rabbit anti d1r  (Abcam)

 
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    Abcam rabbit anti d1r
    a A sagittal brain section from a Drd1a -tdTomato mouse. Five biological replicates were performed. Cx, cerebral cortex; Str, striatum; Th, thalamus; SNr, substantia nigra pars reticulata; Cb, cerebellum; GCL, granule cell layer; PCL, Purkinje cell layer; ML, molecular layer. Scale bar, 500 µm (left) and 50 µm (right). b Dual immunostaining of GFAP and tdTomato. Arrowheads indicate their colocalization. Five biological replicates were performed. Scale bar, 20 µm. c BG filled with biocytin followed by tdTomato immunostaining. Dotted outlines indicate their colocalization along the entire processes of BGs. Four biological replicates were performed. Scale bar, 20 µm. d <t>D1R</t> expression in Drd1a -tdTomato BGs (arrowheads). Four biological replicates were performed. Scale bar, 20 µm. e BG filled with biocytin followed by D1R immunostaining. Arrowheads indicate their colocalization. Four biological replicates were performed. Scale bar, 20 µm (left) and 2 µm (right, enlarged images). f Drd1a smFISH shows expression of Drd1a mRNAs at the border of the PCL and ML. Scale bar, 50 µm (inset, 10 µm). Three biological replicates were performed. g DAT1 expression in Drd1a -tdTomato sections. Arrowheads indicate BG soma; asterisks indicate PC soma. Four biological replicates were performed. Scale bar, 20 µm.
    Rabbit Anti D1r, supplied by Abcam, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 86/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
    https://www.bioz.com/result/rabbit anti d1r/product/Abcam
    Average 86 stars, based on 1 article reviews
    Price from $9.99 to $1999.99
    rabbit anti d1r - by Bioz Stars, 2023-12
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    Images

    1) Product Images from "Purkinje cell dopaminergic inputs to astrocytes regulate cerebellar-dependent behavior"

    Article Title: Purkinje cell dopaminergic inputs to astrocytes regulate cerebellar-dependent behavior

    Journal: Nature Communications

    doi: 10.1038/s41467-023-37319-w

    a A sagittal brain section from a Drd1a -tdTomato mouse. Five biological replicates were performed. Cx, cerebral cortex; Str, striatum; Th, thalamus; SNr, substantia nigra pars reticulata; Cb, cerebellum; GCL, granule cell layer; PCL, Purkinje cell layer; ML, molecular layer. Scale bar, 500 µm (left) and 50 µm (right). b Dual immunostaining of GFAP and tdTomato. Arrowheads indicate their colocalization. Five biological replicates were performed. Scale bar, 20 µm. c BG filled with biocytin followed by tdTomato immunostaining. Dotted outlines indicate their colocalization along the entire processes of BGs. Four biological replicates were performed. Scale bar, 20 µm. d D1R expression in Drd1a -tdTomato BGs (arrowheads). Four biological replicates were performed. Scale bar, 20 µm. e BG filled with biocytin followed by D1R immunostaining. Arrowheads indicate their colocalization. Four biological replicates were performed. Scale bar, 20 µm (left) and 2 µm (right, enlarged images). f Drd1a smFISH shows expression of Drd1a mRNAs at the border of the PCL and ML. Scale bar, 50 µm (inset, 10 µm). Three biological replicates were performed. g DAT1 expression in Drd1a -tdTomato sections. Arrowheads indicate BG soma; asterisks indicate PC soma. Four biological replicates were performed. Scale bar, 20 µm.
    Figure Legend Snippet: a A sagittal brain section from a Drd1a -tdTomato mouse. Five biological replicates were performed. Cx, cerebral cortex; Str, striatum; Th, thalamus; SNr, substantia nigra pars reticulata; Cb, cerebellum; GCL, granule cell layer; PCL, Purkinje cell layer; ML, molecular layer. Scale bar, 500 µm (left) and 50 µm (right). b Dual immunostaining of GFAP and tdTomato. Arrowheads indicate their colocalization. Five biological replicates were performed. Scale bar, 20 µm. c BG filled with biocytin followed by tdTomato immunostaining. Dotted outlines indicate their colocalization along the entire processes of BGs. Four biological replicates were performed. Scale bar, 20 µm. d D1R expression in Drd1a -tdTomato BGs (arrowheads). Four biological replicates were performed. Scale bar, 20 µm. e BG filled with biocytin followed by D1R immunostaining. Arrowheads indicate their colocalization. Four biological replicates were performed. Scale bar, 20 µm (left) and 2 µm (right, enlarged images). f Drd1a smFISH shows expression of Drd1a mRNAs at the border of the PCL and ML. Scale bar, 50 µm (inset, 10 µm). Three biological replicates were performed. g DAT1 expression in Drd1a -tdTomato sections. Arrowheads indicate BG soma; asterisks indicate PC soma. Four biological replicates were performed. Scale bar, 20 µm.

    Techniques Used: Immunostaining, Expressing

    a Heat map of control and D1R cKO mice encountering the empty inverted cup (E) or the cup containing the first novel mouse 1 (S1) or S2 during the three-chamber social test. Minimal and maximum values indicate the relative accumulating activity in each area of the arena. b Time spent in the interaction with E, S1, or S2 ( n = 22 mice, Con: n = 12 mice, Drd1 cKO). Data are presented as mean ± SEM. Unpaired two-sided Student’s t test ( p = 0.0005, Con E vs. S1; p = 0.6135, Drd1 cKO E vs. S; p = 0.0010, Con S1 vs. S2; p = 0.4996, Drd1 cKO S1 vs. S2). c Phosphorylation levels of mTOR in the cerebellum of control and Drd1 cKO mice ( n = 6, each group). Data are presented as mean ± SEM. Mann–Whitney two-sided test ( p = 0.0019, Con vs. Drd1 cKO). d Phosphorylation levels of mTOR in cerebellar slices treated with vehicle (DMSO) for 1 h, SKF83822 for 1 h, or pretreated with SCH23390 followed by SKF83822 for 1 h ( n = 8, each group). Data are presented as mean ± SEM. Multiple unpaired two-sided Student’s t test ( p = 0.0020, Con vs. SKF, p = 0.0096, SKF vs. SCH). n.s., not significant.
    Figure Legend Snippet: a Heat map of control and D1R cKO mice encountering the empty inverted cup (E) or the cup containing the first novel mouse 1 (S1) or S2 during the three-chamber social test. Minimal and maximum values indicate the relative accumulating activity in each area of the arena. b Time spent in the interaction with E, S1, or S2 ( n = 22 mice, Con: n = 12 mice, Drd1 cKO). Data are presented as mean ± SEM. Unpaired two-sided Student’s t test ( p = 0.0005, Con E vs. S1; p = 0.6135, Drd1 cKO E vs. S; p = 0.0010, Con S1 vs. S2; p = 0.4996, Drd1 cKO S1 vs. S2). c Phosphorylation levels of mTOR in the cerebellum of control and Drd1 cKO mice ( n = 6, each group). Data are presented as mean ± SEM. Mann–Whitney two-sided test ( p = 0.0019, Con vs. Drd1 cKO). d Phosphorylation levels of mTOR in cerebellar slices treated with vehicle (DMSO) for 1 h, SKF83822 for 1 h, or pretreated with SCH23390 followed by SKF83822 for 1 h ( n = 8, each group). Data are presented as mean ± SEM. Multiple unpaired two-sided Student’s t test ( p = 0.0020, Con vs. SKF, p = 0.0096, SKF vs. SCH). n.s., not significant.

