhibited by Rac1 Inh. (D–F) Pretreated cells (Rac1 Inh) were infected (MOI 1) for 4 h at 37 °C and analyzed by RT-PCR ( D ), Western blot ( E ), and TCID50 assay ( F ). (G) Pretreated cells (200 μM Rac1 Inh) were infected (MOI 25) for 4 h at 37 °C and processed for confocal microscopy as in ( B ). (H) Expression of inactive form of Rac1 inhibited FMDV infection. Transfected cells with Rac1 (WT) and Rac1 (T17N) were infected (MOI 1) for 4 h at 37 °C and analyzed by Western blot. (I) Effect of Rac1 Inh on virus entry and post-entry steps. Cells were treated with Rac1 Inh 30 min before the infection (Pre) or treated 60 min after virus addition (Post) and maintained during the infection. Cells were then infected (MOI 1) for 4 h at 37 °C and processed for Western blot analysis. (J) Dynasore (Dyna) inhibited FMDV entry and multiplication. Cells were treated with indicated concentrations of Dyna as in (I) and then processed for Western blot analysis. 3D, FMDV 3D; β-actin, load control; SD, standard deviation; *P

Article Snippet: Specific antibodies against Pak1, phospho-Pak1 (Thr423), caveolin-1 (Cav-1), EEA1, GAPDH, and β-actin were purchased from Santa Cruz Biotechnology.

Techniques: Activation Assay, Infection, Pull Down Assay, Confocal Microscopy, Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction, Western Blot, TCID50 Assay, Expressing, Transfection, Standard Deviation

Journal: Scientific Reports

Article Title: Productive Entry of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus via Macropinocytosis Independent of Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase

doi: 10.1038/srep19294

Figure Lengend Snippet: Myosin II is required for FMDV entry in BHK-21 cells. (A,B) Bleb inhibited FMDV entry. Pretreated cells (4 μM Bleb) were infected (MOI 25) for 1 h at 37 °C and processed for confocal microscopy with AF594-phalloidin (red), anti-FMDV (green), and DAPI (blue). (B) Quantitative analysis of the internalization of FMDV. The internalized FMDV were analyzed in 10 individual DMSO- or Bleb-treated cells. Each experiment was performed in triplicate and the results were presented as the mean ± SD. ( C–F) FMDV infection was inhibited by Bleb. (C–E) Pretreated cells (Bleb) were infected (MOI 1) for 4 h at 37 °C and analyzed by RT-PCR (C), Western blot (D), and TCID50 assay (E). (F) Pretreated cells (4 μM Bleb) were infected (MOI 25) for 4 h at 37 °C and processed for confocal microscopy as in ( A ). (G) Effect of Bleb on virus entry and post-entry steps. Cells were treated with Bleb 30 min before the infection (Pre) or treated 60 min after virus addition (Post) and maintained during the infection. Cells were then infected (MOI 1) for 4 h at 37 °C and processed for Western blot analysis. 3D, FMDV 3D; β-actin, load control; SD, standard deviation; *P

Article Snippet: Specific antibodies against Pak1, phospho-Pak1 (Thr423), caveolin-1 (Cav-1), EEA1, GAPDH, and β-actin were purchased from Santa Cruz Biotechnology.

Techniques: Infection, Confocal Microscopy, Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction, Western Blot, TCID50 Assay, Standard Deviation

Journal: Scientific Reports

Article Title: Productive Entry of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus via Macropinocytosis Independent of Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase

doi: 10.1038/srep19294

Figure Lengend Snippet: Pak1 is required for FMDV entry into BHK-21cells. (A,B) FMDV activated Pak1 during early post-infection. (A) Cells were infected (MOI 10), and phosphorylation of Pak1 (Thr423) was determined at different times after infection by Western blot analysis. The level of total Pak1 was measured as the control. Fold induction was determined by densitometry. (B) Cells were infected (MOI 25) and processed for confocal microscopy with anti-phospho-Pak1 (green), anti-FMDV (red), and DAPI (blue). (C,D) IPA-3 inhibited FMDV entry. Pretreated cells (15 μM IPA-3) were infected (MOI 25) for 1 h at 37 °C and processed for confocal microscopy with AF594-phalloidin (red), anti-FMDV (green), and DAPI (blue). (D) Quantitative analysis of the internalization of FMDV. The internalized FMDV were analyzed in 10 individual DMSO- or IPA-3-treated cells. Each experiment was performed in triplicate and the results were presented as the mean ± SD. ( E–H ) FMDV infection was inhibited by IPA-3. (E–G) Pretreated cells (IPA-3) were infected (MOI 1) for 4 h at 37 °C and analyzed by RT-PCR (E), Western blot (F), and TCID50 assay (G). (H) Pretreated cells (15 μM IPA-3) were infected (MOI 25) for 4 h at 37 °C and processed for confocal microscopy as in ( C ). (I) Effect of IPA-3 on virus entry and post-entry steps. Cells were treated with IPA-3 30 min before the infection (Pre) or treated 60 min after virus addition (Post) and maintained during the infection. Cells were then infected (MOI 1) for 4 h at 37 °C and processed for Western blot analysis. 3D, FMDV 3D; β-actin, load control; SD, standard deviation; *P

Article Snippet: Specific antibodies against Pak1, phospho-Pak1 (Thr423), caveolin-1 (Cav-1), EEA1, GAPDH, and β-actin were purchased from Santa Cruz Biotechnology.

Techniques: Infection, Western Blot, Confocal Microscopy, Indirect Immunoperoxidase Assay, Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction, TCID50 Assay, Standard Deviation

