Journal: Journal of Advanced Research

Article Title: Epigenetically silenced KAT2B suppresses de novo lipogenesis through destroying HDAC5/LSD1 complex assembly in renal cell carcinoma

doi: 10.1016/j.jare.2025.08.007

Figure Lengend Snippet: KAT2B, as a lipid metabolism-related biomarker, inhibited RCC progression (A) Triglyceride content statistics in RCC cells. (B) Venn diagram of four datasets. Lipid biosynthetic related genes and lipid metabolic related genes were from GSEA database. (C) Expression levels of IGF1R, AKT1, and KAT2B in clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) using TCGA database. (D) The KAT2B protein expression of 72 paired ccRCC and adjacent normal tissues in TCGA-KIRC project. (E-F) Representative images of IHC staining of KAT2B in RCC (E) and statistical analysis (n = 80) (F). (G) Kaplan-Meier survival curves showing the impact of KAT2B expression on overall survival in RCC. (H-I) The tSNE map of RCC tissues ( GSE159115 ) and expression of KAT2B in RCC and normal epithelium cells. (J-K) The mRNA (I) and protein (J) expression levels of KAT2B in HK-2 and RCC cells. (L-M) The cell growth curves of KAT2B overexpression and knockdown RCC cells were determined by CCK8 assays (n = 4). (N-O) Colony formation assays of KAT2B overexpression and knockdown RCC cells. (P) Xenografts from Caki-1 cells with KAT2B overexpression. (Q) The growth curves of RCC with KAT2B overexpression. (R-S) The liver photo and H&E staining of liver tissue in the metastatic model. Data were analyzed by unpaired t test (A, L, Q), paired t test (D, F), wilcoxon test (C), or one-way ANOVA (J,M).

Article Snippet: KAT2B overexpression and HDAC5 overexpression lentivirus, KAT2B‐targeted shRNA lentivirus, and overexpression plasmids of LSD1 and KAT2B (wild and enzyme-inactivated) was provided by Genechem Co. Ltd (China).

Techniques: Biomarker Discovery, Expressing, Immunohistochemistry, Over Expression, Knockdown, Staining

Journal: Journal of Advanced Research

Article Title: Epigenetically silenced KAT2B suppresses de novo lipogenesis through destroying HDAC5/LSD1 complex assembly in renal cell carcinoma

doi: 10.1016/j.jare.2025.08.007

Figure Lengend Snippet: KAT2B suppressed de novo lipogenesis (A) Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) assays for the correlations between the KAT2B and fat cell differentiation and lipid metabolism according to the TCGA-KIRC project. FDR < 25 % and P < 0.05 were considered statistically significant. (B) Heatmap of down-regulated lipid in Caki-1 cells with KAT2B overexpression (fold_chang > 1.35, variableimportance inprojection (VIP) > 1 and P_value < 0.05). (C-D) Representative oil red O staining images of RCC cells with KAT2B wild or enzymatically dead form stable overexpression or knockdown, and statistical analysis (n = 3, independent‐samples t‐test). (E-F) Relative TG content of RCC cells with KAT2B stable overexpression or knockdown (n = 4). (G) Representative oil red O staining images of xenografts with KAT2B overexpression. (H) Relative TG content of xenografts with KAT2B overexpression (n = 5). (I) Schematic diagram of construction of spontaneous kidney tumors with KAT2B knockdown. (J) H&E and oil red O staining of spontaneous kidney tumors with KAT2B knockdown, and statistical analysis (n = 5). (K) KAT2B protein levels in spontaneous kidney tumors with KAT2B knockdown were identified. (L) Mechanism diagram of lipid droplet homeostasis. (M) After KAT2B knockdown, the cells were cultured in a medium with 10 % lipid free fetal bovine serum to eliminate the impact of lipid absorption. 5uM chloroquine and 1uM atglistatin were employed to inhibit lysosomal function and ATGL activity, respectively, thereby suppressing lipolysis. After 48 h, the cells were fixed and lipid droplets were visualized using bodipy staining for statistical analysis (n = 5, independent‐samples t‐test). Data were analyzed by unpaired t test (E, H, J), or one-way ANOVA(C, D, F, M).