    Techniques Used: Activity Assay, MANN-WHITNEY

    Our findings suggest a model in which PCs synthesize DA through a non-canonical pathway and secrete it in an activity-dependent manner. The released DA binds D1Rs in BGs, inducing membrane depolarization and Ca 2+ signaling and driving membrane insertion of AMPAR GluA1 subunits. These actions may trigger glutamate release from BGs, which then enhances interneuron activity and reduces PF- and CF-PC synaptic transmission by potentially activating presynaptic GluRs. The increased inhibitory and the reduced excitatory inputs to PCs alter their firing frequency and pattern, ultimately impacting locomotor and social behaviors. BG, Bergmann glial cell; GC, granule cell; PC, Purkinje cell; MLI, molecular layer interneuron; CF, climbing fiber; PF, parallel fiber; DA, dopamine; D1R, D1 dopamine receptor; Glu, glutamate.
    Figure Legend Snippet: Our findings suggest a model in which PCs synthesize DA through a non-canonical pathway and secrete it in an activity-dependent manner. The released DA binds D1Rs in BGs, inducing membrane depolarization and Ca 2+ signaling and driving membrane insertion of AMPAR GluA1 subunits. These actions may trigger glutamate release from BGs, which then enhances interneuron activity and reduces PF- and CF-PC synaptic transmission by potentially activating presynaptic GluRs. The increased inhibitory and the reduced excitatory inputs to PCs alter their firing frequency and pattern, ultimately impacting locomotor and social behaviors. BG, Bergmann glial cell; GC, granule cell; PC, Purkinje cell; MLI, molecular layer interneuron; CF, climbing fiber; PF, parallel fiber; DA, dopamine; D1R, D1 dopamine receptor; Glu, glutamate.

    Techniques Used: Activity Assay, Transmission Assay

    rabbit anti d1r  (Abcam)

     
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    Abcam rabbit anti d1r
    Rabbit Anti D1r, supplied by Abcam, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 86/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
    https://www.bioz.com/result/rabbit anti d1r/product/Abcam
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    rabbit anti d1r  (Abcam)

     
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    Abcam rabbit anti d1r
    Experimental design. (A) Schematic diagram of the virus injection area. (B) Experimental design timeline. A total of 336 mice [including 144 <t>D1R-cre</t> mice and 24 wild-type littermate (WT) mice, 144 D2R-cre mice, and 24 WT mice] participated in this experiment. After adaptive feeding for 1 week, they were randomly divided into four large groups (84 mice in each large group), among which 72 <t>D1R-cre</t> mice and 12 WT mice were further divided into two small groups, and 72 D2R-cre mice and 12 WT littermate mice were further divided into two small groups. On the first day, one small group of D1R-cre mice and WT littermate mice, one small group of D2R-cre mice and WT mice were injected with the virus in the bilateral dSTR (200 nL/side), the other two small groups were injected with the virus in the bilateral SNpc (200 nL/side). Eighty-four mice in each large group were randomly divided into 14 groups according to the injections of different drugs or virus, including WT + Vehicle + mCherry + i.p. Saline (group a), D1R or D2R-cre + Vehicle + mCherry + i.p. Saline group (group b), D1R or D2R-cre + Vehicle + Gq + i.p. Saline group (group c), D1R or D2R-cre + Vehicle + Gi + i.p. Saline group (group d), D1R or D2R-cre + IDPN + mCherry + i.p. Saline group (group e), D1R or D2R-cre + IDPN + Gq + i.p. Saline group (group f), D1R or D2R-cre + IDPN + Gi + i.p. Saline group (group g), WT + Vehicle + mCherry + i.p. CNO group (group h), D1R or D2R-cre + Vehicle + mCherry + i.p. CNO group (group i), D1R or D2R-cre + Vehicle + Gq + i.p. CNO group (group j), D1R or D2R-cre + Vehicle + Gi + i.p. CNO group (group k), D1R or D2R-cre + IDPN + mCherry + i.p. CNO group (group l), D1R or D2R-cre + IDPN + Gq + i.p. CNO group (group m) and D1R or D2R-cre + IDPN + Gi + i.p. CNO group (group n) ( n = 6 mice in each group). Mice in the groups a, b, e, h, i, and l were injected with a control virus (mCherry). Mice in the groups c, f, j, and m were injected with hM3Dq. Mice in group d, g, k, and n were injected with hM4Di. After the virus injection, all mice were back to the cage to rest for 4 days (days 2–5). On days 6–12, mice in groups e, f, g, l, m, and n were intraperitoneally injected with IDPN at 10:00 a.m. once daily, and mice in the other groups were intraperitoneally injected with 0.9% saline (Vehicle, contrast with IDPN). On the 23rd day, mice in the a–g groups were intraperitoneally injected with 0.9% saline (contrast with CNO), and mice in the h–n groups were intraperitoneally injected with clozapine N-oxide (CNO, Sigma, St. Louis, MO, United States, 1 mg/kg). Thirty minutes later, behavioral tests were carried out to compare the differences between the groups. Brain tissues for immunofluorescence labeled were collected on day 24.
    Rabbit Anti D1r, supplied by Abcam, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 86/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
    https://www.bioz.com/result/rabbit anti d1r/product/Abcam
    Average 86 stars, based on 1 article reviews
    Price from $9.99 to $1999.99
    rabbit anti d1r - by Bioz Stars, 2023-12
    86/100 stars

    Images

    1) Product Images from "Effects of Chemogenetic Inhibition of D1 or D2 Receptor-Containing Neurons of the Substantia Nigra and Striatum in Mice With Tourette Syndrome"

    Article Title: Effects of Chemogenetic Inhibition of D1 or D2 Receptor-Containing Neurons of the Substantia Nigra and Striatum in Mice With Tourette Syndrome

