Journal: iScience

Article Title: Immediate glucose signaling transmitted via the vagus nerve in gut–brain neural communication

doi: 10.1016/j.isci.2025.112439

Figure Lengend Snippet: Influence of SGLT1 and dopaminergic antagonists on cortical Ca 2+ activation after IG glucose injection (A) Schema of transcranial cortex-wide Ca 2+ imaging under IG glucose injection with intraperitoneally administered phlorizin (SGLT1 antagonist) or saline (control). (B) Illustration of cortical activity patterns after IG glucose injection with saline (upper) or phlorizin (lower). The analysis targeted the earliest Ca 2+ wave appearing within 3–8 s after injection. The pseudocolor representation shows the peak of the Ca 2+ transient as the maximum value −1 SD, and the mean +1 SD as the minimum value. Scale bar, 1mm. (C) Comparison of Ca 2+ activation levels in each cortical region after IG glucose injection with saline or phlorizin pretreatment. The peak fluorescence intensity value of each brain region was compared against that of a reference region (auditory cortex), encompassing the 50 s prior to injection and the subsequent post-injection period. Post-injection values were normalized by dividing them by the pre-injection average and compared between different treatment groups. ∗∗ p < 0.01 (saline, n = 8 mice; phlorizin; n = 7 mice; two-sample t-test). (D) Schema of transcranial cortex-wide Ca 2+ imaging under IG glucose injection with the i.p. administration of saline (control), raclopride (D2DR antagonist), or SCH23390 (D1DR antagonist). (E) Illustration of cortical activity patterns after IG glucose injection with the i.p. administration of raclopride (upper) or SCH23390 (lower). The analysis focused on the earliest Ca 2+ wave occurring within 3–8 s after injection. The pseudocolor representation shows the peak of the Ca 2+ transient as the maximum value – 1 SD, and the mean +1 SD as the minimum value. Scale bar, 1mm. (F) Comparative analysis of activation levels in each cortical region of mice after IG glucose injection with saline (left), raclopride (middle), or SCH23390 (right) intraperitoneal pretreatment. The peak fluorescence intensity value of each brain region was compared against that of a reference region (auditory cortex), encompassing the 50 s prior to injection and the subsequent post-injection period. Post-injection values were normalized by dividing them by the pre-injection average and compared across different treatment groups. ∗ p < 0.05 (saline: n = 7 mice; raclopride: n = 7 mice; SCH23390: n = 8 mice; one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey-Kramer method). In each boxplot, the central box shows the average (mean) value, while the horizontal line within the box represents the median. Boxplot area represents the interquartile range (IQR). The upper and lower error bar in each boxplot represent the maximum and minimum value of each data excluding outliers. Outliers were defined as data points that fall outside the range of 1.5 times the IQR and were represented as black points.

Article Snippet: The SGLT1 inhibitor phlorizin was dissolved in saline (100 mM, MedChemExpress) and intraperitoneally injected at a dose of 100 μg/kg 20 minutes prior to initiating transcranial cortex-wide Ca 2+ imaging or vagus nerve electrophysiological recordings.

Techniques: Activation Assay, Injection, Imaging, Saline, Control, Activity Assay, Comparison, Fluorescence

Journal: RSC Advances

Article Title: Synthesis, radiolabeling, and biological evaluation of methyl 6-deoxy-6-[ 18 F]fluoro-4-thio-α- d -maltotrioside as a positron emission tomography bacterial imaging agent †

doi: 10.1039/d5ra00693g

Figure Lengend Snippet: Immunohistochemistry on tissue around the skin pocket. Expression of SGLT1 and SGLT2 in the mock-up area was evaluated by immunohistochemistry. (a) SGLT1 (red) was expressed on fibroblasts (green, vimentin-positive cells), which exhibited an increase in the inflammatory tissue. (b) Similarly, SGLT2 (red) was expressed on fibroblasts (green). The scale bars represent 40 μm.

Article Snippet: To assess cells expressing sodium glucose co-transporter1 (SGLT1) and SGLT2, the samples were stained with rabbit anti-SGLT1 antibody (NBP2-20338, Novus, 1 : 100) or rabbit anti-SGLT2 antibody (GTX59872, GeneTex, 1 : 100).

Techniques: Immunohistochemistry, Expressing

Journal: RSC Advances

Article Title: Synthesis, radiolabeling, and biological evaluation of methyl 6-deoxy-6-[ 18 F]fluoro-4-thio-α- d -maltotrioside as a positron emission tomography bacterial imaging agent †

doi: 10.1039/d5ra00693g

Figure Lengend Snippet: Expression of SGLT1 and SGLT2 in the skin pocket from the control group and from the non-infectious inflammation group was quantified with qPCR. The expression of the target genes is indicated as the ratio to β-actin, a house keeping gene. Expression of SGLT1 in the non-infectious inflammation group was about 12 times that of the control group. Expression of SGLT2 in the non-infectious inflammation group was about 1.8 times the control group.

Article Snippet: To assess cells expressing sodium glucose co-transporter1 (SGLT1) and SGLT2, the samples were stained with rabbit anti-SGLT1 antibody (NBP2-20338, Novus, 1 : 100) or rabbit anti-SGLT2 antibody (GTX59872, GeneTex, 1 : 100).