Article Snippet: KAT2B overexpression and HDAC5 overexpression lentivirus, KAT2B‐targeted shRNA lentivirus, and overexpression plasmids of LSD1 and KAT2B (wild and enzyme-inactivated) was provided by Genechem Co. Ltd (China).

Techniques: Cell Differentiation, Over Expression, Staining, Knockdown, Cell Culture, Activity Assay

Journal: Journal of Advanced Research

Article Title: Epigenetically silenced KAT2B suppresses de novo lipogenesis through destroying HDAC5/LSD1 complex assembly in renal cell carcinoma

doi: 10.1016/j.jare.2025.08.007

Figure Lengend Snippet: KAT2B suppressed lipogenesis through FASN (A) Key rate-limiting enzymes in de novo lipogenesis and their expression levels in ccRCC and pRCC using TCGA-KIRC and TCGA-KIRP databases. Red squares and blue squares represented genes whose expression were up-regulated or down-regulated in tumors. (B) Schematic diagram for screening key lipid synthesis factors downstream of KAT2B. (C) Statistical analysis of oil red O stainging in 786O cells following knockdown of 10 key lipogenesis factors (n = 3). (D-E) Representative IHC staining for FASN in RCC cohort and statistical analysis (n = 80, paired t‐test). (F-G) After KAT2B knockdown in 786O and ACHN cells, the mRNA and protein expression of FASN was observed. (H) The cell growth curves of A498 and Caki-1 cells with KAT2B and/or FASN overexpression were determined by CCK8 assays (n = 4, independent‐samples t‐test). (I) The relative TG levels in A498 and Caki-1 cells with KAT2B and/or FASN overexpression (n = 4, independent‐samples t‐test). (J) Representative images of oil red O staining of A498 and Caki-1 cells with KAT2B and/or FASN overexpression and statistical analysis (n = 3, independent‐samples t‐test). Data were analyzed by unpaired t test (G), paired t test (E), one-way ANOVA (H, I, J) or two-way ANOVA (C).

Article Snippet: KAT2B overexpression and HDAC5 overexpression lentivirus, KAT2B‐targeted shRNA lentivirus, and overexpression plasmids of LSD1 and KAT2B (wild and enzyme-inactivated) was provided by Genechem Co. Ltd (China).

Techniques: Expressing, Knockdown, Immunohistochemistry, Over Expression, Staining

Journal: Journal of Advanced Research

Article Title: Epigenetically silenced KAT2B suppresses de novo lipogenesis through destroying HDAC5/LSD1 complex assembly in renal cell carcinoma

doi: 10.1016/j.jare.2025.08.007

Figure Lengend Snippet: KAT2B acetylated HDAC5 at K726 B) Venn diagram identifying proteins that interact with KAT2B and potentially regulate lipid metabolism (A). Among the four candidates, HDAC5 has the highest binding affinity with KAT2B (B). (C) Endogenous Co-Immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) experiments identified the interaction between KAT2B and HDAC5 in RCC cells. (D) The exogenous interaction between KAT2B and HDAC5 was determined by Co-IP assays using Flag and Myc antibodies in 293 T cells. (E) Schematic representation of full-length and truncated mutants of the KAT2B-FLAG structure. (F) FLAG-tagged full-length or truncated mutants of KAT2B were expressed in 293 T cells. Extracts were immunoprecipitated with anti-Flag or anti-HDAC5 antibodies, and bound HDAC5 or Flag was examined by western blots using anti-HDAC5 or anti-Flag antibodies. (G) Western blots were used to assess HDAC5 expression and its acetylation levels in RCC cells with KAT2B overexpression. (H) Mass spectra of the K726 site acetylation of HDAC5 after overexpression of KAT2B in 293 T cells. (I) Comparison of K726 and its surrounding residues between different species. (J) Following the overexpression of KAT2B and either wild-type HDAC5 or a K726 site mutant plasmid, the acetylation levels of HDAC5 were assessed. (K) Purified wild-type and acetyltransferase-inactive mutant KAT2B proteins were co-incubated with purified wild-type HDAC5 and K726R mutant proteins in a buffer containing acetyl-CoA. The acetylation level of HDAC5 was analyzed by western blot. (L) Representative fluorescence image of HDAC5 in RCC cells with KAT2B (wild or dead) overexpression and statistical diagram of nuclear and cytoplasmic distribution. (M) The ratio of HDAC5 nuclear fluorescence intensity to cytoplasmic fluorescence intensity in RCC with KAT2B or KAT2B dead overexpression (n = 10). (N) Nuclear HDAC5 expression in RCC cells with KAT2B (wild or dead) overexpression was assessed using western blot. Data were analyzed byone-way ANOVA (M).

