Journal: Microbial Cell Factories

Article Title: Conversion of β-carotene into astaxanthin: Two separate enzymes or a bifunctional hydroxylase-ketolase protein?

doi: 10.1186/1475-2859-7-3

Figure Lengend Snippet: HPLC analysis of β-carotene and xanthophylls produced by A) X. dendrorhous ATCC 96815 or B) Mucor circinelloides MS12, before and after transformation with the crtS gene. CR, cryptoxanthin; ZX, zeaxanthin; AX, astaxanthin; HDCO, 3-hydroxy-3',4'-didehydro-β-ψ-carotene-4-one. Note that expression of the crtS gene in M. circinelloides results in the production of β-carotene hydroxylated derivatives only, whereas transformants of X. dendrorhous with the same gene produce astaxanthin in addition to the hydroxylated derivatives.

Article Snippet: Complementation of the X. dendrorhous ATCC 96815 with the crtS gene has also been reported by Ojima et al. [ ].

Techniques: Produced, Transformation Assay, Expressing

Journal: Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology

Article Title: Enzymatic Processes Triggered by PEF for Astaxanthin Extraction From Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous

doi: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00857

Figure Lengend Snippet: Inactivation curves of X. dendrorhous CECT 11028 (A) and X. dendrorhous ATCC 74219 (B) by PEF at different electric fields strength. 10 kV/cm ( ), 15 kV/cm (■), 20 kV/cm (▲), 25 kV/cm (▼).

Article Snippet: The high yield of trans- astaxanthin (2.06 ± 0.02 mg/g d.w.) obtained in this study from X. dendrorhous ATCC 74219 was in range to other reported yields obtained for X. dendrorhous ATCC 74219. reported a maximum astaxanthin specific concentration of 2.0 mg/g d.w. by culturing the same strains of X. dendrorhous ATCC 74219 in a low-cost media designed from marine by-products, while reported 2.49 mg/g d.w. specific astaxanthin production by culturing the same strain in sweet sorghum juice.

Techniques:

Journal: Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology

Article Title: Enzymatic Processes Triggered by PEF for Astaxanthin Extraction From Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous

doi: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00857

Figure Lengend Snippet: Relationship between the percentage of irreversible permeabilized cells and the percentage of dead cells of X. dendrorhous CECT 11028 ( ) and X. dendrorhous ATCC 74219 (○) after applied PEF treatments shown in . The straight line with slope 1 and intercept 0 represents a perfect agreement between the percentage of PI uptake and cell death.

Article Snippet: The high yield of trans- astaxanthin (2.06 ± 0.02 mg/g d.w.) obtained in this study from X. dendrorhous ATCC 74219 was in range to other reported yields obtained for X. dendrorhous ATCC 74219. reported a maximum astaxanthin specific concentration of 2.0 mg/g d.w. by culturing the same strains of X. dendrorhous ATCC 74219 in a low-cost media designed from marine by-products, while reported 2.49 mg/g d.w. specific astaxanthin production by culturing the same strain in sweet sorghum juice.

Techniques:

Journal: Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology

Article Title: Enzymatic Processes Triggered by PEF for Astaxanthin Extraction From Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous

doi: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00857

Figure Lengend Snippet: Percentage of propidium iodide uptake by X. dendrorhous CECT 11028 (A) and X. dendrorhous ATCC 74219 (B) after PEF treatments with different electric field strength and treatment time.

Article Snippet: The high yield of trans- astaxanthin (2.06 ± 0.02 mg/g d.w.) obtained in this study from X. dendrorhous ATCC 74219 was in range to other reported yields obtained for X. dendrorhous ATCC 74219. reported a maximum astaxanthin specific concentration of 2.0 mg/g d.w. by culturing the same strains of X. dendrorhous ATCC 74219 in a low-cost media designed from marine by-products, while reported 2.49 mg/g d.w. specific astaxanthin production by culturing the same strain in sweet sorghum juice.