Journal: Scientific Reports

Article Title: Productive Entry of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus via Macropinocytosis Independent of Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase

doi: 10.1038/srep19294

Figure Lengend Snippet: CME is not the only pathway for FMDV internalization into BHK-21. (A–C) CPZ moderately inhibited FMDV entry and infection. (A) Cells were pretreated with CPZ (20 μM) and maintained during infection. The effect of CPZ on Alexa Fluor 594–TF uptake was apparent (red; upper panels). After 1 hpi (FMDV, MOI 25), cells were fixed and incubated with anti-clathrin, anti-FMDV, and DAPI to stain clathrin (green), viral particles (red), and cell nuclei (blue), respectively (upper panels). (B) Quantitative analysis of the internalization of FMDV. The internalized FMDV were analyzed in 10 individual Mock- or CPZ-treated cells. Each experiment was performed in triplicate and the results were presented as the mean ± SD. (C) Cells were treated with CPZ at 30 min before the infection (Pre) or treated 60 min after virus addition (Post) and maintained during the infection. After 4 hpi (FMDV, MOI 1), equivalent amounts of protein were analyzed by Western blot with an anti-FMDV antibody, and β-actin was used as the internal control. Fold induction was determined by densitometry. (D–F) CHC downregulation moderately inhibited FMDV entry and infection. (D) Cells were transfected with control siRNA (left panels) or CHC siRNA to downregulate CHC expression (right panels). The efficiency of CHC downregulation was analyzed by immunofluorescent staining at 36 h post-transfection (green); the effect of siRNA on AF594–TF uptake was apparent (red; upper panels). After 1 hpi (FMDV, MOI 25), siRNA-transfected cells were processed for confocal microscopy as in ( A ). (E) Quantitative analysis of the internalization of FMDV in siRNA-transfected cells. (F) The efficiency of CHC downregulation was analyzed by immunoblotting. After 4 hpi (FMDV, MOI 1), the siRNA-transfected cells were processed for Western blot. SD, standard deviation; *P

Article Snippet: Specific antibodies against Pak1, phospho-Pak1 (Thr423), caveolin-1 (Cav-1), EEA1, GAPDH, and β-actin were purchased from Santa Cruz Biotechnology.

Techniques: Infection, Incubation, Staining, Western Blot, Transfection, Expressing, Confocal Microscopy, Standard Deviation

Journal: Scientific Reports

Article Title: Productive Entry of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus via Macropinocytosis Independent of Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase

doi: 10.1038/srep19294

Figure Lengend Snippet: EIPA inhibits FMDV entry into BHK-21 cells and FMDV stimulates fluid-phase uptake. (A) EIPA inhibited FMDV entry. Pretreated cells (40 μM EIPA) were infected (MOI 25) for 1 h at 37 °C and then processed for confocal microscopy with AF594-phalloidin (red), anti-FMDV (green), and DAPI (blue). (B) Quantitative analysis of the internalization of FMDV. The internalized FMDV were analyzed in 10 individual DMSO- or EIPA-treated cells. Each experiment was performed in triplicate and the results were presented as the mean ± SD. (C–E) Pretreated cells (EIPA) were infected (MOI 1) for 4 h at 37 °C and analyzed by RT-PCR ( C ), Western blot ( D ), and TCID50 assay ( E ). (F) Pretreated cells (0.2 μM EIPA) were infected (MOI 25) for 4 h at 37 °C and processed for confocal microscopy as in ( A ). (G) Effect of EIPA on virus entry and post-entry steps. Cells were treated with EIPA 30 min before the infection (Pre) or treated 60 min after virus addition (Post) and maintained during the infection. Cells were then infected (MOI 1) for 4 h at 37 °C and processed for Western blot analysis. (H) FMDV stimulated fluid-phase uptake. Cells were pretreated (40 μM EIPA) and infected (MOI 10) or stimulated with PMA for 30 min, pulsed with AF594-dextran for 15 min, and analyzed by FACS. (I) FMDV colocalized with dextran. FMDV (MOI 25) was allowed to bind to cells for 1 h at 4 °C. The inoculum was replaced with medium containing AF594-dextran and incubated for 15 min in 37 °C. Cells were fixed and incubated with anti-FMDV antibody (green). 3D, FMDV 3D; β-actin, load control; SD, standard deviation; *P

Article Snippet: Specific antibodies against Pak1, phospho-Pak1 (Thr423), caveolin-1 (Cav-1), EEA1, GAPDH, and β-actin were purchased from Santa Cruz Biotechnology.

Techniques: Infection, Confocal Microscopy, Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction, Western Blot, TCID50 Assay, FACS, Incubation, Standard Deviation

Journal: Scientific Reports

Article Title: Productive Entry of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus via Macropinocytosis Independent of Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase

doi: 10.1038/srep19294

Figure Lengend Snippet: FMDV entry into BHK-21 cells depends on actin dynamics and induces actin ruffles. (A) FMDV entry induced actin ruffles. Cells were incubated with FMDV (MOI 100) for 1 h at 37 °C prior to incubation for 5 min at 37 °C, fixed, and processed for TEM. The arrow indicates a virion. The arrowhead indicates the membrane ruffle. (B,C) Jas inhibited FMDV entry. Pretreated cells (0.2 μM Jas) were infected (MOI 25) for 1 h at 37 °C and processed for confocal microscopy with AF594-phalloidin (red), anti-FMDV (green), and DAPI (blue). (C) Quantitative analysis of the internalization of FMDV. The internalized FMDV were analyzed in 10 individual DMSO- or Jas-treated cells. Each experiment was performed in triplicate and the results were presented as the mean ± SD. (D–G) FMDV infection was inhibited by Jas. (D–F) Pretreated cells (Jas) were infected (MOI 1) for 4 h at 37 °C and analyzed by RT-PCR ( D ), Western blot ( E ), and TCID50 assay ( F ). (G) Pretreated cells (0.2 μM Jas) were infected (MOI 25) for 4 h at 37 °C and processed for confocal microscopy as in ( B ). (H) Effect of Jas on virus entry and post-entry steps. Cells were treated with Jas 30 min before the infection (Pre) or treated 60 min after virus addition (Post) and maintained during the infection. Cells were then infected (MOI 1) for 4 h at 37 °C and processed for Western blot analysis. 3D, FMDV 3D; β-actin, load control; SD, standard deviation; *P

Article Snippet: Specific antibodies against Pak1, phospho-Pak1 (Thr423), caveolin-1 (Cav-1), EEA1, GAPDH, and β-actin were purchased from Santa Cruz Biotechnology.