Article Snippet: KAT2B overexpression and HDAC5 overexpression lentivirus, KAT2B‐targeted shRNA lentivirus, and overexpression plasmids of LSD1 and KAT2B (wild and enzyme-inactivated) was provided by Genechem Co. Ltd (China).

Techniques: Binding Assay, Immunoprecipitation, Co-Immunoprecipitation Assay, Western Blot, Expressing, Over Expression, Comparison, Mutagenesis, Plasmid Preparation, Purification, Incubation, Fluorescence

Journal: Journal of Advanced Research

Article Title: Epigenetically silenced KAT2B suppresses de novo lipogenesis through destroying HDAC5/LSD1 complex assembly in renal cell carcinoma

doi: 10.1016/j.jare.2025.08.007

Figure Lengend Snippet: KAT2B destroyed HDAC5/LSD1 complex assembly and suppressed FASN transcriptional activity Co-IP assays were performed to verify the interaction strength between wild-type HDAC5 or the K726R mutant and Exportin1 with KAT2B overexpression. (B) Representative immunofluorescence images of wild-type HDAC5, K726R mutant HDAC5, and NES-deleted HDAC5 with KAT2B overexpression in RCC cells. (C-D) Western blots were used to assess HDAC5 and LSD1 expression in RCC cells with KAT2B overexpression or knockdown. (E) The interaction between HDAC5 and LSD1 was determined by Co-IP assays in RCC cells. (F) The interactions between HDAC5 (wild, K726Q, and K726R) and LSD1 were determined by Co-IP assays in 293 T cells. (G) RCC cells were treated with Eltanexor (60 nM) to inhibit Exportin1 activity. The levels of nuclear HDAC5, total HDAC5, Exportin1, and LSD1 were detected using Western blot. (H) Protein stability experiment of LSD1 in RCC cells with KAT2B overexpression after treated with 100 μM cycloheximide (CHX) for 0 h, 1 h, 2 h, 3 h, and 4 h and statistical diagram. (I) Following the addition of chloroquine (10 μM) or MG132 (8 μM) to RCC, LSD1 protein expression was assessed. (J) RCC cells with KAT2B overexpression were immunoprecipitated with LSD1 antibody, and the level of ubiquitin was detected. (K) LSD1 and FASN expression were detected in RCC cells with KAT2B (wild or dead) and/or HDAC5 (wild, 726Q or 726R) overexpression. (L) Schematic diagram illustrating KAT2B-mediated acetylation of HDAC5, promoting its cytoplasmic mislocalization, which resulted in the disruption of the HDAC5-LSD1 complex in the nucleus and subsequent LSD1 degradation.

Article Snippet: KAT2B overexpression and HDAC5 overexpression lentivirus, KAT2B‐targeted shRNA lentivirus, and overexpression plasmids of LSD1 and KAT2B (wild and enzyme-inactivated) was provided by Genechem Co. Ltd (China).

