Journal: Viruses
Article Title: (E)-Guggulsterone Inhibits Dengue Virus Replication by Upregulating Antiviral Interferon Responses through the Induction of Heme Oxygenase-1 Expression
doi: 10.3390/v13040712
Figure Lengend Snippet: (E)-Guggulsterone induces IFN-mediated antiviral gene expression. ( a , b ) (E)-Guggulsterone induced the ISRE promoter activity in parental Huh-7 and DENV-infected Huh-7 cells. Huh-7 cells were transfected with pISR-Luc and then treated with the indicated concentrations of guggulsterone (0–20 μM) for 3 days. The relative induction of ISRE promoter activity was determined using a luciferase assay. The relative induction of promoter activity was determined by luciferase assay and presented as fold activation compared to the DENV-infected cells treated with 0.1% DMSO, designed as “0”. (E)-Guggulsterone increased the mRNA levels of ( c ) OAS1, ( d ) OAS2, and ( e ) OAS3 in DENV-infected Huh-7 cells. DENV-infected Huh-7 cells were treated with the indicated (E)-guggulsterone concentrations (0–20 μM) for 3 days. The mRNA level of OAS1-3 was analyzed using RT-qPCR. The relative percent induction was compared to the DENV-infected cells treated with 0.1% DMSO, defined as 100%. ( f ) (E)-guggulsterone exhibited slightly antiviral activity in Vero.STAT1 KO cells. DENV-infected Vero.STAT1 KO cells were treated with the indicated concentrations of (E)-guggulsterone for 3 days, and the DENV protein levels were analyzed by Western blotting. Here, “0” was regarded as the treatment with 0.1% DMSO. Error bars indicate the mean ± SD of five independent experiments ( n = 5). * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01.
Article Snippet: Vero.STAT1 KO cell line, a STAT1 gene knockout Vero cells, was purchased from American Type Culture Collection (ATCC, Manassas, WV, USA; ATCC number CCL-81-VHG TM ).
Techniques: Expressing, Activity Assay, Infection, Transfection, Luciferase, Activation Assay, Quantitative RT-PCR, Western Blot