Techniques:

Journal: Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology

Article Title: Enzymatic Processes Triggered by PEF for Astaxanthin Extraction From Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous

doi: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00857

Figure Lengend Snippet: Influence of the incubation time in buffer of pH 7.0 on the extracted carotenoids in ethanol for 12 h from untreated and PEF treated cells of X. dendrorhous CECT 11028 and X. dendrorhous ATCC 74219. Different letter indicates significant statistical differences ( p < 0.05).

Article Snippet: The high yield of trans- astaxanthin (2.06 ± 0.02 mg/g d.w.) obtained in this study from X. dendrorhous ATCC 74219 was in range to other reported yields obtained for X. dendrorhous ATCC 74219. reported a maximum astaxanthin specific concentration of 2.0 mg/g d.w. by culturing the same strains of X. dendrorhous ATCC 74219 in a low-cost media designed from marine by-products, while reported 2.49 mg/g d.w. specific astaxanthin production by culturing the same strain in sweet sorghum juice.

Techniques: Incubation

Journal: Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology

Article Title: Enzymatic Processes Triggered by PEF for Astaxanthin Extraction From Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous

doi: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00857

Figure Lengend Snippet: Effect of the electric field strength on ethanolic extraction kinetics of carotenoids from and X. dendrorhous ATCC 74219 after 12 h of incubation in buffer of pH 7.0: 10 kV/cm (■), 15 kV/cm (▲), 20 kV/cm (▼), 25 kV/cm (◆), and untreated ( ).

Article Snippet: The high yield of trans- astaxanthin (2.06 ± 0.02 mg/g d.w.) obtained in this study from X. dendrorhous ATCC 74219 was in range to other reported yields obtained for X. dendrorhous ATCC 74219. reported a maximum astaxanthin specific concentration of 2.0 mg/g d.w. by culturing the same strains of X. dendrorhous ATCC 74219 in a low-cost media designed from marine by-products, while reported 2.49 mg/g d.w. specific astaxanthin production by culturing the same strain in sweet sorghum juice.

Techniques: Incubation

Journal: Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology

Article Title: Enzymatic Processes Triggered by PEF for Astaxanthin Extraction From Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous

doi: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00857

Figure Lengend Snippet: Astaxanthin quantification by HPLC of ethanolic carotenoid extracts obtained from PEF-treated cells of X. dendrorhous ATCC 74219 at different treatment intensities and specific energy applied after 12 h of incubation in buffer of pH 7.0.

Article Snippet: The high yield of trans- astaxanthin (2.06 ± 0.02 mg/g d.w.) obtained in this study from X. dendrorhous ATCC 74219 was in range to other reported yields obtained for X. dendrorhous ATCC 74219. reported a maximum astaxanthin specific concentration of 2.0 mg/g d.w. by culturing the same strains of X. dendrorhous ATCC 74219 in a low-cost media designed from marine by-products, while reported 2.49 mg/g d.w. specific astaxanthin production by culturing the same strain in sweet sorghum juice.

Techniques: Incubation

Journal: Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology

Article Title: Enzymatic Processes Triggered by PEF for Astaxanthin Extraction From Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous

doi: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00857

Figure Lengend Snippet: Esterase activity during aqueous incubation at 25°C of untreated (△) and PEF-treated (▲) X. dendrorhous CECT 11028 cells and untreated (○) and PEF-treated ( ) X. dendrorhous ATCC 74219 cells.

Article Snippet: The high yield of trans- astaxanthin (2.06 ± 0.02 mg/g d.w.) obtained in this study from X. dendrorhous ATCC 74219 was in range to other reported yields obtained for X. dendrorhous ATCC 74219. reported a maximum astaxanthin specific concentration of 2.0 mg/g d.w. by culturing the same strains of X. dendrorhous ATCC 74219 in a low-cost media designed from marine by-products, while reported 2.49 mg/g d.w. specific astaxanthin production by culturing the same strain in sweet sorghum juice.