Techniques: Activity Assay, Co-Immunoprecipitation Assay, Mutagenesis, Over Expression, Immunofluorescence, Western Blot, Expressing, Knockdown, Immunoprecipitation, Ubiquitin Proteomics, Disruption

Journal: Journal of Advanced Research

Article Title: Epigenetically silenced KAT2B suppresses de novo lipogenesis through destroying HDAC5/LSD1 complex assembly in renal cell carcinoma

doi: 10.1016/j.jare.2025.08.007

Figure Lengend Snippet: The KAT2B/HDAC5/LSD1/FASN axis repressed RCC lipogenesis and progression in vivo B) The picture of xenografts using Caki-1 cells with KAT2B and/or HDAC5 stable overexpressing. The tumor weight was used for statistical comparison (n = 5). (C) The tumor volume of each group was measured every six days (n = 5). (D) Representative of immunohistochemical (IHC) staining for KAT2B, HDAC5, LSD1, FASN and Ki67 in tumor xenografts. (E) Oil red O staining of the tumor xenografts with KAT2B and/or HDAC5 overexpression. (F) Living fluorescence images of mice in the metastasis model. (G-H) The liver photo and H&E staining of liver tissue in the metastatic model. Data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA (B,C).

Article Snippet: KAT2B overexpression and HDAC5 overexpression lentivirus, KAT2B‐targeted shRNA lentivirus, and overexpression plasmids of LSD1 and KAT2B (wild and enzyme-inactivated) was provided by Genechem Co. Ltd (China).

Techniques: In Vivo, Comparison, Immunohistochemical staining, Immunohistochemistry, Staining, Over Expression, Fluorescence

Journal: Journal of Advanced Research

Article Title: Epigenetically silenced KAT2B suppresses de novo lipogenesis through destroying HDAC5/LSD1 complex assembly in renal cell carcinoma

doi: 10.1016/j.jare.2025.08.007

Figure Lengend Snippet: Hypermethylation but not VHL/HIF axis resulted in low expression of KAT2B in RCC Expression levels of HIF2a and KAT2B after hypoxia in RCC cells. (B) Expression level of KAT2B after overexpressing HIF2a in Caki-1 cells. (C) Expression level of KAT2B after overexpressing VHL in A498 cells. (D) RNA stability experiment of KAT2B in RCC and HK2 cells after treated with 20 μg/ml cycloheximide (CHX) for 0 h, 1 h, 2 h, 3 h, and 4 h and statistical diagram. (E-F) Prediction analysis of CpG islands in the sequence range of 3500 bp upstream from the transcriptional start site in the KAT2B promoter region ( http://www.urogene.org/ ). (G-H) The promoter methylation level of KAT2B in ccRCC using online database UCSC Xena ( http://xena.ucsc.edu/ ) and UALCAN ( http://ualcan.path.uab.edu/ ). (I) Scatter plot of the relationship among KAT2B expression and its promoter methylation level. (J) Representative MSP results of KAT2B methylation status in 5 paired adjacent tissues (N) and RCC tissues (T). (K-L) The mRNA and protein levels of KAT2B in RCC cell lines after 5-AZA treatment (n = 3). (M) Scatter plot of the relationship among KAT2B expression and TET1, TET2, and TET3 expression. (N) The KAT2B mRNA expression after knockdown of TET1, TET2, or TET3 in 786O cells. (O) The KAT2B protein expression after TET1 knockdown in RCC cells. Data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA (K,N) or two-way ANOVA (D).

Article Snippet: KAT2B overexpression and HDAC5 overexpression lentivirus, KAT2B‐targeted shRNA lentivirus, and overexpression plasmids of LSD1 and KAT2B (wild and enzyme-inactivated) was provided by Genechem Co. Ltd (China).

