Journal: Heliyon

Article Title: Antifungal activity of compounds from Gordonia sp. WA8-44 isolated from the gut of Periplaneta americana and molecular docking studies

doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e17777

Figure Lengend Snippet: Antimicrobial activity of active compounds (MIC, μmol/L).

Article Snippet: Subsequently, spores of T. rubrum ATCC 60836, A. fumigatus ATCC 96918, and A. niger ATCC 16404 were spotted on the other side of the plate, followed by incubation at 28 °C for 3–5 days.

Techniques: Activity Assay

Journal: International Journal of Molecular Sciences

Article Title: Current State of Knowledge Regarding WHO High Priority Pathogens—Resistance Mechanisms and Proposed Solutions through Candidates Such as Essential Oils: A Systematic Review

doi: 10.3390/ijms24119727

Figure Lengend Snippet: Studies assessing the antimicrobial activity of essential oils against methicillin resistant, vancomycin-intermediate and -resistant S. aureus (a non-exhaustive list).

Article Snippet: Fahed L. et al., 2016 , MRSA ATCC 33591 S. aureus ATCC 29213 C. albicans ATCC 10231 P. aeruginosa CIP 82118 T. rubrum SNB-TR1 Tricophyton mentagrophytes SNB-TM1 Tricophyton violaceum SNB-TV1 Tricophyton tonsurans SNB-TT , Salvia multicaulis Vahl , Broth microdilution assay , Zahlé EO MIC = 128 µg/mL for both S. aureus strains. Good antimicrobial activity was observed for nerolidol, the major active compound (MIC = 128 µg/mL for S. aureus strains and 64 µg/mL for Tricophyton rubrum ). , [ ] .

Techniques: Activity Assay, Diffusion-based Assay, Inhibition, Cytotoxicity Assay, Electron Microscopy, In Vitro, Dilution Assay, Preserving, Nucleic Acid Electrophoresis, Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy, Concentration Assay, Titration, Microscopy, Transmission Assay, Microdilution Assay, Produced, Modification, Blocking Assay, Staining, Cell Culture, Spectroscopy, Real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction, Crystal Violet Assay, Expressing, Flow Cytometry, In Vivo, Time-Kill Assay, MTT Assay, Incubation, Thin Layer Chromatography, Antibiofilm Assay, Resazurin Assay, Biofilm Production Assay, Infection, Antioxidant Activity Assay, Permeability, Isolation

Journal: International Journal of Molecular Sciences

Article Title: Current State of Knowledge Regarding WHO High Priority Pathogens—Resistance Mechanisms and Proposed Solutions through Candidates Such as Essential Oils: A Systematic Review

doi: 10.3390/ijms24119727

Figure Lengend Snippet: Studies assessing the antimicrobial activity of essential oils against methicillin resistant, vancomycin-intermediate and -resistant S. aureus (a non-exhaustive list).

Article Snippet: Khoury M et al., 2019 , MRSA ATCC 33591 E. coli ATCC 25922 S. aureus ATCC 29213 C. albicans ATCC 10231 C. parapsilosis ATCC 22019 Cryptococcus neoformans ATCC SNB-CN1 Trichophyton rubrum SNB-TR1 T. violaceum T. soudanense SNB-TS1 T. tonsurans SNB-TT1 T. mentagrophytes SNB-AF1 Aspergillus fumigatus ATCC SNB-AF1 , Hirtellina lobelia DC. , Broth microdilution method Checkerboard assay , Good bactericidal effects against S. aureus strains, including MRSA (MIC/MBC = 128 µg/mL). Synergism was observed in association with vancomycin (against S. aureus ). The main compound, α-bisabolol, was found to have potent antimicrobial potential (including anti-fungal). , [ ] .

Techniques: Activity Assay, Diffusion-based Assay, Inhibition, Cytotoxicity Assay, Electron Microscopy, In Vitro, Dilution Assay, Preserving, Nucleic Acid Electrophoresis, Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy, Concentration Assay, Titration, Microscopy, Transmission Assay, Microdilution Assay, Produced, Modification, Blocking Assay, Staining, Cell Culture, Spectroscopy, Real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction, Crystal Violet Assay, Expressing, Flow Cytometry, In Vivo, Time-Kill Assay, MTT Assay, Incubation, Thin Layer Chromatography, Antibiofilm Assay, Resazurin Assay, Biofilm Production Assay, Infection, Antioxidant Activity Assay, Permeability, Isolation

Journal: Pharmaceutics

Article Title: Membranolytic Activity Profile of Nonyl 3,4-Dihydroxybenzoate: A New Anti-Biofilm Compound for the Treatment of Dermatophytosis

doi: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15051402

Figure Lengend Snippet: Oligonucleotide primers were used to evaluate the relative gene expression of T. rubrum ATCC 28189, treated with nonyl protocatechuate, and compared to the untreated fungus.