Techniques: Expressing, Control, Gene Expression

Journal: RSC Advances

Article Title: Synthesis, radiolabeling, and biological evaluation of methyl 6-deoxy-6-[ 18 F]fluoro-4-thio-α- d -maltotrioside as a positron emission tomography bacterial imaging agent †

doi: 10.1039/d5ra00693g

Figure Lengend Snippet: Accumulation of [ 18 F]MFTMT and derivative of [ 18 F]MFTMT by SGLT1. (a) Stable expression of human SGLT1 (hSGLT1) or SGLT2 (hSGLT2) was established in CHO-K1 cells. CHO-K1-hSGLT1 and CHO-K1 hSGLT2 cells internalized 1-NBDG, a specific substrate for SGLT1 and SGLT2. Scale bars represent 100 μm. (b) Retention of [ 18 F]MFTMT and (c) retention of [ 18 F]MFTM by CHO-K1 cells overexpressing SGLTs. CHO-K1-hSGLT1, hSGLT2, and control cells were incubated with 20 μCi mL −1 of [ 18 F]MFTMT for 1 h, and the remaining radioactivity was evaluated. Some cells were treated with vehicle, mizagliflozin, a specific SGLT1 inhibitor, or dapagliflozin, a specific SGLT2 inhibitor. Retention of both [ 18 F]MFTMT and [18F]MFTM in CHO-K1-hSGLT1 cells were significantly higher compared to CHO-K1-hSGLT2 and control cells, and mizagliflozin significantly suppressed the retention of [ 18 F]MFTMT and [ 18 F]MFTM.

Article Snippet: To assess cells expressing sodium glucose co-transporter1 (SGLT1) and SGLT2, the samples were stained with rabbit anti-SGLT1 antibody (NBP2-20338, Novus, 1 : 100) or rabbit anti-SGLT2 antibody (GTX59872, GeneTex, 1 : 100).

Techniques: Expressing, Control, Incubation, Radioactivity

Journal: Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany)

Article Title: Intestinal Gastrin/CCKBR Axis Protects against Type 2 Diabetes by Reducing Intestinal Glucose Absorption through the PI3K/Akt/eIF4B Signaling Pathway.

doi: 10.1002/advs.202410032

Figure Lengend Snippet: Figure 7. Intestinal Gastrin/CCKBR is a negative switch for SGLT1 and GLUT2 expression. A) Principal component analysis (PCA) of protein samples extracted from intestinal epithelial cell (duodenum) villi. (ND-Villin-Cckbr+/+ mice, n = 3; ND-Villin-Cckbr−/−mice, n = 5). B) Pathway mapping analysis using Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG); C,D) Western blots and quantification of SGLT1, GLUT2, and GLUT5 protein expressions in the intestinal epithelial cells (duodenum) of ND-Villin-Cckbr+/+ (n = 5); ND-Villin-Cckbr−/−mice (n = 5); HFD-Villin-Cckbr+/+ (n = 5) and HFD-Villin- Cckbr−/−mice (n = 5). E) mRNA levels of Sglt1, Glut2, and Glut5 in intestinal epithelial cells (duodenum) (n = 8 per group). F) Immunofluorescence of SGLT1 (red) using rabbit monoclonal antibody in the duodenum. G) Glucose uptake (absorption) in the isolated small intestines (duodenum) of the mice (n = 5 per group). H) Glucose absorption in isolated duodenum segment (n = 8–9 per group). I,J) SGLT1, GLUT2, and GLUT5 expressions and their quantification in duodenum of ND (fed with normal diet, 10% fat), ND+Gas C57BL/6J mice (ND + 20 mg kg−1 d−1 Gastrin-SiO2 microspheres gavage), HFD (fed with high fat diet, 60% fat), and HFD+Gas C57BL/6J mice (fed with 60% fat diet + 20 mg kg−1 d−1 Gastrin-SiO2 microspheres gavage) (n = 4–6 per group). K) mRNA levels of Sglt1, Glut2, and Glut5 in the small intestines (duodenum) of ND, ND+Gas, HFD, and HFD+Gas C57BL/6J mice; L,M) SGLT1 immunofluorescence staining (DAPI, blue; SGLT1, red) and quantification in the small intestines (duodenum) of ND, ND+Gas, HFD,

Article Snippet: [25] The primary antibody used in the immunochemistry studies was against SGLT1 (203-1-AP, 1:100, Proteintech), whereas the primary antibodies used in the immunofluorescence studies were against villin, CCK, CD31, CD45, EpCAM, gastrin, GIP, GLP-1, PYY, and SGLT1.

Techniques: Expressing, Western Blot, Isolation, Staining

Journal: Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany)

Article Title: Intestinal Gastrin/CCKBR Axis Protects against Type 2 Diabetes by Reducing Intestinal Glucose Absorption through the PI3K/Akt/eIF4B Signaling Pathway.

doi: 10.1002/advs.202410032

Figure Lengend Snippet: Figure 8. Gastrin/CCKBR stimulation suppresses PI3K/Akt/eIF4B signaling pathway to decrease SGLT1 and GLUT2 expression. A–C) Protein expression of SGLT1 and cAMP levels in HIECs incubated with different gastrin concentrations (10−5, 10−6, 10−8, 10−9 mm); D,E) Isolated duodenum from normal C57BL/6J mice were treated under different conditions as follows: control group (20 mm mannitol was added to 5 mm glucose containing medium), Glu group (25 mm glucose; Glu+Gas (25 mm glucose and 10−9 mm gastrin) group, n = 4 per group). All samples were incubated for 12 h at 37 °C and 95% O2 and 5% CO2 conditions. The proteins were extracted from the isolated HIECs and the protein levels of SGLT1, GLUT2, and GLUT5 were determined; GAPDH was used to normalize the data in isolated intestine (duodenum); F,G) Protein expression and quantification of SGLT1, GLUT2,

Article Snippet: [25] The primary antibody used in the immunochemistry studies was against SGLT1 (203-1-AP, 1:100, Proteintech), whereas the primary antibodies used in the immunofluorescence studies were against villin, CCK, CD31, CD45, EpCAM, gastrin, GIP, GLP-1, PYY, and SGLT1.

Techniques: Expressing, Incubation, Isolation, Control