Techniques: Expressing, Sequencing, Methylation, Knockdown

Journal: Journal of Advanced Research

Article Title: Epigenetically silenced KAT2B suppresses de novo lipogenesis through destroying HDAC5/LSD1 complex assembly in renal cell carcinoma

doi: 10.1016/j.jare.2025.08.007

Figure Lengend Snippet: Therapeutic targeting of KAT2B-low RCC with a FASN inhibitor (A-B) Representative images of IHC staining of FASN in RCC cohort and statistical analysis. (C) Representative images of IHC staining for FASN and KAT2B in RCC tissues with high and low KAT2B expression. (D) Scatter plot of the relationship among KAT2B expression and FASN expression in advanced RCC tumors (n = 53). (E) The cell viability of ACHN and Caki-1 cells after treated with TVB-2640 (n = 4). (F) The cell viability of 786O and 769P cells after treated with TVB-2640 (n = 10). Proteins from three independent sites in RCC tissues were extracted to detect KAT2B expression. (H) Representative images of Caki-1 and ACHN organoids after treatment with TVB-2640 (7.5 μM). 15 organoids were randomly selected from each group for statistical analysis. (I) Representative images of Caki-1 and ACHN organoids after treatment with TVB-2640 (7.5 μM) (n = 15). (J) Representative images of two PDOs with different KAT2B expression after treatment with TVB-2640 (n = 10). (K) Representative images of PRO-1 staining of PDOs. (L-M) The cell viability of ACHN cells (L) and case 1 primary RCC cells (M) with KAT2B knockdown after treated with TVB-2640 (n = 4). (N-O) The picture (N) of xenograft using 786O cells with KAT2B knockdown after treated with TVB-2640, and tumor growth curve (n = 4). Data were analyzed by unpaired t test (B, H, I, J), one-way ANOVA (O) or two-way ANOVA (E, F, G, L, M).

Article Snippet: KAT2B overexpression and HDAC5 overexpression lentivirus, KAT2B‐targeted shRNA lentivirus, and overexpression plasmids of LSD1 and KAT2B (wild and enzyme-inactivated) was provided by Genechem Co. Ltd (China).

Techniques: Immunohistochemistry, Expressing, Staining, Knockdown

Journal: Journal of Advanced Research

Article Title: Epigenetically silenced KAT2B suppresses de novo lipogenesis through destroying HDAC5/LSD1 complex assembly in renal cell carcinoma

doi: 10.1016/j.jare.2025.08.007

Figure Lengend Snippet: Graphic abstract of this research TET1-mediated promoter hypermethylation in RCC leaded to decreased KAT2B expression. Mechanistically, KAT2B acetylated HDAC5 at the K726 site and promoted its nucleus export, thereby failing to form a complex with LSD1 in nucleus. This leaded to increased histone methylation levels and decreased FASN expression, ultimately inhibiting lipogenesis and RCC progression. FASN inhibition might be useful in treating KAT2B-low RCC progression by targeting de novo lipogenesis.

Article Snippet: KAT2B overexpression and HDAC5 overexpression lentivirus, KAT2B‐targeted shRNA lentivirus, and overexpression plasmids of LSD1 and KAT2B (wild and enzyme-inactivated) was provided by Genechem Co. Ltd (China).

Techniques: Expressing, Methylation, Inhibition

Journal: Nature Communications

Article Title: Histone lactylation increases CXCL1 expression for neutrophil infiltration and immune escape in pancreatic cancer