Techniques: Incubation, Transmission Electron Microscopy, Infection, Confocal Microscopy, Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction, Western Blot, TCID50 Assay, Standard Deviation

Journal: Scientific Reports

Article Title: Productive Entry of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus via Macropinocytosis Independent of Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase

doi: 10.1038/srep19294

Figure Lengend Snippet: RTKs are required for FMDV entry into BHK-21 cells. (A,B) Gen inhibited FMDV entry. Pretreated cells (60 μM Gen) were infected (MOI 25) for 1 h at 37 °C and processed for confocal microscopy with AF594-phalloidin (red), anti-FMDV (green), and DAPI (blue). (B) Quantitative analysis of the internalization of FMDV. The internalized FMDV were analyzed in 10 individual DMSO- or Gen-treated cells. Each experiment was performed in triplicate and the results were presented as the mean ± SD. ( C–F) FMDV infection was inhibited by Gen. (C–E) Pretreated cells (Gen) were infected (MOI 1) for 4 h at 37 °C and analyzed by RT-PCR ( C ), Western blot ( D ), and TCID50 assay ( E ). (F) Pretreated cells (60 μM Gen) were infected (MOI 25) for 4 h at 37 °C and processed for confocal microscopy as in ( A ). (G) Effect of Gen on virus entry and post-entry steps. Cells were treated with Gen 30 min before the infection (Pre) or treated 60 min after virus addition (Post) and maintained during the infection. Cells were then infected (MOI 1) for 4 h at 37 °C and processed for Western blot analysis. 3D, FMDV 3D; β-actin, load control; SD, standard deviation; *P

Article Snippet: Specific antibodies against Pak1, phospho-Pak1 (Thr423), caveolin-1 (Cav-1), EEA1, GAPDH, and β-actin were purchased from Santa Cruz Biotechnology.

Techniques: Infection, Confocal Microscopy, Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction, Western Blot, TCID50 Assay, Standard Deviation

Journal: Scientific Reports

Article Title: Productive Entry of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus via Macropinocytosis Independent of Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase

doi: 10.1038/srep19294

Figure Lengend Snippet: PKC is required for FMDV entry and multiplication in BHK-21 cells. (A,B) Rott inhibited FMDV entry. Pretreated cells (20 μM Rott) were infected (MOI 25) for 1 h at 37 °C and processed for confocal microscopy with AF594-phalloidin (red), anti-FMDV (green), and DAPI (blue). (B) Quantitative analysis of the internalization of FMDV. The internalized FMDV were analyzed in 10 individual DMSO- or Rott-treated cells. Each experiment was performed in triplicate and the results were presented as the mean ± SD. ( C–F) FMDV infection was inhibited by Rott. (C–E) Pretreated cells (Rott) were infected (MOI 1) for 4 h at 37 °C and analyzed by RT-PCR ( C ), Western blot ( D ), and TCID50 assay ( E ). (F) Pretreated cells (20 μM Rott) were infected (MOI 25) for 4 h at 37 °C and processed for confocal microscopy as in ( A ). (G) Effect of Rott on virus entry and post-entry steps. Cells were treated with Rott 30 min before the infection (Pre) or treated 60 min after virus addition (Post) and maintained during the infection. Cells were then infected (MOI 1) for 4 h at 37 °C and processed for Western blot analysis. 3D, FMDV 3D; β-actin, load control; SD, standard deviation; *P

Article Snippet: Specific antibodies against Pak1, phospho-Pak1 (Thr423), caveolin-1 (Cav-1), EEA1, GAPDH, and β-actin were purchased from Santa Cruz Biotechnology.

Techniques: Infection, Confocal Microscopy, Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction, Western Blot, TCID50 Assay, Standard Deviation

Journal: Scientific Reports

Article Title: Productive Entry of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus via Macropinocytosis Independent of Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase

doi: 10.1038/srep19294

Figure Lengend Snippet: PI3K is not required for FMDV entry and replication in BHK-21 cells. (A,B) Wort moderately stimulated FMDV entry. Pretreated cells (40 μM Wort) were infected (MOI 25) for 1 h at 37 °C and processed for confocal microscopy with AF594-phalloidin (red), anti-FMDV (green), and DAPI (blue). (B) Quantitative analysis of the internalization of FMDV. The internalized FMDV were analyzed in 10 individual DMSO- or Wort-treated cells. Each experiment was performed in triplicate and the results were presented as the mean ± SD. ( C–E) Wort enhanced FMDV infection. Pretreated cells (Wort) were infected (MOI 1) for 4 h at 37 °C and analyzed by RT-PCR ( C ), Western blot ( D ), and TCID50 assay ( E ). (F) Effect of Wort on virus entry and post-entry steps. Cells were treated with Wort 30 min before the infection (Pre) or treated 60 min after virus addition (Post) and maintained during the infection. Cells were then infected (MOI 1) for 4 h at 37 °C and processed for Western blot analysis. (G) PI3K downregulation moderately enhanced FMDV infection. (H) PI3K overexpression did not affect FMDV infection. 3D, FMDV 3D; β-actin, load control; SD, standard deviation; *P

Article Snippet: Specific antibodies against Pak1, phospho-Pak1 (Thr423), caveolin-1 (Cav-1), EEA1, GAPDH, and β-actin were purchased from Santa Cruz Biotechnology.

Techniques: Infection, Confocal Microscopy, Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction, Western Blot, TCID50 Assay, Over Expression, Standard Deviation

Journal: PLoS ONE

Article Title: Modulation of Glucose Transporter 1 (GLUT1) Expression Levels Alters Mouse Mammary Tumor Cell Growth In Vitro and In Vivo

doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0023205

Figure Lengend Snippet: Eliminating expression of GLUT1 in G1fP cells decreases glucose usage, lipid synthesis and proliferation in vitro. A. Immunoblot analysis evaluating the expression of GLUT1, GFP, CK18, and β-actin in lysates from G LUT 1 fl/ f l mammary cells transformed with P yVMT (G1fP cells) 72 hours after being infected with adenovirus expressing GFP (Ad-GFP) or Cre recombinase (Ad-Cre) at an MOI of 100. B–D. Uptake of 3 H-2-deoxyglucose (B) , glucose consumption ( C ), and lactate secretion ( D ) by G1fP cells previously infected with Ad-GFP or Ad-Cre as described in figure 2 . E. Proliferation is estimated by determining the DNA content of cultures at days 0, 1, 2 and 3 post-seeding. F. The concentration of ATP in the two groups of cells was determined and normalized to the DNA content of parallel monolayers. G. Lipid synthesis in G1fP cells was measured as described in figure 2 . H. qPCR analysis evaluating the expression of the 12 mouse GLUT transporters and SGLT1 normalized to RPL32 expression in G1fP cells that had been infected two weeks prior with Ad-GFP or Ad-Cre.

Article Snippet: Immunoblot analysis Protein was extracted from minced tumor tissue homogenized using a polytron or from plates of cultured cells and immunoblot analysis was performed as previously described using the following antibodies: anti-GLUT1 (Millipore; Billerica, MA or AbCam; Cambridge, MA); anti-cytokeratin 18, anti-GFP and anti-β-actin (Santa Cruz Biotechnology; Santa Cruz, CA).

