Journal: Molecular Medicine

Article Title: Dual and context-dependent role of the interleukin-33/soluble suppression of tumorigenicity 2 axis in obesity and adipose tissue inflammation

doi: 10.1186/s10020-026-01454-z

Figure Lengend Snippet: Effect of obesity and sex on the circulating levels of interleukin (IL)-33 and soluble suppression of tumorigenicity 2 (sST2). Fasting serum concentrations of ( A ) IL-33, ( C ) sST2 and ( E ) IL-33/sST2 in normal-weight (NW-NG) volunteers ( n = 22), patients with obesity with normoglycemia (OB-NG) ( n = 24) and with obesity-associated type 2 diabetes (OB-T2D) ( n = 27). Circulating concentrations of ( B ) IL-33, ( D ) sST2 and ( F ) IL-33/sST2 in males ( n = 26) and females ( n = 47) volunteers. Data are mean ± SEM. Differences between groups were analyzed by one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s tests or by unpaired two-tailed Student’s t test as appropriate. * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01 and *** P < 0.001

Article Snippet: Circulating concentrations of IL-33 (D3300B) and sST2 (DST200) were quantified using commercial ELISA kits (R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN) according to manufacturer’s instructions.

Techniques: Two Tailed Test

Journal: Molecular Medicine

Article Title: Dual and context-dependent role of the interleukin-33/soluble suppression of tumorigenicity 2 axis in obesity and adipose tissue inflammation

doi: 10.1186/s10020-026-01454-z

Figure Lengend Snippet: The increased circulating levels of IL-33 in obesity together the decrease in its soluble decoy receptor sST2 may be potentially enhancing IL-33 bioactivity. In addition, gene and protein expression levels of IL-33 in visceral adipose tissue (VAT) are upregulated in obesity in both adipocytes and stromal vascular fraction cells. IL-33 modulates adipocyte function by upregulating both anti-inflammatory mediators ( ADIPOQ , ITLN1 and IL13 ) and pro-inflammatory cytokines ( TNF , IL8 ). Under inflammatory conditions, such as LPS stimulation, IL-33 attenuates excessive pro-inflammatory responses and promotes protective adipokine expression in visceral adipocytes. In THP-1-derived macrophages, adipocyte-derived factors suppress IL33 expression, whereas IL-33 attenuates macrophage pro-inflammatory activation and enhances IL4 expression only in the context of adipocyte-conditioned medium. Together, these findings suggest the dual and context-dependent nature of IL-33 in obesity, acting as a compensatory mediator to maintain tissue homeostasis while potentially contributing to chronic low-grade inflammation when elevated chronically. ADIPOQ, adiponectin; IL , interleukin; ITLN1 , omentin; TNF , tumor necrosis factor α

Article Snippet: Circulating concentrations of IL-33 (D3300B) and sST2 (DST200) were quantified using commercial ELISA kits (R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN) according to manufacturer’s instructions.

Techniques: Expressing, Derivative Assay, Activation Assay