Journal: Frontiers in Immunology

Article Title: Targeting Purinergic Receptor P2RX1 Modulates Intestinal Microbiota and Alleviates Inflammation in Colitis

doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.696766

Figure Lengend Snippet: Purinergic receptor P2RX1 expression is increased in activated colitis. (A) Expression of purinergic receptors were analyzed in two Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) datasets (GSE59071 and GSE53306) containing expression profile of actively inflamed mucosa from colitis patients, and one GEO dataset (GSE22307) containing expression profile of colon tissues from DSS-induced mouse colitis. Venn diagram of significantly upregulated and downregulated genes was shown. (B, C) Expression profiles of P2RX1 in the GSE59071, GSE53306, GSE22307, and GSE16879 datasets. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, and ***P < 0.001.

Article Snippet: For P2RX1 staining, anti-P2RX1 (Alomone, APR-022, 1:80) antibody followed by an anti-rabbit-PE secondary antibody (Abcam, 1:200) was used.

Techniques: Expressing

Journal: Frontiers in Immunology

Article Title: Targeting Purinergic Receptor P2RX1 Modulates Intestinal Microbiota and Alleviates Inflammation in Colitis

doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.696766

Figure Lengend Snippet: P2RX1 ablation relieves DSS-induced mouse colitis. (A, B) WT and P2rx1 −/− mice were treated with 2% DSS for 7 days. Weight loss (A) and disease activity index (DAI) (B) were calculated (n = 6 per group). (C) Colon length of WT and P2rx1 −/− mice was measured at days 0 and 7. Representative colon tissues at day 7 were shown (n = 6 per group). Scale bar is 1 cm. (D) Histologic score of WT and P2rx1 −/− mice at days 0 and 7 was determined according to pathological examinations (n = 6 per group). (E) WT and P2rx1 −/− mice were exposed to 3% DSS for 7 days, and survival status was monitored for 25 days (n = 10 per group). *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, and ***P < 0.001.

Article Snippet: For P2RX1 staining, anti-P2RX1 (Alomone, APR-022, 1:80) antibody followed by an anti-rabbit-PE secondary antibody (Abcam, 1:200) was used.

Techniques: Activity Assay

Journal: Frontiers in Immunology

Article Title: Targeting Purinergic Receptor P2RX1 Modulates Intestinal Microbiota and Alleviates Inflammation in Colitis

doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.696766

Figure Lengend Snippet: P2RX1 ablation restricts inflammatory responses in DSS-induced mouse colitis. (A) WT and P2rx1 −/− mice were treated with 2% DSS for 7 days. At days 0, 7, and 12, colon tissues were harvested, and RNA sequencing was performed. Differential analysis was analyzed, with P <0.001 and fold change >4 being considered as significantly varied (n = 3 for D0 P2rx1 −/− group, and n = 1 for the rest of the groups). (B) KEGG pathway analysis was performed to compare the functional enrichment genes of WT and P2rx1 −/− mice at day 7. (C) A heatmap of inflammation-associated genes was shown. (D) Inflammation-associated genes were detected by RT-qPCR (n = 4 per group). (E) Neutrophils and macrophages were analyzed by flow cytometry (n = 4 per group). **P < 0.01 and ***P < 0.001.

Article Snippet: For P2RX1 staining, anti-P2RX1 (Alomone, APR-022, 1:80) antibody followed by an anti-rabbit-PE secondary antibody (Abcam, 1:200) was used.

Techniques: RNA Sequencing Assay, Functional Assay, Quantitative RT-PCR, Flow Cytometry

Journal: Frontiers in Immunology

Article Title: Targeting Purinergic Receptor P2RX1 Modulates Intestinal Microbiota and Alleviates Inflammation in Colitis

doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.696766

Figure Lengend Snippet: Intestinal microbiota is altered in DSS-treated P2rx1 −/− mice. (A) WT and P2rx1 −/− mice were treated with 2% DSS for 7 days. At days 0, 7 and 12, fecal microbiota was quantified using 16S rDNA sequencing. Principal component analysis (PCA) was performed based on the operational taxonomic units (OTUs) composition (n = 6 for D0 WT and P2rx1 −/− groups, n = 3 for the rest groups). (B) Relative abundance of bacterial phylum in the fecal microbiota was analyzed. (C) Detailed comparison of bacterial genus in WT and P2rx1 −/− mice was performed. (D) Functional metagenomics prediction analysis based on the result of 16S rDNA gene sequencing using PICRUSt1 was performed. (E) Fecal indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and indole at day 7 were detected. IL-22 mRNA and protein at day 0 and day 7 were determined (n = 4 per group). **P < 0.01.