Techniques: Expressing, In Vitro, Transformation Assay, Infection, Concentration Assay, Real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction

Journal: PLoS ONE

Article Title: Modulation of Glucose Transporter 1 (GLUT1) Expression Levels Alters Mouse Mammary Tumor Cell Growth In Vitro and In Vivo

doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0023205

Figure Lengend Snippet: Overexpression of GLUT1 in 85815GL cells accelerates tumor formation. A. 0.4 million 85815GL cells expressing control vector (V) or GLUT1 (G1) were injected into contralateral #4 mammary fat pads of athymic nude mice. Bioluminescence from the labeled tumor cells was detected on days 3, 6, 9, 12 and 14 after implantation. B. The bioluminescence on days 3, 6, 9, 12 and 14 normalized to the day 3 value was averaged for all five mice and is presented +/−SEM. C. GLUT1 and β-actin expression evaluated in lysates of three tumor pairs by immunoblot analysis. D. GLUT1 expression evaluated by IHC in two tumor pairs. E. Low power photomicrographs of a pair of tumor sections derived from a vector control tumor (top) and a tumor overexpressing GLUT1 (bottom) immunostained for cleaved caspase 3 (left). High power photomicrographs of a pair of tumor sections immunostained for cleaved caspase 3 (middle), which are converted to binary pictures (right). F. Quantification of the number of cleaved caspase 3 positive pixels in five high power field “hot spots” in four tumors of each group. G–H. Representative high power photomicrographs of tumor sections immunostained for BrdU with hematoxylin counterstain ( G ) which is quantified ( H ).

Article Snippet: Immunoblot analysis Protein was extracted from minced tumor tissue homogenized using a polytron or from plates of cultured cells and immunoblot analysis was performed as previously described using the following antibodies: anti-GLUT1 (Millipore; Billerica, MA or AbCam; Cambridge, MA); anti-cytokeratin 18, anti-GFP and anti-β-actin (Santa Cruz Biotechnology; Santa Cruz, CA).

Techniques: Over Expression, Expressing, Plasmid Preparation, Injection, Mouse Assay, Labeling, Immunohistochemistry, Derivative Assay

Journal: PLoS ONE

Article Title: Modulation of Glucose Transporter 1 (GLUT1) Expression Levels Alters Mouse Mammary Tumor Cell Growth In Vitro and In Vivo

doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0023205

Figure Lengend Snippet: Elimination of GLUT1 expression in G1fPt cells decreases tumor growth. A. 0.5 million G1fPt cells infected two weeks prior with adenovirus expressing GFP or Cre recombinase were injected into contralateral #4 mammary fat pads of athymic nude mice. Bioluminescence from the labeled tumor cells was detected on days 12, 15 and 20 after implantation. The abdominal region heat map depicting luciferase activity of a representative mouse is pictured. B. The average bioluminescence on days 12, 15 and 20 +/− SEM for eight mice is presented with green diamonds representing “GFP” tumors and light blue squares representing “Cre” tumors. C. Expression of GLUT1 and β-actin in lysates of two tumor pairs evaluated by immunoblot analysis. D. GLUT1 expression evaluated by IHC (with hematoxylin counterstain) in two tumor pairs. E. Representative low power photomicrographs of two pairs of tumor sections immunostained for cleaved caspase 3. F–G. Representative high power photomicrographs of a tumor pair immunostained for Ki67 with hematoxylin counterstain ( F ) which is quantified ( G ).

Article Snippet: Immunoblot analysis Protein was extracted from minced tumor tissue homogenized using a polytron or from plates of cultured cells and immunoblot analysis was performed as previously described using the following antibodies: anti-GLUT1 (Millipore; Billerica, MA or AbCam; Cambridge, MA); anti-cytokeratin 18, anti-GFP and anti-β-actin (Santa Cruz Biotechnology; Santa Cruz, CA).

Techniques: Expressing, Infection, Injection, Mouse Assay, Labeling, Luciferase, Activity Assay, Immunohistochemistry

Journal: PLoS ONE

Article Title: Modulation of Glucose Transporter 1 (GLUT1) Expression Levels Alters Mouse Mammary Tumor Cell Growth In Vitro and In Vivo

doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0023205

Figure Lengend Snippet: GLUT1 is the most abundantly expressed GLUT family member in MMTV-c-ErbB2 tumors and a number of mouse mammary carcinoma cell lines. A. qPCR analysis to determine the expression of GLUT1–GLUT6, GLUT8–GLUT10, GLUT12–GLUT13 (eleven of the twelve mouse GLUT family transporters) relative to β-actin expression was performed with the cDNA equivalent of 50 ng RNA in six samples: mammary tumor from a MMTV-c-ErbB2 mouse (ErbB2 tumor), two different cell lines derived from these tumors (78617 and 85815), a cell line derived from a MMTV-PyVMT mouse mammary tumor (Met1), a cell line derived from a BALB/c mouse mammary tumor (4T1) and immortalized mouse mammary epithelial cells (EPH4). B. Quantitation of the number of copies of GLUT1, GLUT6, GLUT8 and GLUT9 RNA in the cDNA derived from 50 ng RNA from triplicate samples of ErbB2 Tumors, 78617 cells and 85815 cells. * indicates p

Article Snippet: Immunoblot analysis Protein was extracted from minced tumor tissue homogenized using a polytron or from plates of cultured cells and immunoblot analysis was performed as previously described using the following antibodies: anti-GLUT1 (Millipore; Billerica, MA or AbCam; Cambridge, MA); anti-cytokeratin 18, anti-GFP and anti-β-actin (Santa Cruz Biotechnology; Santa Cruz, CA).

Techniques: Real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction, Expressing, Derivative Assay, Quantitation Assay

Journal: PLoS ONE

Article Title: Modulation of Glucose Transporter 1 (GLUT1) Expression Levels Alters Mouse Mammary Tumor Cell Growth In Vitro and In Vivo

doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0023205

Figure Lengend Snippet: Overexpression of GLUT1 in 85815GL cells increases glucose transport without increasing proliferation. A. Expression of GLUT1, GFP-luciferase and β-actin in lysates of 85815GL cells expressing empty vector (V) or overexpressing GLUT1 (G1). B. Uptake of 3 H-2-deoxyglucose by cells expressing empty vector (Vec) or GLUT1 (GLUT1) in 15 minutes presented as CPM per µg DNA. C. Proliferation is estimated by determining the DNA content of cultures expressing empty vector or GLUT1 at days 0, 1, 2 and 3.