    Journal: Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience

    doi: 10.3389/fnmol.2021.779436

    Experimental design. (A) Schematic diagram of the virus injection area. (B) Experimental design timeline. A total of 336 mice [including 144 D1R-cre mice and 24 wild-type littermate (WT) mice, 144 D2R-cre mice, and 24 WT mice] participated in this experiment. After adaptive feeding for 1 week, they were randomly divided into four large groups (84 mice in each large group), among which 72 D1R-cre mice and 12 WT mice were further divided into two small groups, and 72 D2R-cre mice and 12 WT littermate mice were further divided into two small groups. On the first day, one small group of D1R-cre mice and WT littermate mice, one small group of D2R-cre mice and WT mice were injected with the virus in the bilateral dSTR (200 nL/side), the other two small groups were injected with the virus in the bilateral SNpc (200 nL/side). Eighty-four mice in each large group were randomly divided into 14 groups according to the injections of different drugs or virus, including WT + Vehicle + mCherry + i.p. Saline (group a), D1R or D2R-cre + Vehicle + mCherry + i.p. Saline group (group b), D1R or D2R-cre + Vehicle + Gq + i.p. Saline group (group c), D1R or D2R-cre + Vehicle + Gi + i.p. Saline group (group d), D1R or D2R-cre + IDPN + mCherry + i.p. Saline group (group e), D1R or D2R-cre + IDPN + Gq + i.p. Saline group (group f), D1R or D2R-cre + IDPN + Gi + i.p. Saline group (group g), WT + Vehicle + mCherry + i.p. CNO group (group h), D1R or D2R-cre + Vehicle + mCherry + i.p. CNO group (group i), D1R or D2R-cre + Vehicle + Gq + i.p. CNO group (group j), D1R or D2R-cre + Vehicle + Gi + i.p. CNO group (group k), D1R or D2R-cre + IDPN + mCherry + i.p. CNO group (group l), D1R or D2R-cre + IDPN + Gq + i.p. CNO group (group m) and D1R or D2R-cre + IDPN + Gi + i.p. CNO group (group n) ( n = 6 mice in each group). Mice in the groups a, b, e, h, i, and l were injected with a control virus (mCherry). Mice in the groups c, f, j, and m were injected with hM3Dq. Mice in group d, g, k, and n were injected with hM4Di. After the virus injection, all mice were back to the cage to rest for 4 days (days 2–5). On days 6–12, mice in groups e, f, g, l, m, and n were intraperitoneally injected with IDPN at 10:00 a.m. once daily, and mice in the other groups were intraperitoneally injected with 0.9% saline (Vehicle, contrast with IDPN). On the 23rd day, mice in the a–g groups were intraperitoneally injected with 0.9% saline (contrast with CNO), and mice in the h–n groups were intraperitoneally injected with clozapine N-oxide (CNO, Sigma, St. Louis, MO, United States, 1 mg/kg). Thirty minutes later, behavioral tests were carried out to compare the differences between the groups. Brain tissues for immunofluorescence labeled were collected on day 24.
    Figure Legend Snippet: Experimental design. (A) Schematic diagram of the virus injection area. (B) Experimental design timeline. A total of 336 mice [including 144 D1R-cre mice and 24 wild-type littermate (WT) mice, 144 D2R-cre mice, and 24 WT mice] participated in this experiment. After adaptive feeding for 1 week, they were randomly divided into four large groups (84 mice in each large group), among which 72 D1R-cre mice and 12 WT mice were further divided into two small groups, and 72 D2R-cre mice and 12 WT littermate mice were further divided into two small groups. On the first day, one small group of D1R-cre mice and WT littermate mice, one small group of D2R-cre mice and WT mice were injected with the virus in the bilateral dSTR (200 nL/side), the other two small groups were injected with the virus in the bilateral SNpc (200 nL/side). Eighty-four mice in each large group were randomly divided into 14 groups according to the injections of different drugs or virus, including WT + Vehicle + mCherry + i.p. Saline (group a), D1R or D2R-cre + Vehicle + mCherry + i.p. Saline group (group b), D1R or D2R-cre + Vehicle + Gq + i.p. Saline group (group c), D1R or D2R-cre + Vehicle + Gi + i.p. Saline group (group d), D1R or D2R-cre + IDPN + mCherry + i.p. Saline group (group e), D1R or D2R-cre + IDPN + Gq + i.p. Saline group (group f), D1R or D2R-cre + IDPN + Gi + i.p. Saline group (group g), WT + Vehicle + mCherry + i.p. CNO group (group h), D1R or D2R-cre + Vehicle + mCherry + i.p. CNO group (group i), D1R or D2R-cre + Vehicle + Gq + i.p. CNO group (group j), D1R or D2R-cre + Vehicle + Gi + i.p. CNO group (group k), D1R or D2R-cre + IDPN + mCherry + i.p. CNO group (group l), D1R or D2R-cre + IDPN + Gq + i.p. CNO group (group m) and D1R or D2R-cre + IDPN + Gi + i.p. CNO group (group n) ( n = 6 mice in each group). Mice in the groups a, b, e, h, i, and l were injected with a control virus (mCherry). Mice in the groups c, f, j, and m were injected with hM3Dq. Mice in group d, g, k, and n were injected with hM4Di. After the virus injection, all mice were back to the cage to rest for 4 days (days 2–5). On days 6–12, mice in groups e, f, g, l, m, and n were intraperitoneally injected with IDPN at 10:00 a.m. once daily, and mice in the other groups were intraperitoneally injected with 0.9% saline (Vehicle, contrast with IDPN). On the 23rd day, mice in the a–g groups were intraperitoneally injected with 0.9% saline (contrast with CNO), and mice in the h–n groups were intraperitoneally injected with clozapine N-oxide (CNO, Sigma, St. Louis, MO, United States, 1 mg/kg). Thirty minutes later, behavioral tests were carried out to compare the differences between the groups. Brain tissues for immunofluorescence labeled were collected on day 24.