doi: 10.1038/s41467-026-69311-5

Figure Lengend Snippet: A Molecular docking simulated the binding affinities of PCAF for acetyl-CoA and lactyl-CoA. B Co-IP was performed to confirm the interaction between H3K18la and PCAF in PANC1 and KPC cells. PCAF and H3K18la were detected on the same gel. C, D Western blot analysis demonstrates the level of H3K18la in PDAC cells with or without the treatment of PCAF inhibitors (bromosporine or Embelin). Histone H3 and H3K18la blots are from parallel-processed separate gels (size conflict) with samples from the same experiment. E Western blot analysis demonstrates the level of H3K18la in PDAC cells following the knockdown of Pcaf . Histone H3, PCAF, β-actin and H3K18la blots are from parallel-processed separate gels with samples from the same experiment. F Western blots of in vitro histone acetylation or lactylation assay, the samples as indicated. Blots are from parallel-processed separate gels with samples from the same experiment. G , H Relative Cxcl1 RNA and protein levels with the vehicle or bromosporine treatment were analyzed by qRT-PCR and ELISA ( n = 3 independent experiments), respectively. I Relative Cxcl1 RNA levels after Pcaf knockdown were analyzed by qRT-PCR ( n = 3 independent experiments). J A schematic diagram showing the orthotopic tumor construction in C57BL/6 J mice ( n = 5 mice per group in one experiment, 2 × 10 6 KPC-luc cells per mouse) with or without bromosporine treatment. K , L Image and weights of the orthotopic tumors in the experimental groups from ( J ) at the end of the experiments ( n = 5 mice per group). M Lactylation levels of H3K18 and PanK in orthotopic tumors with or without bromosporine treatment were detected by western blot ( n = 4 biologically independent samples per group). Histone H3, H3K18la, and PanKla blots are from parallel-processed separate gels (size conflict) with samples from the same experiment. N Serum CXCL1 levels in mice with or without bromosporine treatment were measured by ELISA ( n = 5 mice per group). O – R Tumor-infiltrating neutrophils, CD8 + T cells, GZMB + CD8 + T cells, and PD-1 + CD8 + T cells isolated from the orthotopic tumors were analyzed using flow cytometry. Representative graphs of flow cytometry (left panel) and statistical analysis of the cell ratio (right panel) ( n = 5 mice per group). S The migratory abilities of neutrophils co-incubated with the culture medium supernatant from shNTC/ Pcaf PDAC cells treated with recombinant CXCL1 were analyzed by counting the penetrated cell numbers ( n = 3 biologically independent samples). T Representative IHC images stained by CXCL1 or H3K18la antibody (scale bar = 100 μm, left panel), correlation analysis of H-scores of CXCL1 and H3K18la in PDAC samples ( n = 21 patients, right panel). Data represent mean ± SEM. Statistical analysis was conducted using the two-tailed unpaired Student’s t test ( G – I , L , and N – S ) and two-tailed Pearson’s correlation analysis ( T ). Unless otherwise indicated, all western blots had three independent experimental repetitions with consistent results. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.

Article Snippet: The primary antibodies used here included anti-LDHA antibody (Proteintech, #19987-1-AP, 1:3000), anti-LDHB antibody (Proteintech, #14824-1-AP, 1:5000), anti-H3 antibody (Proteintech, #17168-1-Ap, 1:3000), anti-PCAF antibody (Cell Signaling Technology, #3378S, 1:1000), anti-P300 antibody (Proteintech, #20695-1-AP, 1:500), anti-GCN5 antibody (Proteintech, #66575-1-Ig, 1:3000), anti-beta Actin antibody (PTMBIO, #PTM-5028, 1:1000), anti-human CXCL1 Polyclonal antibody (Proteintech, #12335-1-AP), anti-mouse CXCL1 Polyclonal antibody (Proteintech, #30322-1-AP), anti-L-Lactyl Lysine antibody (PTMBIO, #PTM-1401RM, 1:1000), anti-L-Lactyl-Histone H3K18 antibody (PTMBIO, #PTM-1406RM, 1:1000), anti-L-Lactyl-Histone H3K9 antibody (PTMBIO, #PTM-1419RM, 1:1000), anti-L-Lactyl-Histone H3K14 antibody (PTMBIO, #PTM-1414RM, 1:1000), anti-H4 antibody (PTMBIO, #PTM-1009, 1:1000), anti-L-Lactyl-Histone H4K12 antibody (PTMBIO, #PTM-1411RM, 1:1000), anti-L-Lactyl-Histone H4K8 antibody (PTMBIO, #PTM-1415RM, 1:1000), anti-Acetyl-Histone H3 (Lys18) antibody (PTMBIO, #PTM-114RM, 1:1000), anti-Acetyllysine antibody (PTMBIO, #PTM-101, 1:1000), and anti-Acetyl-Histone H4 (Lys8) antibody (PTMBIO, #PTM-190, 1:1000).