Article Snippet: Immunoblot analysis Protein was extracted from minced tumor tissue homogenized using a polytron or from plates of cultured cells and immunoblot analysis was performed as previously described using the following antibodies: anti-GLUT1 (Millipore; Billerica, MA or AbCam; Cambridge, MA); anti-cytokeratin 18, anti-GFP and anti-β-actin (Santa Cruz Biotechnology; Santa Cruz, CA).

Techniques: Over Expression, Expressing, Luciferase, Plasmid Preparation

Journal: PLoS ONE

Article Title: Modulation of Glucose Transporter 1 (GLUT1) Expression Levels Alters Mouse Mammary Tumor Cell Growth In Vitro and In Vivo

doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0023205

Figure Lengend Snippet: Reduced expression of GLUT1 in 78617GL cells decreases tumor growth. A. 0.5 million 78617GL cells expressing control shRNA (C) or GLUT1 shRNA (G1) were injected into contralateral #4 mammary fat pads of athymic nude mice. Bioluminescence from the labeled tumor cells was detected on days 2, 4, 6 and 8 after implantation. The abdominal region heat map depicting luciferase activity of a representative mouse is pictured. B. The average bioluminescence on days 2, 4, 6 and 8 normalized to the day 2 bioluminescence +/− SEM for five mice is presented with the black diamonds representing shCTRL tumors and grey squares representing shGLUT1 tumors. C. Expression of GLUT1 and β-actin in lysates of three tumor pairs evaluated by immunoblot analysis. D. GLUT1 expression evaluated by IHC (with hematoxylin counterstain) in two tumor pairs. E. Representative low power photomicrographs of two pairs of tumor sections immunostained for cleaved caspase 3. F–G. Representative high power photomicrographs of a tumor pair immunostained for BrdU with hematoxylin counterstain ( F ) which is quantified ( G ).

Article Snippet: Immunoblot analysis Protein was extracted from minced tumor tissue homogenized using a polytron or from plates of cultured cells and immunoblot analysis was performed as previously described using the following antibodies: anti-GLUT1 (Millipore; Billerica, MA or AbCam; Cambridge, MA); anti-cytokeratin 18, anti-GFP and anti-β-actin (Santa Cruz Biotechnology; Santa Cruz, CA).

Techniques: Expressing, shRNA, Injection, Mouse Assay, Labeling, Luciferase, Activity Assay, Immunohistochemistry

Journal: PLoS ONE

Article Title: Modulation of Glucose Transporter 1 (GLUT1) Expression Levels Alters Mouse Mammary Tumor Cell Growth In Vitro and In Vivo

doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0023205

Figure Lengend Snippet: Reduced expression of GLUT1 in 78617GL cells decreases glucose usage, lipid synthesis and proliferation in vitro. A. Immunoblot analysis evaluating the expression of GLUT1, GFP-Luciferase transgene (GFP) and β-actin in lysates from 78617GL cells expressing control shRNA (C) or GLUT1 shRNA (G1). B. Uptake of 3 H-2-deoxyglucose by 78617GL cells expressing control shRNA (shCTRL) or GLUT1 shRNA (shGLUT1) in 15 minutes presented as CPM per µg DNA. C–D. Glucose consumption ( C ) and lactate secretion ( D ). Glucose and lactate concentrations are normalized to the DNA content of the cultures. E. Proliferation is estimated by deteriming the DNA content of cultures at days 0, 1, 2 and 3 post-seeding. F–G. 78617GL cells were grown in soft agar for 3 weeks and colonies are pictured in F and the number of colonies per well is quantified in G . H. Quantification of BrdU positive cells in the outer edge of 12 colonies of each group. I. The concentration of ATP in the two groups of cells (lacking luciferase expression) was determined and normalized to the DNA content of parallel monolayers. J. Lipid synthesis was measured by determining the amount of 14 C in the non-aqueous chloroform fraction of methanol chloroform extracted cell lysates after 24 hour incubation with 14 C-glucose and is normalized to the DNA content of parallel samples. K. qPCR analysis evaluating the expression of the 12 mouse GLUT transporters and SGLT1 in 78617GL cells expressing control shRNA or GLUT1 shRNA normalized to RPL32 expression.

Article Snippet: Immunoblot analysis Protein was extracted from minced tumor tissue homogenized using a polytron or from plates of cultured cells and immunoblot analysis was performed as previously described using the following antibodies: anti-GLUT1 (Millipore; Billerica, MA or AbCam; Cambridge, MA); anti-cytokeratin 18, anti-GFP and anti-β-actin (Santa Cruz Biotechnology; Santa Cruz, CA).

Techniques: Expressing, In Vitro, Luciferase, shRNA, Concentration Assay, Incubation, Real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction

Journal: Cell Death & Disease

Article Title: Ochratoxin A-induced autophagy in vitro and in vivo promotes porcine circovirus type 2 replication

doi: 10.1038/cddis.2017.303

Figure Lengend Snippet: OTA treatment enhances autophagic flux. ( a ) PK-15 cells were inoculated with PCV2 for 24 h and then inculated with OTA (0.1  μ M). At the indicated times after inoculation, the cells were collected, and the expression of p62 and β -actin (loading control) was analyzed by immunoblotting with specific antibodies as described in Materials and Methods. The data are presented as means±S.E. of three independent experiments. Statistical significance compared with the control is indicated by * P

Article Snippet: Anti-p62, anti-ATG5, anti-Beclin-1, and anti-β -actin antibodies were purchased from Santa Cruz Biotechnology (Santa Cruz, CA, USA).

Techniques: Expressing

Journal: Cell Death & Disease

Article Title: Ochratoxin A-induced autophagy in vitro and in vivo promotes porcine circovirus type 2 replication

doi: 10.1038/cddis.2017.303

Figure Lengend Snippet: Inhibition of autophagy with 3-MA reverses PCV2 replication induced by OTA in PK-15 cells. PCV2-infected cells were incubated with OTA (0.1  μ M) with or without 3-MA (5 mM). The cells were then assayed for ( a , b ) expression levels of LC3, Cap and β -actin (loading control), ( c ) PCV2 viral titers, ( d ) PCV2 viral DNA copies and ( e ) the number of infected cells, as described in Materials and methods. The data are presented as means±S.E. of three independent experiments. Statistical significance compared with the control is indicated by * P

Article Snippet: Anti-p62, anti-ATG5, anti-Beclin-1, and anti-β -actin antibodies were purchased from Santa Cruz Biotechnology (Santa Cruz, CA, USA).