    Techniques Used: Injection, Immunofluorescence, Labeling

    Effects of activation or inhibition of the D1R-containing neurons in the SNpc and dSTR on stereotyped behavior in mice. (A) Evaluations of stereotyped behavior scores of mice injected with virus in the SNpc 30 min after the injection of saline (i.p. Saline) in the WT + Vehicle + mCherry + i.p. Saline group (WT + m), D1R-cre + Vehicle + mCherry + i.p. Saline group (Veh + m), D1R-cre + IDPN + mCherry + i.p. Saline group (TS + m), D1R-cre + Vehicle + Gq + i.p. Saline group (Veh + Gq), D1R-cre + IDPN + Gq + i.p. Saline group (TS + Gq), D1R-cre + Vehicle + Gi + i.p. Saline group (Veh + Gi), D1R-cre + IDPN + Gi + i.p. Saline group (TS + Gi) on day 23. (B) Evaluations of stereotyped behavior scores of mice injected with virus in the SNpc 30 min after the injection of CNO (i.p. CNO) in the WT + Vehicle + mCherry + i.p. CNO group (WT + m), D1R-cre + Vehicle + mCherry + i.p. CNO group (Veh + m), D1R-cre + IDPN + mCherry + i.p. CNO group (TS + m), D1R-cre + Vehicle + Gq + i.p. CNO group (Veh + Gq), D1R-cre + IDPN + Gq + i.p. CNO group (TS + Gq), D1R-cre + Vehicle + Gi + i.p. CNO group (Veh + Gi), D1R-cre + IDPN + Gi + i.p. CNO group (TS + Gi) on day 23. (C) Evaluations of stereotyped behavior scores of mice injected with virus in the dSTR 30 min after the injection of saline (i.p. Saline) in each group on day 23. (D) Evaluations of stereotyped behavior scores of mice injected with virus in the dSTR 30 min after the injection of CNO (i.p. CNO) in each group on day 23. Data are expressed as mean ± SEM ( n = 6 mice in each group), and the black line segment indicates the differences between groups, * represents P < 0.05 between marked groups, n.s. represents P > 0.05 between marked groups.
    Figure Legend Snippet: Effects of activation or inhibition of the D1R-containing neurons in the SNpc and dSTR on stereotyped behavior in mice. (A) Evaluations of stereotyped behavior scores of mice injected with virus in the SNpc 30 min after the injection of saline (i.p. Saline) in the WT + Vehicle + mCherry + i.p. Saline group (WT + m), D1R-cre + Vehicle + mCherry + i.p. Saline group (Veh + m), D1R-cre + IDPN + mCherry + i.p. Saline group (TS + m), D1R-cre + Vehicle + Gq + i.p. Saline group (Veh + Gq), D1R-cre + IDPN + Gq + i.p. Saline group (TS + Gq), D1R-cre + Vehicle + Gi + i.p. Saline group (Veh + Gi), D1R-cre + IDPN + Gi + i.p. Saline group (TS + Gi) on day 23. (B) Evaluations of stereotyped behavior scores of mice injected with virus in the SNpc 30 min after the injection of CNO (i.p. CNO) in the WT + Vehicle + mCherry + i.p. CNO group (WT + m), D1R-cre + Vehicle + mCherry + i.p. CNO group (Veh + m), D1R-cre + IDPN + mCherry + i.p. CNO group (TS + m), D1R-cre + Vehicle + Gq + i.p. CNO group (Veh + Gq), D1R-cre + IDPN + Gq + i.p. CNO group (TS + Gq), D1R-cre + Vehicle + Gi + i.p. CNO group (Veh + Gi), D1R-cre + IDPN + Gi + i.p. CNO group (TS + Gi) on day 23. (C) Evaluations of stereotyped behavior scores of mice injected with virus in the dSTR 30 min after the injection of saline (i.p. Saline) in each group on day 23. (D) Evaluations of stereotyped behavior scores of mice injected with virus in the dSTR 30 min after the injection of CNO (i.p. CNO) in each group on day 23. Data are expressed as mean ± SEM ( n = 6 mice in each group), and the black line segment indicates the differences between groups, * represents P < 0.05 between marked groups, n.s. represents P > 0.05 between marked groups.

    Techniques Used: Activation Assay, Inhibition, Injection

    Effects of activation or inhibition of D1R-containing neurons in the SNpc on total distance and resting time in the open-field test in mice. (A) Evaluations of the trajectory in the open-field test in mice 30 min after the injection of saline (i.p. Saline) or CNO (i.p. CNO) in the WT + Vehicle + mCherry + i.p. Saline group (WT + m), D1R-cre + Vehicle + mCherry + i.p. Saline group (Veh + m), D1R-cre + IDPN + mCherry + i.p. Saline group (TS + m), D1R-cre + Vehicle + Gq + i.p. Saline group (Veh + Gq), D1R-cre + IDPN + Gq + i.p. Saline group (TS + Gq), D1R-cre + Vehicle + Gi + i.p. Saline group (Veh + Gi), D1R-cre + IDPN + Gi + i.p. Saline group (TS + Gi), WT + Vehicle + mCherry + i.p. CNO group (WT + m), D1R-cre + Vehicle + mCherry + i.p. CNO group (Veh + m), D1R-cre + IDPN + mCherry + i.p. CNO group (TS + m), D1R-cre + Vehicle + Gq + i.p. CNO group (Veh + Gq), D1R-cre + IDPN + Gq + i.p. CNO group (TS + Gq), D1R-cre + Vehicle + Gi + i.p. CNO group (Veh + Gi), D1R-cre + IDPN + Gi + i.p. CNO group (TS + Gi) on day 23. (B) Total distance in the open-field test within 10 min in mice of each group 30 min after the injection of saline (i.p. Saline) on day 23. (C) Total distance in the open-field test within 10 min in mice of each group 30 min after the injection of CNO (i.p. CNO) on day 23. (D) Resting time in the open-field test within 10 min in mice of each group 30 min after the injection of saline (i.p. Saline) on day 23. (E) Resting time in the open-field test within 10 min in mice of each group 30 min after the injection of CNO (i.p. CNO) on day 23. Data are expressed as mean ± SEM ( n = 6 mice in each group), and the black line segment indicates the differences between groups, * represents P < 0.05 between marked groups, and n.s. represents P > 0.05 between marked groups.
    Figure Legend Snippet: Effects of activation or inhibition of D1R-containing neurons in the SNpc on total distance and resting time in the open-field test in mice. (A) Evaluations of the trajectory in the open-field test in mice 30 min after the injection of saline (i.p. Saline) or CNO (i.p. CNO) in the WT + Vehicle + mCherry + i.p. Saline group (WT + m), D1R-cre + Vehicle + mCherry + i.p. Saline group (Veh + m), D1R-cre + IDPN + mCherry + i.p. Saline group (TS + m), D1R-cre + Vehicle + Gq + i.p. Saline group (Veh + Gq), D1R-cre + IDPN + Gq + i.p. Saline group (TS + Gq), D1R-cre + Vehicle + Gi + i.p. Saline group (Veh + Gi), D1R-cre + IDPN + Gi + i.p. Saline group (TS + Gi), WT + Vehicle + mCherry + i.p. CNO group (WT + m), D1R-cre + Vehicle + mCherry + i.p. CNO group (Veh + m), D1R-cre + IDPN + mCherry + i.p. CNO group (TS + m), D1R-cre + Vehicle + Gq + i.p. CNO group (Veh + Gq), D1R-cre + IDPN + Gq + i.p. CNO group (TS + Gq), D1R-cre + Vehicle + Gi + i.p. CNO group (Veh + Gi), D1R-cre + IDPN + Gi + i.p. CNO group (TS + Gi) on day 23. (B) Total distance in the open-field test within 10 min in mice of each group 30 min after the injection of saline (i.p. Saline) on day 23. (C) Total distance in the open-field test within 10 min in mice of each group 30 min after the injection of CNO (i.p. CNO) on day 23. (D) Resting time in the open-field test within 10 min in mice of each group 30 min after the injection of saline (i.p. Saline) on day 23. (E) Resting time in the open-field test within 10 min in mice of each group 30 min after the injection of CNO (i.p. CNO) on day 23. Data are expressed as mean ± SEM ( n = 6 mice in each group), and the black line segment indicates the differences between groups, * represents P < 0.05 between marked groups, and n.s. represents P > 0.05 between marked groups.