Techniques: Binding Assay, Co-Immunoprecipitation Assay, Western Blot, Knockdown, In Vitro, Quantitative RT-PCR, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay, Isolation, Flow Cytometry, Incubation, Recombinant, Staining, Two Tailed Test

Journal: Nature Communications

Article Title: Histone lactylation increases CXCL1 expression for neutrophil infiltration and immune escape in pancreatic cancer

doi: 10.1038/s41467-026-69311-5

Figure Lengend Snippet: A A schematic diagram showing the subcutaneous tumor model ( n = 6 mice per group in one experiment, 6 × 10 6 PANC02 cells per mouse) treated with bromosporine and anti-PD-1 antibody. B. The tumor volume growth curves of subcutaneous tumors from ( A ). C , D Image and weights of the subcutaneous tumors at the end point of experiments ( n = 6 mice per group). E The statistical analysis of the cell ratio of tumor-infiltrating neutrophils and CD8 + T cells isolated from subcutaneous tumors ( n = 3 mice per group). F Western blot analysis demonstrates H3K18la levels in the subcutaneous tumors ( n = 3 biologically independent samples per group) from ( A ). Histone H3 and H3K18la blots are from parallel-processed separate gels (size conflict) with samples from the same experiment. G Relative serum CXCL1 levels in mice treated with or without bromosporine/anti-PD-1 antibody were measured by ELISA ( n = 6 mice per group). H A schematic diagram showing the combinational treatment schedule for the orthotopic KPC-luc tumor model ( n = 21 mice per group in one experiment, 2 × 10 6 KPC-luc cells per mouse). I , J Image and weights of the orthotopic tumors at the end point of experiments ( n = 6 mice per group). K – N Tumor-infiltrating neutrophils, CD8 + T cells, GZMB + CD8 + T cells, and PD-1 + CD8 + T cells were analyzed using flow cytometry. Representative graphs of flow cytometry (left panel) and statistical analysis of the cell ratio (right panel) ( n = 6 mice per group). O Western blot analysis showing the H3K18la levels in the orthotopic tumors ( n = 3 biologically independent samples per group) from ( H ). Histone H3 and H3K18la blots are from parallel-processed separate gels (size conflict) with samples from the same experiment. P Representative luminescence images and Quantification of radiance intensity of the mouse model in ( H ). Q Survival probability of mice with orthotopically transplanted PDAC ( n = 15 mice per group). R A working model displaying the signaling pathway through which the aerobic glycolysis-mediated Lactate-PCAF-H3K18la-CXCL1 axis modulates the tumor microenvironment in pancreatic cancer, and the scientific basis for the development of a novel therapeutic strategy for PDAC. Data represent mean ± SEM. Statistical analysis was conducted using the two-tailed unpaired Student’s t test ( B , D , E , G , J – N , P ) and the log-rank test ( Q ). Source data are provided as a Source Data file.

Article Snippet: The primary antibodies used here included anti-LDHA antibody (Proteintech, #19987-1-AP, 1:3000), anti-LDHB antibody (Proteintech, #14824-1-AP, 1:5000), anti-H3 antibody (Proteintech, #17168-1-Ap, 1:3000), anti-PCAF antibody (Cell Signaling Technology, #3378S, 1:1000), anti-P300 antibody (Proteintech, #20695-1-AP, 1:500), anti-GCN5 antibody (Proteintech, #66575-1-Ig, 1:3000), anti-beta Actin antibody (PTMBIO, #PTM-5028, 1:1000), anti-human CXCL1 Polyclonal antibody (Proteintech, #12335-1-AP), anti-mouse CXCL1 Polyclonal antibody (Proteintech, #30322-1-AP), anti-L-Lactyl Lysine antibody (PTMBIO, #PTM-1401RM, 1:1000), anti-L-Lactyl-Histone H3K18 antibody (PTMBIO, #PTM-1406RM, 1:1000), anti-L-Lactyl-Histone H3K9 antibody (PTMBIO, #PTM-1419RM, 1:1000), anti-L-Lactyl-Histone H3K14 antibody (PTMBIO, #PTM-1414RM, 1:1000), anti-H4 antibody (PTMBIO, #PTM-1009, 1:1000), anti-L-Lactyl-Histone H4K12 antibody (PTMBIO, #PTM-1411RM, 1:1000), anti-L-Lactyl-Histone H4K8 antibody (PTMBIO, #PTM-1415RM, 1:1000), anti-Acetyl-Histone H3 (Lys18) antibody (PTMBIO, #PTM-114RM, 1:1000), anti-Acetyllysine antibody (PTMBIO, #PTM-101, 1:1000), and anti-Acetyl-Histone H4 (Lys8) antibody (PTMBIO, #PTM-190, 1:1000).