Techniques: Inhibition, Infection, Incubation, Expressing

Journal: Cell Death & Disease

Article Title: Ochratoxin A-induced autophagy in vitro and in vivo promotes porcine circovirus type 2 replication

doi: 10.1038/cddis.2017.303

Figure Lengend Snippet: Effects of OTA and/or NAC on oxidative stress and autophagy in PCV2-infected PK-15 cells. PK-15 cells were inoculated with PCV2 for 24 h and then inculated with OTA (0.1  μ M), NAC (5 mM), or OTA and NAC together for an additional 48 h. ( a ) The cells were then incubated with DCFH-DA (10  μ M) at 37 °C for 30 min. The level of ROS was determined by flow cytometry. The level of intracellular ROS, which was indicated by an increase in the fluorescence intensity of the cells, was calculated as the percentage of that of the control cells. ( b ) Representative flourescent staining showing ROS visualized by DCFH-DA fluoreseence (green), and mitochondria labeled by MitoTracker Red CMXRos (red) in PK-15 cells, yellow color (green plus red) indicates the colocalization of ROS and mitochondria. Scale bar: 10  μ m. ( c ) The cells were collected, and the expression levels of LC3, ATG5, Beclin-1 and β -actin (loading control) were analyzed by immunoblotting with specific antibodies as described in Materials and Methods. ( d ) PK-15 cells were first transfected with the GFP-LC3 plasmid. After 24 h, the cells were inoculated with PCV2 for 24 h and then incubated with OTA (0.1  μ M), NAC (5 mM), or OTA and NAC together for an additional 48 h. The fluorescence signals were visualized by confocal immunofluorescence microscopy. Scale bar: 10  μ m. The average number of LC3 puncta in each cell was determined from at least 100 cells in each group. The data are presented as means±S.E. of three independent experiments. Statistical significance compared with the control is indicated by * P

Article Snippet: Anti-p62, anti-ATG5, anti-Beclin-1, and anti-β -actin antibodies were purchased from Santa Cruz Biotechnology (Santa Cruz, CA, USA).

Techniques: Infection, Incubation, Flow Cytometry, Cytometry, Fluorescence, Staining, Labeling, Expressing, Transfection, Plasmid Preparation, Immunofluorescence, Microscopy

Journal: Cell Death & Disease

Article Title: Ochratoxin A-induced autophagy in vitro and in vivo promotes porcine circovirus type 2 replication

doi: 10.1038/cddis.2017.303

Figure Lengend Snippet: Inhibition of autophagy with siATG5 reverses the PCV2 replication promotion induced by OTA in PK-15 cells. PCV2-infected cells were incubated with or without ATG5 siRNA. The cells were then assayed for the expression levels of ( a ) ATG5 and β -actin (loading control). The data are presented as means±S.E. of three independent experiments. Statistical significance compared with the control is indicated by * P

Article Snippet: Anti-p62, anti-ATG5, anti-Beclin-1, and anti-β -actin antibodies were purchased from Santa Cruz Biotechnology (Santa Cruz, CA, USA).

Techniques: Inhibition, Infection, Incubation, Expressing

Journal: Cell Death & Disease

Article Title: Ochratoxin A-induced autophagy in vitro and in vivo promotes porcine circovirus type 2 replication

doi: 10.1038/cddis.2017.303

Figure Lengend Snippet: Inhibition of autophagy with siBeclin-1 reverses the PCV2 replication promotion induced by OTA in PK-15 cells. PCV2-infected cells were incubated with or without Beclin-1 siRNA. Cell were assayed for expression levels of ( a ) Beclin-1 and β -actin (loading control). The data are presented as means±S.E. of three independent experiments. Statistical significance compared with the control is indicated by * P

Article Snippet: Anti-p62, anti-ATG5, anti-Beclin-1, and anti-β -actin antibodies were purchased from Santa Cruz Biotechnology (Santa Cruz, CA, USA).

Techniques: Inhibition, Infection, Incubation, Expressing

Journal: Cell Death & Disease

Article Title: Ochratoxin A-induced autophagy in vitro and in vivo promotes porcine circovirus type 2 replication

doi: 10.1038/cddis.2017.303

Figure Lengend Snippet: OTA induces autophagy in PK-15 cells. ( a ) PK-15 cells were inoculated with PCV2 for 24 h, OTA was then added at concentrations of 0.01, 0.1, 1, or 2 μ M, and incubation was continued for an additional 48 h. After collecting the cells, the expression of LC3, ATG5, Beclin-1 and β -actin (loading control) was analyzed by immunoblotting with specific antibodies as described in Materials and Methods. The data are presented as means±S.E. of three independent experiments. Statistical significance compared with the control is indicated by * P

Article Snippet: Anti-p62, anti-ATG5, anti-Beclin-1, and anti-β -actin antibodies were purchased from Santa Cruz Biotechnology (Santa Cruz, CA, USA).

Techniques: Incubation, Expressing

Journal: Cell Death & Disease

Article Title: Ochratoxin A-induced autophagy in vitro and in vivo promotes porcine circovirus type 2 replication

doi: 10.1038/cddis.2017.303

Figure Lengend Snippet: Inhibition of autophagy by CQ reverses PCV2 replication promotion induced by OTA in PK-15 cells. PCV2-infected cells were incubated with OTA (0.1  μ M) with or without CQ (5  μ M). Cells were assayed for ( a , b ) expression levels of LC3, Cap and β -actin (loading control), ( c )PCV2 viral titers, ( d ) PCV2 viral DNA copies and ( e ) the number of infected cells as described in Materials and Methods. The data are presented as means±S.E. of three independent experiments. Statistical significance compared with the control is indicated by * P

Article Snippet: Anti-p62, anti-ATG5, anti-Beclin-1, and anti-β -actin antibodies were purchased from Santa Cruz Biotechnology (Santa Cruz, CA, USA).