    Techniques Used: Activation Assay, Inhibition, Injection

    Effects of activation or inhibition of D1R-containing neurons in the dSTR on total distance and resting time in the open-field test in mice. (A) Evaluations of the trajectory in the open-field test in mice 30 min after the injection of saline (i.p. Saline) or CNO (i.p. CNO) in the WT + Vehicle + mCherry + i.p. Saline group (WT + m), D1R-cre + Vehicle + mCherry + i.p. Saline group (Veh + m), D1R-cre + IDPN + mCherry + i.p. Saline group (TS + m), D1R-cre + Vehicle + Gq + i.p. Saline group (Veh + Gq), D1R-cre + IDPN + Gq + i.p. Saline group (TS + Gq), D1R-cre + Vehicle + Gi + i.p. Saline group (Veh + Gi), D1R-cre + IDPN + Gi + i.p. Saline group (TS + Gi), WT + Vehicle + mCherry + i.p. CNO group (WT + m), D1R-cre + Vehicle + mCherry + i.p. CNO group (Veh + m), D1R-cre + IDPN + mCherry + i.p. CNO group (TS + m), D1R-cre + Vehicle + Gq + i.p. CNO group (Veh + Gq), D1R-cre + IDPN + Gq + i.p. CNO group (TS + Gq), D1R-cre + Vehicle + Gi + i.p. CNO group (Veh + Gi), D1R-cre + IDPN + Gi + i.p. CNO group (TS + Gi) on day 23. (B) Total distance in the open-field test within 10 min in mice of each group 30 min after the injection of saline (i.p. Saline) on day 23. (C) Total distance in the open-field test within 10 min in mice of each group 30 min after the injection of CNO (i.p. CNO) on day 23. (D) Resting time in the open-field test within 10 min in mice of each group 30 min after the injection of saline (i.p. Saline) on day 23. (E) Resting time in the open-field test within 10 min in mice of each group 30 min after the injection of CNO (i.p. CNO) on day 23. Data are expressed as mean ± SEM ( n = 6 mice in each group), and the black line segment indicates the differences between groups, * represents P < 0.05 between marked groups, and n.s. represents P > 0.05 between marked groups.
    Figure Legend Snippet: Effects of activation or inhibition of D1R-containing neurons in the dSTR on total distance and resting time in the open-field test in mice. (A) Evaluations of the trajectory in the open-field test in mice 30 min after the injection of saline (i.p. Saline) or CNO (i.p. CNO) in the WT + Vehicle + mCherry + i.p. Saline group (WT + m), D1R-cre + Vehicle + mCherry + i.p. Saline group (Veh + m), D1R-cre + IDPN + mCherry + i.p. Saline group (TS + m), D1R-cre + Vehicle + Gq + i.p. Saline group (Veh + Gq), D1R-cre + IDPN + Gq + i.p. Saline group (TS + Gq), D1R-cre + Vehicle + Gi + i.p. Saline group (Veh + Gi), D1R-cre + IDPN + Gi + i.p. Saline group (TS + Gi), WT + Vehicle + mCherry + i.p. CNO group (WT + m), D1R-cre + Vehicle + mCherry + i.p. CNO group (Veh + m), D1R-cre + IDPN + mCherry + i.p. CNO group (TS + m), D1R-cre + Vehicle + Gq + i.p. CNO group (Veh + Gq), D1R-cre + IDPN + Gq + i.p. CNO group (TS + Gq), D1R-cre + Vehicle + Gi + i.p. CNO group (Veh + Gi), D1R-cre + IDPN + Gi + i.p. CNO group (TS + Gi) on day 23. (B) Total distance in the open-field test within 10 min in mice of each group 30 min after the injection of saline (i.p. Saline) on day 23. (C) Total distance in the open-field test within 10 min in mice of each group 30 min after the injection of CNO (i.p. CNO) on day 23. (D) Resting time in the open-field test within 10 min in mice of each group 30 min after the injection of saline (i.p. Saline) on day 23. (E) Resting time in the open-field test within 10 min in mice of each group 30 min after the injection of CNO (i.p. CNO) on day 23. Data are expressed as mean ± SEM ( n = 6 mice in each group), and the black line segment indicates the differences between groups, * represents P < 0.05 between marked groups, and n.s. represents P > 0.05 between marked groups.

    Techniques Used: Activation Assay, Inhibition, Injection

    Hypothesis diagram of experimental mechanism. (A) Hypothesis diagram of chemogenetic inhibition or activation of D1R-containing neurons in the SNpc. (B) Hypothesis diagram of chemogenetic inhibition or activation of D2R-containing neurons in the SNpc. (C) Hypothesis diagram of chemogenetic inhibition or activation of D1R-containing neurons in the dSTR. (D) Hypothesis diagram of chemogenetic inhibition or activation of D2R-containing neurons in the dSTR. The solid line or plus sign indicates activation. The dashed line or minus sign indicates inhibition.
    Figure Legend Snippet: Hypothesis diagram of experimental mechanism. (A) Hypothesis diagram of chemogenetic inhibition or activation of D1R-containing neurons in the SNpc. (B) Hypothesis diagram of chemogenetic inhibition or activation of D2R-containing neurons in the SNpc. (C) Hypothesis diagram of chemogenetic inhibition or activation of D1R-containing neurons in the dSTR. (D) Hypothesis diagram of chemogenetic inhibition or activation of D2R-containing neurons in the dSTR. The solid line or plus sign indicates activation. The dashed line or minus sign indicates inhibition.

    Techniques Used: Inhibition, Activation Assay

    rabbit polyclonal anti d1r antibody  (Abcam)

     
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    antibodies rabbit anti d1r  (Abcam)

     
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    rabbit anti d1r  (Abcam)

     
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    rabbit anti d1r  (Abcam)

     
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    rabbit anti dopamine d1 receptor d1r  (Abcam)

     
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    rabbit anti d1r receptor  (Abcam)

     
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    Abcam rabbit anti d1r receptor
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    antibodies rabbit anti d1r  (Abcam)

     
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    Abcam antibodies rabbit anti d1r
    CRF2 receptor co-distributes with DA receptors in PFC presynaptic terminals. (A–B) Confocal immunodetection of CRF2 receptor in preparation of PFC synaptosomes, devoid of presynaptic elements. (A) Immunofluorescence processed for CRF2 receptor (green) and <t>D1R</t> (red) (scale bar = 2 µm). Arrows depict synaptosomes colocalizing D1R and CRF2 receptor. (B) Immunofluorescence processed for CRF2 receptor (green) and D2R (red) (scale bar = 2 µm). Arrows depict synaptosomes colocalizing D2R and CRF2 receptor. (C) Percentage of colocalization of positive CRF2 synaptosomes with total D1R or D2R positive PFC synaptosomes. (D) Percentage of colocalization of positive D1R or D2R synaptosomes with total CRF2 positive PFC synaptosomes.
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    1) Product Images from "Functional Interplay of Type-2 Corticotrophin Releasing Factor and Dopamine Receptors in the Basolateral Amygdala-Medial Prefrontal Cortex Circuitry"