Article Snippet: Terbinafine showed an inhibition at 0.015 mg/L for T. mentagrophytes ATCC 11481, T. rubrum ATCC 28189, and T. rubrum 143, and 0.06 mg/L for T. mentagrophytes at 0.125 mg/L 66.

Techniques: Expressing

Journal: Pharmaceutics

Article Title: Membranolytic Activity Profile of Nonyl 3,4-Dihydroxybenzoate: A New Anti-Biofilm Compound for the Treatment of Dermatophytosis

doi: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15051402

Figure Lengend Snippet: Comparison of planktonic cells and biofilms’ susceptibilities to antifungal drugs and the compound nonyl 3, 4-dihydroxybenzoate.

Article Snippet: Terbinafine showed an inhibition at 0.015 mg/L for T. mentagrophytes ATCC 11481, T. rubrum ATCC 28189, and T. rubrum 143, and 0.06 mg/L for T. mentagrophytes at 0.125 mg/L 66.

Techniques:

Journal: Pharmaceutics

Article Title: Membranolytic Activity Profile of Nonyl 3,4-Dihydroxybenzoate: A New Anti-Biofilm Compound for the Treatment of Dermatophytosis

doi: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15051402

Figure Lengend Snippet: Confocal laser scanning microscopy images of untreated T. rubrum ATCC 28189 ( A ), treated with 7.8 mg/L nonyl ( B ), 128 mg/L fluconazole ( C ), and 1 mg/L amphotericin B ( D ) at a magnification of 100×; bars, 10 µm. The panels show cell walls stained with calcofluor white, even in those in which more extensive damage and inhibition of hyphal development occurred. Lower panels represent enlargements of the areas demarcated by rectangles for better visualization of the damage caused by the treatments to the fungi cell walls at the magnification of 255×; bars, 5 µm.

Article Snippet: Terbinafine showed an inhibition at 0.015 mg/L for T. mentagrophytes ATCC 11481, T. rubrum ATCC 28189, and T. rubrum 143, and 0.06 mg/L for T. mentagrophytes at 0.125 mg/L 66.

Techniques: Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy, Staining, Inhibition

Journal: Pharmaceutics

Article Title: Membranolytic Activity Profile of Nonyl 3,4-Dihydroxybenzoate: A New Anti-Biofilm Compound for the Treatment of Dermatophytosis

doi: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15051402

Figure Lengend Snippet: Mechanism of cell death by necrosis ( A ) and apoptosis ( B ) induced after treatment of T. rubrum ATCC 28189 with nonyl, fluconazole, and amphotericin B. Both significantly induced necrotic death ( p < 0.05). * p < 0.05; ** p <0.01; *** p <0.001.

Article Snippet: Terbinafine showed an inhibition at 0.015 mg/L for T. mentagrophytes ATCC 11481, T. rubrum ATCC 28189, and T. rubrum 143, and 0.06 mg/L for T. mentagrophytes at 0.125 mg/L 66.

Techniques:

Journal: Pharmaceutics

Article Title: Membranolytic Activity Profile of Nonyl 3,4-Dihydroxybenzoate: A New Anti-Biofilm Compound for the Treatment of Dermatophytosis

doi: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15051402

Figure Lengend Snippet: Relative expression levels of Erg 1 and Erg 11 genes represented in Log2Fold change in T. rubrum ATCC 28189 strain treated with nonyl protocatechuate, compared to the untreated control. Results from three independent experiments are expressed as the mean ± standard deviation. Statistical significance was determined by the Student’s t -test and indicated by asterisks: ** p < 0.01.

Article Snippet: Terbinafine showed an inhibition at 0.015 mg/L for T. mentagrophytes ATCC 11481, T. rubrum ATCC 28189, and T. rubrum 143, and 0.06 mg/L for T. mentagrophytes at 0.125 mg/L 66.

Techniques: Expressing, Standard Deviation

Journal: Pharmaceutics

Article Title: Membranolytic Activity Profile of Nonyl 3,4-Dihydroxybenzoate: A New Anti-Biofilm Compound for the Treatment of Dermatophytosis

doi: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15051402

Figure Lengend Snippet: Oligonucleotide primers were used to evaluate the relative gene expression of T. rubrum ATCC 28189, treated with nonyl protocatechuate, and compared to the untreated fungus.

Article Snippet: For the T. rubrum ATCC strain, treatment with terbinafine or nonyl significantly reduced the thickness of the biofilms on average to 33.23 µm ( B) and 39.28 µm ( C), respectively.