Techniques: Activity Assay, Incubation

Journal: Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology

Article Title: Enzymatic Processes Triggered by PEF for Astaxanthin Extraction From Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous

doi: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00857

Figure Lengend Snippet: (A) Percentage of esterase activity remaining in the supernatant containing PEF-treated (20 kV/cm, 135 μs) X. dendrorhous ATCC 74219 cells after 5 min of heating at 50 and 60°C. (B) Effect of the thermal inactivation of esterase on ethanolic extraction of carotenoids from and X. dendrorhous ATCC 74219 after 12 h of incubation in buffer of pH 7.0: unheated (◆) and heat-treated at 50°C (■), 60°C ( ). The 100% of esterase activity represent the maximum esterase activity quantified in the unheated PEF-treated cells supernatant.

Article Snippet: The high yield of trans- astaxanthin (2.06 ± 0.02 mg/g d.w.) obtained in this study from X. dendrorhous ATCC 74219 was in range to other reported yields obtained for X. dendrorhous ATCC 74219. reported a maximum astaxanthin specific concentration of 2.0 mg/g d.w. by culturing the same strains of X. dendrorhous ATCC 74219 in a low-cost media designed from marine by-products, while reported 2.49 mg/g d.w. specific astaxanthin production by culturing the same strain in sweet sorghum juice.

Techniques: Activity Assay, Incubation

Journal: Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology

Article Title: Enzymatic Processes Triggered by PEF for Astaxanthin Extraction From Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous

doi: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00857

Figure Lengend Snippet: Optical microscopy observation (600x) of untreated and PEF-treated of X. dendrorhous CECT 11028 and X. dendrorhous ATCC 74219 cells after 12 h of incubation at 25°C in a buffer of pH 7.

Article Snippet: The high yield of trans- astaxanthin (2.06 ± 0.02 mg/g d.w.) obtained in this study from X. dendrorhous ATCC 74219 was in range to other reported yields obtained for X. dendrorhous ATCC 74219. reported a maximum astaxanthin specific concentration of 2.0 mg/g d.w. by culturing the same strains of X. dendrorhous ATCC 74219 in a low-cost media designed from marine by-products, while reported 2.49 mg/g d.w. specific astaxanthin production by culturing the same strain in sweet sorghum juice.

Techniques: Microscopy, Incubation

Journal: Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology

Article Title: Enzymatic Processes Triggered by PEF for Astaxanthin Extraction From Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous

doi: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00857

Figure Lengend Snippet: Inactivation curves of X. dendrorhous CECT 11028 (A) and X. dendrorhous ATCC 74219 (B) by PEF at different electric fields strength. 10 kV/cm ( ), 15 kV/cm (■), 20 kV/cm (▲), 25 kV/cm (▼).

Article Snippet: X. dendrorhous ATCC 74219 strain was more PEF resistant than the strain CECT 11028 and compared with other yeast, both strains showed lower sensitivity to PEF ( ; ).

Techniques:

Journal: Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology

Article Title: Enzymatic Processes Triggered by PEF for Astaxanthin Extraction From Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous

doi: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00857

Figure Lengend Snippet: Relationship between the percentage of irreversible permeabilized cells and the percentage of dead cells of X. dendrorhous CECT 11028 ( ) and X. dendrorhous ATCC 74219 (○) after applied PEF treatments shown in . The straight line with slope 1 and intercept 0 represents a perfect agreement between the percentage of PI uptake and cell death.

Article Snippet: X. dendrorhous ATCC 74219 strain was more PEF resistant than the strain CECT 11028 and compared with other yeast, both strains showed lower sensitivity to PEF ( ; ).

Techniques:

Journal: Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology

Article Title: Enzymatic Processes Triggered by PEF for Astaxanthin Extraction From Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous

doi: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00857

Figure Lengend Snippet: Percentage of propidium iodide uptake by X. dendrorhous CECT 11028 (A) and X. dendrorhous ATCC 74219 (B) after PEF treatments with different electric field strength and treatment time.

Article Snippet: X. dendrorhous ATCC 74219 strain was more PEF resistant than the strain CECT 11028 and compared with other yeast, both strains showed lower sensitivity to PEF ( ; ).