    Article Title: Functional Interplay of Type-2 Corticotrophin Releasing Factor and Dopamine Receptors in the Basolateral Amygdala-Medial Prefrontal Cortex Circuitry

    Journal: International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology

    doi: 10.1093/ijnp/pyaa079

    CRF2 receptor co-distributes with DA receptors in PFC presynaptic terminals. (A–B) Confocal immunodetection of CRF2 receptor in preparation of PFC synaptosomes, devoid of presynaptic elements. (A) Immunofluorescence processed for CRF2 receptor (green) and D1R (red) (scale bar = 2 µm). Arrows depict synaptosomes colocalizing D1R and CRF2 receptor. (B) Immunofluorescence processed for CRF2 receptor (green) and D2R (red) (scale bar = 2 µm). Arrows depict synaptosomes colocalizing D2R and CRF2 receptor. (C) Percentage of colocalization of positive CRF2 synaptosomes with total D1R or D2R positive PFC synaptosomes. (D) Percentage of colocalization of positive D1R or D2R synaptosomes with total CRF2 positive PFC synaptosomes.
    Figure Legend Snippet: CRF2 receptor co-distributes with DA receptors in PFC presynaptic terminals. (A–B) Confocal immunodetection of CRF2 receptor in preparation of PFC synaptosomes, devoid of presynaptic elements. (A) Immunofluorescence processed for CRF2 receptor (green) and D1R (red) (scale bar = 2 µm). Arrows depict synaptosomes colocalizing D1R and CRF2 receptor. (B) Immunofluorescence processed for CRF2 receptor (green) and D2R (red) (scale bar = 2 µm). Arrows depict synaptosomes colocalizing D2R and CRF2 receptor. (C) Percentage of colocalization of positive CRF2 synaptosomes with total D1R or D2R positive PFC synaptosomes. (D) Percentage of colocalization of positive D1R or D2R synaptosomes with total CRF2 positive PFC synaptosomes.

    Techniques Used: Immunodetection, Immunofluorescence

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    • rabbit anti d1r  (Abcam)
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    a A sagittal brain section from a Drd1a -tdTomato mouse. Five biological replicates were performed. Cx, cerebral cortex; Str, striatum; Th, thalamus; SNr, substantia nigra pars reticulata; Cb, cerebellum; GCL, granule cell layer; PCL, Purkinje cell layer; ML, molecular layer. Scale bar, 500 µm (left) and 50 µm (right). b Dual immunostaining of GFAP and tdTomato. Arrowheads indicate their colocalization. Five biological replicates were performed. Scale bar, 20 µm. c BG filled with biocytin followed by tdTomato immunostaining. Dotted outlines indicate their colocalization along the entire processes of BGs. Four biological replicates were performed. Scale bar, 20 µm. d <t>D1R</t> expression in Drd1a -tdTomato BGs (arrowheads). Four biological replicates were performed. Scale bar, 20 µm. e BG filled with biocytin followed by D1R immunostaining. Arrowheads indicate their colocalization. Four biological replicates were performed. Scale bar, 20 µm (left) and 2 µm (right, enlarged images). f Drd1a smFISH shows expression of Drd1a mRNAs at the border of the PCL and ML. Scale bar, 50 µm (inset, 10 µm). Three biological replicates were performed. g DAT1 expression in Drd1a -tdTomato sections. Arrowheads indicate BG soma; asterisks indicate PC soma. Four biological replicates were performed. Scale bar, 20 µm.
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    rabbit polyclonal anti d1r antibody  (Abcam)
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    a A sagittal brain section from a Drd1a -tdTomato mouse. Five biological replicates were performed. Cx, cerebral cortex; Str, striatum; Th, thalamus; SNr, substantia nigra pars reticulata; Cb, cerebellum; GCL, granule cell layer; PCL, Purkinje cell layer; ML, molecular layer. Scale bar, 500 µm (left) and 50 µm (right). b Dual immunostaining of GFAP and tdTomato. Arrowheads indicate their colocalization. Five biological replicates were performed. Scale bar, 20 µm. c BG filled with biocytin followed by tdTomato immunostaining. Dotted outlines indicate their colocalization along the entire processes of BGs. Four biological replicates were performed. Scale bar, 20 µm. d <t>D1R</t> expression in Drd1a -tdTomato BGs (arrowheads). Four biological replicates were performed. Scale bar, 20 µm. e BG filled with biocytin followed by D1R immunostaining. Arrowheads indicate their colocalization. Four biological replicates were performed. Scale bar, 20 µm (left) and 2 µm (right, enlarged images). f Drd1a smFISH shows expression of Drd1a mRNAs at the border of the PCL and ML. Scale bar, 50 µm (inset, 10 µm). Three biological replicates were performed. g DAT1 expression in Drd1a -tdTomato sections. Arrowheads indicate BG soma; asterisks indicate PC soma. Four biological replicates were performed. Scale bar, 20 µm.
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    a A sagittal brain section from a Drd1a -tdTomato mouse. Five biological replicates were performed. Cx, cerebral cortex; Str, striatum; Th, thalamus; SNr, substantia nigra pars reticulata; Cb, cerebellum; GCL, granule cell layer; PCL, Purkinje cell layer; ML, molecular layer. Scale bar, 500 µm (left) and 50 µm (right). b Dual immunostaining of GFAP and tdTomato. Arrowheads indicate their colocalization. Five biological replicates were performed. Scale bar, 20 µm. c BG filled with biocytin followed by tdTomato immunostaining. Dotted outlines indicate their colocalization along the entire processes of BGs. Four biological replicates were performed. Scale bar, 20 µm. d <t>D1R</t> expression in Drd1a -tdTomato BGs (arrowheads). Four biological replicates were performed. Scale bar, 20 µm. e BG filled with biocytin followed by D1R immunostaining. Arrowheads indicate their colocalization. Four biological replicates were performed. Scale bar, 20 µm (left) and 2 µm (right, enlarged images). f Drd1a smFISH shows expression of Drd1a mRNAs at the border of the PCL and ML. Scale bar, 50 µm (inset, 10 µm). Three biological replicates were performed. g DAT1 expression in Drd1a -tdTomato sections. Arrowheads indicate BG soma; asterisks indicate PC soma. Four biological replicates were performed. Scale bar, 20 µm.
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    a A sagittal brain section from a Drd1a -tdTomato mouse. Five biological replicates were performed. Cx, cerebral cortex; Str, striatum; Th, thalamus; SNr, substantia nigra pars reticulata; Cb, cerebellum; GCL, granule cell layer; PCL, Purkinje cell layer; ML, molecular layer. Scale bar, 500 µm (left) and 50 µm (right). b Dual immunostaining of GFAP and tdTomato. Arrowheads indicate their colocalization. Five biological replicates were performed. Scale bar, 20 µm. c BG filled with biocytin followed by tdTomato immunostaining. Dotted outlines indicate their colocalization along the entire processes of BGs. Four biological replicates were performed. Scale bar, 20 µm. d <t>D1R</t> expression in Drd1a -tdTomato BGs (arrowheads). Four biological replicates were performed. Scale bar, 20 µm. e BG filled with biocytin followed by D1R immunostaining. Arrowheads indicate their colocalization. Four biological replicates were performed. Scale bar, 20 µm (left) and 2 µm (right, enlarged images). f Drd1a smFISH shows expression of Drd1a mRNAs at the border of the PCL and ML. Scale bar, 50 µm (inset, 10 µm). Three biological replicates were performed. g DAT1 expression in Drd1a -tdTomato sections. Arrowheads indicate BG soma; asterisks indicate PC soma. Four biological replicates were performed. Scale bar, 20 µm.
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    rabbit anti d1r receptor  (Abcam)
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    a A sagittal brain section from a Drd1a -tdTomato mouse. Five biological replicates were performed. Cx, cerebral cortex; Str, striatum; Th, thalamus; SNr, substantia nigra pars reticulata; Cb, cerebellum; GCL, granule cell layer; PCL, Purkinje cell layer; ML, molecular layer. Scale bar, 500 µm (left) and 50 µm (right). b Dual immunostaining of GFAP and tdTomato. Arrowheads indicate their colocalization. Five biological replicates were performed. Scale bar, 20 µm. c BG filled with biocytin followed by tdTomato immunostaining. Dotted outlines indicate their colocalization along the entire processes of BGs. Four biological replicates were performed. Scale bar, 20 µm. d <t>D1R</t> expression in Drd1a -tdTomato BGs (arrowheads). Four biological replicates were performed. Scale bar, 20 µm. e BG filled with biocytin followed by D1R immunostaining. Arrowheads indicate their colocalization. Four biological replicates were performed. Scale bar, 20 µm (left) and 2 µm (right, enlarged images). f Drd1a smFISH shows expression of Drd1a mRNAs at the border of the PCL and ML. Scale bar, 50 µm (inset, 10 µm). Three biological replicates were performed. g DAT1 expression in Drd1a -tdTomato sections. Arrowheads indicate BG soma; asterisks indicate PC soma. Four biological replicates were performed. Scale bar, 20 µm.
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    Image Search Results