Techniques: Isolation, Western Blot, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay, Flow Cytometry, Two Tailed Test

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: SAGA/ATAC complexes sustain aberrant chromatin regulation and promote tumorigenesis in diffuse midline glioma

doi: 10.64898/2026.01.22.701194

Figure Lengend Snippet: a, Growth curves of SU-DIPGXIII cells transduced with shRNAs to knockdown both KAT2A and KAT2B, showing significantly reduced growth compared to control shRNA-transduced cells. b, Number of live SU-DIPGXIII+Cas9 cells expressing a control plasmid (HA/flag-GFP) or sgRNAs to KO SAGA-associated acetyltransferase activity ( TADA2B sgRNAs), or de-ubiquitinase activity ( ENY2 sgRNA). c, Schematic illustrating inhibition of histone-modifying modules of SAGA/ATAC complexes using chemical probes to target SAGA/ATAC-dependent histone acetylation (GSK4027, CPTH2, garcinol), SAGA-dependent H2A/H2B de-ubiquitination (USP22si-02), or WDR5-mediated H3K4me3 methylation (OICR-9529, WM856, WDR5-IN-4, and WDR5-IN-6). d, Average normalized cell viability from CellTiter-Glo assays conducted seven days after starting treatment of H3K27M mutant cells (teal curves) or non-transformed, H3 wildtype, control cells (black curves) with increasing doses of the KAT2A/2B bromodomain-targeting acetyltransferase inhibitor, GSK4027. e, Immunoblots confirming that treatment of BT245 cells with GSK4027 reduced H3K9ac in a dose-dependent manner, but not total H3 or SGF29 protein abundance. f-h, Dose response curves showing inhibition of H3K27M mutant DMG cell viability, but no effect on control H3 wild-type cells (black curves) following seven days of treatment with the DUB inhibitor, USP22i-S02 ( f, yellow curves), the WDR5 WIN site inhibitor, WDR5-IN-4 ( g, blue curves), or the WDR5 WBM site inhibitor, WDR5-IN-6 ( h, blue curves). i-j Average number of live SU-DIPGXIIIP*+ZsG/luc cells ( i ), and average BT245 ( j ) cell viability (CellTiter-Glo) following treatment with combinations of GSK4027 and USP22si-02 to simultaneously target both SAGA/ATAC-dependent histone acetyltransferase activity and SAGA-dependent H2A/H2B de-ubiquitination. k-l, BLISS synergy plots showing a combined effect of GSK4027 and WDR5-IN-6 treatment in reducing SU-DIPGXIIIP*+ZsG/luc growth ( k, **p<1.74×10 -3 ), and a combined effect of GSK4027 and WDR5-IN-4 treatment in reducing BT245 cell growth ( l , ****p<2.5×10 -10 ).

Article Snippet: KAT2A sgRNA1 and KAT2B sgRNA1 were obtained from AddGene (cat# 138185 and 138186).

Techniques: Transduction, Knockdown, Control, shRNA, Expressing, Plasmid Preparation, Activity Assay, Inhibition, Ubiquitin Proteomics, Methylation, Mutagenesis, Transformation Assay, Western Blot, Quantitative Proteomics