Techniques: Inhibition, Infection, Incubation, Expressing

Journal: PLoS ONE

Article Title: Streptococcus sanguinis induces neutrophil cell death by production of hydrogen peroxide

doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0172223

Figure Lengend Snippet: Detection of histone citrullination in S . sanguinis -infected neutrophils. Neutrophils were infected with the WT, KO, or Wr strain at an MOI of 10. Following incubation for 1 h at 37°C, cells were suspended in Laemmli gel loading buffer. Samples were immunoblotted with a rabbit anti-histone H3 antibody and HRP-conjugated anti-rabbit IgG antibody (upper panel). As a loading control, β-actin was detected using an anti-β-actin antibody and HRP-conjugated anti-rabbit IgG antibody (lower panel).

Article Snippet: As a loading control, β-actin was detected using an anti-β-actin antibody (rabbit, 1:2000, Cell Signaling, MA, USA).

Techniques: Infection, Incubation

Journal: Human Reproduction (Oxford, England)

Article Title: Endothelin-1 down-regulates matrix metalloproteinase 14 and 15 expression in human first trimester trophoblasts via endothelin receptor type B

doi: 10.1093/humrep/dew295

Figure Lengend Snippet: Low oxygen tension modulates the effect of ET-1 on MMP14 and MMP15 down-regulation: Primary trophoblasts (GW 7–11, n = 12) were incubated under three different O 2 tensions (1% O 2 , 2.5% O 2 and 20% O 2 ) in the absence (control) or presence of 100 nM ET-1 for 24 h; ( A–C ) MMP14 (active form, act-MMP14) and MMP15 (pro-MMP15) protein levels were determined by Western blotting; ( D ) ET-1 levels were measured in the supernatants from the controls by ELISA; Results were normalized to β-actin protein levels (A and B) or total protein (D) and calculated as fold change relative to the controls (20% O 2 ), arbitrarily set to 1; Data are representative for at least four experiments; * P

Article Snippet: After blocking, the membranes were incubated with antibodies against MMP14 (Millipore, Billerica, MA, USA, 1:1500), MMP15 (Millipore, 1:500), HLA-G (BD-Biosciences, 1:1000), GAPDH (Novus, Littleton, CO, USA, 1:20 000) or β-actin (Abcam, Cambridge, MA, USA, 1:25 000) overnight at 4°C.

Techniques: Incubation, Activated Clotting Time Assay, Western Blot, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay

Journal: Oncology Reports

Article Title: Downregulation of NONO induces apoptosis, suppressing growth and invasion in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma

doi: 10.3892/or.2018.6334

Figure Lengend Snippet: Akt and Erk1/2 are likely the downstream targets of NONO-mediated signaling. p-Akt, Akt, p-Erk1/2 and Erk1/2 were compared between TE-1 and KYSE70 cell lines treated with control siRNA and NONO siRNA by western blot analysis. β-actin served as a loading control.

Article Snippet: The antibody against β-actin was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich.

Techniques: Western Blot

Journal: Oncology Reports

Article Title: Downregulation of NONO induces apoptosis, suppressing growth and invasion in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma

doi: 10.3892/or.2018.6334

Figure Lengend Snippet: Real-time PCR and western blot analysis of NONO expression in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) cells. (A) Real-time PCR measured relative NONO mRNA levels to GAPDH in 9 ESCC cell lines. (B) Western blot analysis of endogenous expression of NONO in all 9 ESCC cell lines. β-actin served as a loading control. (C and D) Transfection efficiencies of NONO siRNA knockdown in TE-1, KYSE70 cells were measured by real-time PCR and western blotting. (E) Immunofluorescence staining detected expression and nuclear localization of NONO protein in human ESCC cell lines. NONO expression is reduced after NONO siRNA knockdown in TE-1, KYSE70 cells.

Article Snippet: The antibody against β-actin was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich.

Techniques: Real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction, Western Blot, Expressing, Transfection, Immunofluorescence, Staining

Journal: Stem Cells International

Article Title: Microvesicles Derived from Human Embryonic Neural Stem Cells Inhibit the Apoptosis of HL-1 Cardiomyocytes by Promoting Autophagy and Regulating AKT and mTOR via Transporting HSP-70

doi: 10.1155/2019/6452684

Figure Lengend Snippet: hESC-NSC-derived MVs increased the level of cell autophagy after H 2 O 2 stimulation. Representative western blot images showing the protein levels of LC3, Beclin-1, and P62. β -Actin was used as an internal control (a, b). Autophagosomes were detected by tandem fluorescent mRFG-GFP-LC3 assay, scale bars: 15  μ m (c). Autophagosomes (white arrow) were measured by TEM in four groups, scale bars: 2  μ m (d). Every experiment was repeated at least three times; error bars indicate mean ± SD ( ∗ P

Article Snippet: Primary antibodies, including mouse anti-β -actin (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, USA) and anti-HSP-70 (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, USA) and rabbit anti-Beclin-1, anti-P62, anti-LC3, anti-Bax, anti-Bcl-2, anti-caspase3, anti-CD63, anti-mTOR, anti-pmTOR, anti-AKT, and anti-pAkt, were purchased from Cell Signaling Technology (CST, USA).

Techniques: Derivative Assay, Western Blot, Transmission Electron Microscopy

Journal: Stem Cells International

Article Title: Microvesicles Derived from Human Embryonic Neural Stem Cells Inhibit the Apoptosis of HL-1 Cardiomyocytes by Promoting Autophagy and Regulating AKT and mTOR via Transporting HSP-70

doi: 10.1155/2019/6452684

Figure Lengend Snippet: Transfer of HSP-70 between cells via hESC-NSCs-derived MVs. Coomassie blue staining and western blot analysis of protein extracts from MVs (a). Western blot images showing the protein levels of the HSP-70 after HSPre with/without triptolide pretreatment (b–e). Western blot images showing the protein levels of the HSP-70 in HL-1 cells were exposed to 42°C for 10, 30, 60, and 120 min and then allowed to recover at 37°C for 0, 4, 8, 12, and 24 h. β -Actin was used as an internal control (f–h). Every experiment was repeated at least three times. Error bars indicate mean ± SD ( ∗ P

Article Snippet: Primary antibodies, including mouse anti-β -actin (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, USA) and anti-HSP-70 (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, USA) and rabbit anti-Beclin-1, anti-P62, anti-LC3, anti-Bax, anti-Bcl-2, anti-caspase3, anti-CD63, anti-mTOR, anti-pmTOR, anti-AKT, and anti-pAkt, were purchased from Cell Signaling Technology (CST, USA).