    a A sagittal brain section from a Drd1a -tdTomato mouse. Five biological replicates were performed. Cx, cerebral cortex; Str, striatum; Th, thalamus; SNr, substantia nigra pars reticulata; Cb, cerebellum; GCL, granule cell layer; PCL, Purkinje cell layer; ML, molecular layer. Scale bar, 500 µm (left) and 50 µm (right). b Dual immunostaining of GFAP and tdTomato. Arrowheads indicate their colocalization. Five biological replicates were performed. Scale bar, 20 µm. c BG filled with biocytin followed by tdTomato immunostaining. Dotted outlines indicate their colocalization along the entire processes of BGs. Four biological replicates were performed. Scale bar, 20 µm. d D1R expression in Drd1a -tdTomato BGs (arrowheads). Four biological replicates were performed. Scale bar, 20 µm. e BG filled with biocytin followed by D1R immunostaining. Arrowheads indicate their colocalization. Four biological replicates were performed. Scale bar, 20 µm (left) and 2 µm (right, enlarged images). f Drd1a smFISH shows expression of Drd1a mRNAs at the border of the PCL and ML. Scale bar, 50 µm (inset, 10 µm). Three biological replicates were performed. g DAT1 expression in Drd1a -tdTomato sections. Arrowheads indicate BG soma; asterisks indicate PC soma. Four biological replicates were performed. Scale bar, 20 µm.

    Journal: Nature Communications

    Article Title: Purkinje cell dopaminergic inputs to astrocytes regulate cerebellar-dependent behavior

    doi: 10.1038/s41467-023-37319-w

    Figure Lengend Snippet: a A sagittal brain section from a Drd1a -tdTomato mouse. Five biological replicates were performed. Cx, cerebral cortex; Str, striatum; Th, thalamus; SNr, substantia nigra pars reticulata; Cb, cerebellum; GCL, granule cell layer; PCL, Purkinje cell layer; ML, molecular layer. Scale bar, 500 µm (left) and 50 µm (right). b Dual immunostaining of GFAP and tdTomato. Arrowheads indicate their colocalization. Five biological replicates were performed. Scale bar, 20 µm. c BG filled with biocytin followed by tdTomato immunostaining. Dotted outlines indicate their colocalization along the entire processes of BGs. Four biological replicates were performed. Scale bar, 20 µm. d D1R expression in Drd1a -tdTomato BGs (arrowheads). Four biological replicates were performed. Scale bar, 20 µm. e BG filled with biocytin followed by D1R immunostaining. Arrowheads indicate their colocalization. Four biological replicates were performed. Scale bar, 20 µm (left) and 2 µm (right, enlarged images). f Drd1a smFISH shows expression of Drd1a mRNAs at the border of the PCL and ML. Scale bar, 50 µm (inset, 10 µm). Three biological replicates were performed. g DAT1 expression in Drd1a -tdTomato sections. Arrowheads indicate BG soma; asterisks indicate PC soma. Four biological replicates were performed. Scale bar, 20 µm.

    Article Snippet: Sections were permeabilized with 0.25% Triton X-100 for 2 h and blocked with 10% normal goat serum for 1 h. Sections were incubated at 4 °C overnight with blocking solution containing the following primary antibodies: mouse anti-GFAP (1:500, Sigma-Aldrich), rabbit anti-DsRed (1:2000, TaKaRa), mouse anti-RFP (1:1000, Rockland Immunochemicals), mouse anti-D1R (1:200, Sigma-Aldrich), rabbit anti-D1R (1:200, Abcam), mouse anti-DAT (1:200, Thermo Fisher Scientific), rabbit anti-GFP (1:2000, Abcam), chicken anti-GFP (1:2000, Abcam), mouse anti-calbindin D28K (CB) (1:500, Santa Cruz Biotechnology), rabbit anti-N terminal CYP2D6 (1:500; AV41675, Sigma-Aldrich), rabbit anti-C terminal CYP2D6 (1:500; PA5-79129, Thermo Fisher Scientific), mouse anti-TH (1:500, Sigma-Aldrich), rabbit anti-mCherry (1:2000, Abcam), rabbit anti-S100β (1:800, Sigma-Aldrich), guinea pig anti-c-fos (1:800, Synaptic Systems), or guinea pig anti-PV (1:800, Synaptic Systems).