Techniques:

Journal: Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology

Article Title: Enzymatic Processes Triggered by PEF for Astaxanthin Extraction From Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous

doi: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00857

Figure Lengend Snippet: Influence of the incubation time in buffer of pH 7.0 on the extracted carotenoids in ethanol for 12 h from untreated and PEF treated cells of X. dendrorhous CECT 11028 and X. dendrorhous ATCC 74219. Different letter indicates significant statistical differences ( p < 0.05).

Article Snippet: X. dendrorhous ATCC 74219 strain was more PEF resistant than the strain CECT 11028 and compared with other yeast, both strains showed lower sensitivity to PEF ( ; ).

Techniques: Incubation

Journal: Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology

Article Title: Enzymatic Processes Triggered by PEF for Astaxanthin Extraction From Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous

doi: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00857

Figure Lengend Snippet: Effect of the electric field strength on ethanolic extraction kinetics of carotenoids from and X. dendrorhous ATCC 74219 after 12 h of incubation in buffer of pH 7.0: 10 kV/cm (■), 15 kV/cm (▲), 20 kV/cm (▼), 25 kV/cm (◆), and untreated ( ).

Article Snippet: X. dendrorhous ATCC 74219 strain was more PEF resistant than the strain CECT 11028 and compared with other yeast, both strains showed lower sensitivity to PEF ( ; ).

Techniques: Incubation

Journal: Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology

Article Title: Enzymatic Processes Triggered by PEF for Astaxanthin Extraction From Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous

doi: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00857

Figure Lengend Snippet: Astaxanthin quantification by HPLC of ethanolic carotenoid extracts obtained from PEF-treated cells of X. dendrorhous ATCC 74219 at different treatment intensities and specific energy applied after 12 h of incubation in buffer of pH 7.0.

Article Snippet: X. dendrorhous ATCC 74219 strain was more PEF resistant than the strain CECT 11028 and compared with other yeast, both strains showed lower sensitivity to PEF ( ; ).

Techniques: Incubation

Journal: Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology

Article Title: Enzymatic Processes Triggered by PEF for Astaxanthin Extraction From Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous

doi: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00857

Figure Lengend Snippet: Esterase activity during aqueous incubation at 25°C of untreated (△) and PEF-treated (▲) X. dendrorhous CECT 11028 cells and untreated (○) and PEF-treated ( ) X. dendrorhous ATCC 74219 cells.

Article Snippet: X. dendrorhous ATCC 74219 strain was more PEF resistant than the strain CECT 11028 and compared with other yeast, both strains showed lower sensitivity to PEF ( ; ).

Techniques: Activity Assay, Incubation

Journal: Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology

Article Title: Enzymatic Processes Triggered by PEF for Astaxanthin Extraction From Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous

doi: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00857

Figure Lengend Snippet: (A) Percentage of esterase activity remaining in the supernatant containing PEF-treated (20 kV/cm, 135 μs) X. dendrorhous ATCC 74219 cells after 5 min of heating at 50 and 60°C. (B) Effect of the thermal inactivation of esterase on ethanolic extraction of carotenoids from and X. dendrorhous ATCC 74219 after 12 h of incubation in buffer of pH 7.0: unheated (◆) and heat-treated at 50°C (■), 60°C ( ). The 100% of esterase activity represent the maximum esterase activity quantified in the unheated PEF-treated cells supernatant.

Article Snippet: X. dendrorhous ATCC 74219 strain was more PEF resistant than the strain CECT 11028 and compared with other yeast, both strains showed lower sensitivity to PEF ( ; ).

Techniques: Activity Assay, Incubation

Journal: Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology

Article Title: Enzymatic Processes Triggered by PEF for Astaxanthin Extraction From Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous

doi: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00857

Figure Lengend Snippet: Optical microscopy observation (600x) of untreated and PEF-treated of X. dendrorhous CECT 11028 and X. dendrorhous ATCC 74219 cells after 12 h of incubation at 25°C in a buffer of pH 7.

Article Snippet: X. dendrorhous ATCC 74219 strain was more PEF resistant than the strain CECT 11028 and compared with other yeast, both strains showed lower sensitivity to PEF ( ; ).

Techniques: Microscopy, Incubation