Techniques: Derivative Assay, Staining, Western Blot

Journal: Stem Cells International

Article Title: Microvesicles Derived from Human Embryonic Neural Stem Cells Inhibit the Apoptosis of HL-1 Cardiomyocytes by Promoting Autophagy and Regulating AKT and mTOR via Transporting HSP-70

doi: 10.1155/2019/6452684

Figure Lengend Snippet: HSP-70 increased the level of cell autophagy after H 2 O 2 stimulation. (a–d) Representative western blot images showing the protein levels of LC3, Beclin-1, and P62. β -Actin was used as an internal control. (e) Autophagosomes (white arrow) were detected by tandem fluorescent mRFG-GFP-LC3 assay, scale bars: 15  μ m. (f) Autophagosomes were measured by TEM in four groups. Every experiment was repeated at least three times, scale bars: 2  μ m. Error bars indicate mean ± SD ( ∗ P

Article Snippet: Primary antibodies, including mouse anti-β -actin (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, USA) and anti-HSP-70 (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, USA) and rabbit anti-Beclin-1, anti-P62, anti-LC3, anti-Bax, anti-Bcl-2, anti-caspase3, anti-CD63, anti-mTOR, anti-pmTOR, anti-AKT, and anti-pAkt, were purchased from Cell Signaling Technology (CST, USA).

Techniques: Western Blot, Transmission Electron Microscopy

Journal: Stem Cells International

Article Title: Microvesicles Derived from Human Embryonic Neural Stem Cells Inhibit the Apoptosis of HL-1 Cardiomyocytes by Promoting Autophagy and Regulating AKT and mTOR via Transporting HSP-70

doi: 10.1155/2019/6452684

Figure Lengend Snippet: hESC-NSC-derived MVs regulate Akt and mTOR pathways by transporting HSP-70 after H 2 O 2 stimulation. (a–f) Representative western blot images showing the protein levels of AKT, p-AKT, mTOR, and p-mTOR. β -Actin was used as an internal control. Every experiment was repeated at least three times. Error bars indicate mean ± SD ( ∗ P

Article Snippet: Primary antibodies, including mouse anti-β -actin (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, USA) and anti-HSP-70 (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, USA) and rabbit anti-Beclin-1, anti-P62, anti-LC3, anti-Bax, anti-Bcl-2, anti-caspase3, anti-CD63, anti-mTOR, anti-pmTOR, anti-AKT, and anti-pAkt, were purchased from Cell Signaling Technology (CST, USA).

Techniques: Derivative Assay, Western Blot

Journal: Stem Cells International

Article Title: Microvesicles Derived from Human Embryonic Neural Stem Cells Inhibit the Apoptosis of HL-1 Cardiomyocytes by Promoting Autophagy and Regulating AKT and mTOR via Transporting HSP-70

doi: 10.1155/2019/6452684

Figure Lengend Snippet: hESC-NSC-derived MVs reduced cell apoptosis after H 2 O 2 stimulation. CCK-8 was used to measure HL-1 cell viability after exposure to 0, 500, 800, and 1000  μ M H 2 O 2 for 3 h (a). Representative western blot images showing the protein levels of Bcl-2, Bax, and cleaved caspase-3. β -Actin was used as an internal control (b–f). Representative dot plots of cell apoptosis were showed after Annexin V/PI dual staining (g). The percentage of apoptotic cells was represent for both early and late apoptotic cells (h). Every experiment was repeated at least three times; error bars indicate mean ± SD ( ∗ P

Article Snippet: Primary antibodies, including mouse anti-β -actin (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, USA) and anti-HSP-70 (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, USA) and rabbit anti-Beclin-1, anti-P62, anti-LC3, anti-Bax, anti-Bcl-2, anti-caspase3, anti-CD63, anti-mTOR, anti-pmTOR, anti-AKT, and anti-pAkt, were purchased from Cell Signaling Technology (CST, USA).

Techniques: Derivative Assay, CCK-8 Assay, Western Blot, Staining

Journal: Stem Cells International

Article Title: Microvesicles Derived from Human Embryonic Neural Stem Cells Inhibit the Apoptosis of HL-1 Cardiomyocytes by Promoting Autophagy and Regulating AKT and mTOR via Transporting HSP-70

doi: 10.1155/2019/6452684

Figure Lengend Snippet: Antiapoptotic effects of HSP-70 in vitro. (a–f) Representative western blot images showing the protein levels of HSP-70, Bcl-2, Bax, and cleaved caspase-3. β -Actin was used as an internal control. (g) Representative dot plots of cell apoptosis were showed after Annexin V/PI dual staining. (h) The percentage of apoptotic cells was represented for both early and late apoptotic cells. Every experiment was repeated at least three times. Error bars indicate mean ± SD ( ∗ P

Article Snippet: Primary antibodies, including mouse anti-β -actin (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, USA) and anti-HSP-70 (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, USA) and rabbit anti-Beclin-1, anti-P62, anti-LC3, anti-Bax, anti-Bcl-2, anti-caspase3, anti-CD63, anti-mTOR, anti-pmTOR, anti-AKT, and anti-pAkt, were purchased from Cell Signaling Technology (CST, USA).

Techniques: In Vitro, Western Blot, Staining

Journal: International Journal of Molecular Medicine

Article Title: Gastrodin protects MC3T3-E1 osteoblasts from dexamethasone-induced cellular dysfunction and promotes bone formation via induction of the NRF2 signaling pathway

doi: 10.3892/ijmm.2018.3414

Figure Lengend Snippet: Gastrodin (GSTD) increased osteogenic transcription Runx2, decreased adipogenic factor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)γ isoform 2 and activated nuclear factor-like 2 (NRF2) pathway protein expression levels. Representative western blot analyses for total protein was analyzed by western blotting in dexamethasone (DEX)-treated MC3T3-E1 cells with or without GSTD pretreatment at different doses. The relative protein expression levels were measured using the fold-change in each protein relative to β-actin from the same sample. The data are expressed as the mean ± standard deviation. ## P

Article Snippet: Rabbit anti-HO-1 (cat. no. ab68477; 1:1,000), rabbit anti-NQO-1 (cat. no. ab76956; 1:1,000), and mouse anti-β-actin (cat. no. ab8245; 1:1,000), Anti-OCN (cat. no. ab93876; 1:1,000) monoclonal antibodies were purchased from Abcam (Cambridge, MA, USA).

Techniques: Expressing, Western Blot, Standard Deviation