    Techniques: Immunostaining, Expressing

    a Heat map of control and D1R cKO mice encountering the empty inverted cup (E) or the cup containing the first novel mouse 1 (S1) or S2 during the three-chamber social test. Minimal and maximum values indicate the relative accumulating activity in each area of the arena. b Time spent in the interaction with E, S1, or S2 ( n = 22 mice, Con: n = 12 mice, Drd1 cKO). Data are presented as mean ± SEM. Unpaired two-sided Student’s t test ( p = 0.0005, Con E vs. S1; p = 0.6135, Drd1 cKO E vs. S; p = 0.0010, Con S1 vs. S2; p = 0.4996, Drd1 cKO S1 vs. S2). c Phosphorylation levels of mTOR in the cerebellum of control and Drd1 cKO mice ( n = 6, each group). Data are presented as mean ± SEM. Mann–Whitney two-sided test ( p = 0.0019, Con vs. Drd1 cKO). d Phosphorylation levels of mTOR in cerebellar slices treated with vehicle (DMSO) for 1 h, SKF83822 for 1 h, or pretreated with SCH23390 followed by SKF83822 for 1 h ( n = 8, each group). Data are presented as mean ± SEM. Multiple unpaired two-sided Student’s t test ( p = 0.0020, Con vs. SKF, p = 0.0096, SKF vs. SCH). n.s., not significant.

    Journal: Nature Communications

    Article Title: Purkinje cell dopaminergic inputs to astrocytes regulate cerebellar-dependent behavior

    doi: 10.1038/s41467-023-37319-w

    Figure Lengend Snippet: a Heat map of control and D1R cKO mice encountering the empty inverted cup (E) or the cup containing the first novel mouse 1 (S1) or S2 during the three-chamber social test. Minimal and maximum values indicate the relative accumulating activity in each area of the arena. b Time spent in the interaction with E, S1, or S2 ( n = 22 mice, Con: n = 12 mice, Drd1 cKO). Data are presented as mean ± SEM. Unpaired two-sided Student’s t test ( p = 0.0005, Con E vs. S1; p = 0.6135, Drd1 cKO E vs. S; p = 0.0010, Con S1 vs. S2; p = 0.4996, Drd1 cKO S1 vs. S2). c Phosphorylation levels of mTOR in the cerebellum of control and Drd1 cKO mice ( n = 6, each group). Data are presented as mean ± SEM. Mann–Whitney two-sided test ( p = 0.0019, Con vs. Drd1 cKO). d Phosphorylation levels of mTOR in cerebellar slices treated with vehicle (DMSO) for 1 h, SKF83822 for 1 h, or pretreated with SCH23390 followed by SKF83822 for 1 h ( n = 8, each group). Data are presented as mean ± SEM. Multiple unpaired two-sided Student’s t test ( p = 0.0020, Con vs. SKF, p = 0.0096, SKF vs. SCH). n.s., not significant.

    Article Snippet: Sections were permeabilized with 0.25% Triton X-100 for 2 h and blocked with 10% normal goat serum for 1 h. Sections were incubated at 4 °C overnight with blocking solution containing the following primary antibodies: mouse anti-GFAP (1:500, Sigma-Aldrich), rabbit anti-DsRed (1:2000, TaKaRa), mouse anti-RFP (1:1000, Rockland Immunochemicals), mouse anti-D1R (1:200, Sigma-Aldrich), rabbit anti-D1R (1:200, Abcam), mouse anti-DAT (1:200, Thermo Fisher Scientific), rabbit anti-GFP (1:2000, Abcam), chicken anti-GFP (1:2000, Abcam), mouse anti-calbindin D28K (CB) (1:500, Santa Cruz Biotechnology), rabbit anti-N terminal CYP2D6 (1:500; AV41675, Sigma-Aldrich), rabbit anti-C terminal CYP2D6 (1:500; PA5-79129, Thermo Fisher Scientific), mouse anti-TH (1:500, Sigma-Aldrich), rabbit anti-mCherry (1:2000, Abcam), rabbit anti-S100β (1:800, Sigma-Aldrich), guinea pig anti-c-fos (1:800, Synaptic Systems), or guinea pig anti-PV (1:800, Synaptic Systems).

    Techniques: Activity Assay, MANN-WHITNEY

    Our findings suggest a model in which PCs synthesize DA through a non-canonical pathway and secrete it in an activity-dependent manner. The released DA binds D1Rs in BGs, inducing membrane depolarization and Ca 2+ signaling and driving membrane insertion of AMPAR GluA1 subunits. These actions may trigger glutamate release from BGs, which then enhances interneuron activity and reduces PF- and CF-PC synaptic transmission by potentially activating presynaptic GluRs. The increased inhibitory and the reduced excitatory inputs to PCs alter their firing frequency and pattern, ultimately impacting locomotor and social behaviors. BG, Bergmann glial cell; GC, granule cell; PC, Purkinje cell; MLI, molecular layer interneuron; CF, climbing fiber; PF, parallel fiber; DA, dopamine; D1R, D1 dopamine receptor; Glu, glutamate.

    Journal: Nature Communications

    Article Title: Purkinje cell dopaminergic inputs to astrocytes regulate cerebellar-dependent behavior

    doi: 10.1038/s41467-023-37319-w

    Figure Lengend Snippet: Our findings suggest a model in which PCs synthesize DA through a non-canonical pathway and secrete it in an activity-dependent manner. The released DA binds D1Rs in BGs, inducing membrane depolarization and Ca 2+ signaling and driving membrane insertion of AMPAR GluA1 subunits. These actions may trigger glutamate release from BGs, which then enhances interneuron activity and reduces PF- and CF-PC synaptic transmission by potentially activating presynaptic GluRs. The increased inhibitory and the reduced excitatory inputs to PCs alter their firing frequency and pattern, ultimately impacting locomotor and social behaviors. BG, Bergmann glial cell; GC, granule cell; PC, Purkinje cell; MLI, molecular layer interneuron; CF, climbing fiber; PF, parallel fiber; DA, dopamine; D1R, D1 dopamine receptor; Glu, glutamate.

    Article Snippet: Sections were permeabilized with 0.25% Triton X-100 for 2 h and blocked with 10% normal goat serum for 1 h. Sections were incubated at 4 °C overnight with blocking solution containing the following primary antibodies: mouse anti-GFAP (1:500, Sigma-Aldrich), rabbit anti-DsRed (1:2000, TaKaRa), mouse anti-RFP (1:1000, Rockland Immunochemicals), mouse anti-D1R (1:200, Sigma-Aldrich), rabbit anti-D1R (1:200, Abcam), mouse anti-DAT (1:200, Thermo Fisher Scientific), rabbit anti-GFP (1:2000, Abcam), chicken anti-GFP (1:2000, Abcam), mouse anti-calbindin D28K (CB) (1:500, Santa Cruz Biotechnology), rabbit anti-N terminal CYP2D6 (1:500; AV41675, Sigma-Aldrich), rabbit anti-C terminal CYP2D6 (1:500; PA5-79129, Thermo Fisher Scientific), mouse anti-TH (1:500, Sigma-Aldrich), rabbit anti-mCherry (1:2000, Abcam), rabbit anti-S100β (1:800, Sigma-Aldrich), guinea pig anti-c-fos (1:800, Synaptic Systems), or guinea pig anti-PV (1:800, Synaptic Systems).

    Techniques: Activity Assay, Transmission Assay