Techniques: Expressing

Journal: Pharmaceutics

Article Title: Membranolytic Activity Profile of Nonyl 3,4-Dihydroxybenzoate: A New Anti-Biofilm Compound for the Treatment of Dermatophytosis

doi: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15051402

Figure Lengend Snippet: Scanning electron microscopy of T. rubrum and T. mentagrophytes mature biofilms, untreated ( A , F , K , P ) and treated with fluconazole ( B , G , L , Q ); griseofulvin ( C , H , M , R ); terbinafine ( D , I , N , S ) and nonyl 3,4-dihydroxybenzoate ( E , J , O , T ). White arrows denote small structures, similar to atrophied microconidia or extracellular vesicles ( E , J ).

Article Snippet: For the T. rubrum ATCC strain, treatment with terbinafine or nonyl significantly reduced the thickness of the biofilms on average to 33.23 µm ( B) and 39.28 µm ( C), respectively.

Techniques: Electron Microscopy

Journal: Pharmaceutics

Article Title: Membranolytic Activity Profile of Nonyl 3,4-Dihydroxybenzoate: A New Anti-Biofilm Compound for the Treatment of Dermatophytosis

doi: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15051402

Figure Lengend Snippet: Orthogonal sections obtained by confocal laser scanning microscopy of mature T. rubrum and T. mentagrophytes biofilms, untreated ( A , D , G , J ); treated with terbinafine 32 mg/L ( B , E , H , K ) and treated with nonyl 3, 4-dihydroxybenzoate 250 mg/L ( C , F , I , L ), showed that both treatments reduced the thickness and/or mass of biofilms. Pictures were taken at 63× magnification, 20 µm bars. Metabolically active cells are stained red (FUN 1), while cells surrounded by polysaccharide material are stained green (ConA). The image has been adjusted for brightness.

Article Snippet: For the T. rubrum ATCC strain, treatment with terbinafine or nonyl significantly reduced the thickness of the biofilms on average to 33.23 µm ( B) and 39.28 µm ( C), respectively.

Techniques: Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy, Metabolic Labelling, Staining

Journal: Pharmaceutics

Article Title: Membranolytic Activity Profile of Nonyl 3,4-Dihydroxybenzoate: A New Anti-Biofilm Compound for the Treatment of Dermatophytosis

doi: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15051402

Figure Lengend Snippet: Confocal laser scanning microscopy images of untreated T. rubrum ATCC 28189 ( A ), treated with 7.8 mg/L nonyl ( B ), 128 mg/L fluconazole ( C ), and 1 mg/L amphotericin B ( D ) at a magnification of 100×; bars, 10 µm. The panels show cell walls stained with calcofluor white, even in those in which more extensive damage and inhibition of hyphal development occurred. Lower panels represent enlargements of the areas demarcated by rectangles for better visualization of the damage caused by the treatments to the fungi cell walls at the magnification of 255×; bars, 5 µm.

Article Snippet: For the T. rubrum ATCC strain, treatment with terbinafine or nonyl significantly reduced the thickness of the biofilms on average to 33.23 µm ( B) and 39.28 µm ( C), respectively.

Techniques: Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy, Staining, Inhibition

Journal: Pharmaceutics

Article Title: Membranolytic Activity Profile of Nonyl 3,4-Dihydroxybenzoate: A New Anti-Biofilm Compound for the Treatment of Dermatophytosis

doi: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15051402

Figure Lengend Snippet: Mechanism of cell death by necrosis ( A ) and apoptosis ( B ) induced after treatment of T. rubrum ATCC 28189 with nonyl, fluconazole, and amphotericin B. Both significantly induced necrotic death ( p < 0.05). * p < 0.05; ** p <0.01; *** p <0.001.

Article Snippet: For the T. rubrum ATCC strain, treatment with terbinafine or nonyl significantly reduced the thickness of the biofilms on average to 33.23 µm ( B) and 39.28 µm ( C), respectively.

Techniques:

Journal: Pharmaceutics

Article Title: Membranolytic Activity Profile of Nonyl 3,4-Dihydroxybenzoate: A New Anti-Biofilm Compound for the Treatment of Dermatophytosis

doi: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15051402

Figure Lengend Snippet: Relative expression levels of Erg 1 and Erg 11 genes represented in Log2Fold change in T. rubrum ATCC 28189 strain treated with nonyl protocatechuate, compared to the untreated control. Results from three independent experiments are expressed as the mean ± standard deviation. Statistical significance was determined by the Student’s t -test and indicated by asterisks: ** p < 0.01.

Article Snippet: For the T. rubrum ATCC strain, treatment with terbinafine or nonyl significantly reduced the thickness of the biofilms on average to 33.23 µm ( B) and 39.28 µm ( C), respectively.

Techniques: Expressing, Standard Deviation