Article Snippet: For P2RX1 staining, anti-P2RX1 (Alomone, APR-022, 1:80) antibody followed by an anti-rabbit-PE secondary antibody (Abcam, 1:200) was used.

Techniques: Sequencing, Functional Assay

Journal: Frontiers in Immunology

Article Title: Targeting Purinergic Receptor P2RX1 Modulates Intestinal Microbiota and Alleviates Inflammation in Colitis

doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.696766

Figure Lengend Snippet: Inhibition of P2RX1 promotes the efficiency of anti-TNF-α therapy in mouse colitis. (A, B) WT mice were treated with 2% DSS for 7 days. Anti-TNF-α monoclonal antibody (mAb) (0.1 mg/day) or/and P2RX1 inhibitor (NF449, 10 mg/kg/day) was/were administrated for 7 days. Weight loss (A) and disease activity index (DAI) (B) were calculated (n = 6 per group). Statistical analyses were performed at day 7. (C) At day 7, RT-qPCR was performed to detect inflammatory cytokine expression (n = 4 per group). (D) At day 7, colonic neutrophils were determined by cytometry (n = 4 per group). *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, and ***P < 0.001.

Article Snippet: For P2RX1 staining, anti-P2RX1 (Alomone, APR-022, 1:80) antibody followed by an anti-rabbit-PE secondary antibody (Abcam, 1:200) was used.

Techniques: Inhibition, Activity Assay, Quantitative RT-PCR, Expressing, Cytometry

Journal: Frontiers in Immunology

Article Title: Targeting Purinergic Receptor P2RX1 Modulates Intestinal Microbiota and Alleviates Inflammation in Colitis

doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.696766

Figure Lengend Snippet: Purinergic receptor P2RX1 expression is increased in activated colitis. (A) Expression of purinergic receptors were analyzed in two Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) datasets (GSE59071 and GSE53306) containing expression profile of actively inflamed mucosa from colitis patients, and one GEO dataset (GSE22307) containing expression profile of colon tissues from DSS-induced mouse colitis. Venn diagram of significantly upregulated and downregulated genes was shown. (B, C) Expression profiles of P2RX1 in the GSE59071, GSE53306, GSE22307, and GSE16879 datasets. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, and ***P < 0.001.

Article Snippet: For P2RX1 staining, anti-P2RX1 (Alomone, APR-022, 1:80) antibody followed by an anti-rabbit-PE secondary antibody (Abcam, 1:200) was used.

Techniques: Expressing

Journal: Frontiers in Immunology

Article Title: Targeting Purinergic Receptor P2RX1 Modulates Intestinal Microbiota and Alleviates Inflammation in Colitis

doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.696766

Figure Lengend Snippet: P2RX1 ablation relieves DSS-induced mouse colitis. (A, B) WT and P2rx1 −/− mice were treated with 2% DSS for 7 days. Weight loss (A) and disease activity index (DAI) (B) were calculated (n = 6 per group). (C) Colon length of WT and P2rx1 −/− mice was measured at days 0 and 7. Representative colon tissues at day 7 were shown (n = 6 per group). Scale bar is 1 cm. (D) Histologic score of WT and P2rx1 −/− mice at days 0 and 7 was determined according to pathological examinations (n = 6 per group). (E) WT and P2rx1 −/− mice were exposed to 3% DSS for 7 days, and survival status was monitored for 25 days (n = 10 per group). *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, and ***P < 0.001.

Article Snippet: For P2RX1 staining, anti-P2RX1 (Alomone, APR-022, 1:80) antibody followed by an anti-rabbit-PE secondary antibody (Abcam, 1:200) was used.

Techniques: Activity Assay

Journal: Frontiers in Immunology

Article Title: Targeting Purinergic Receptor P2RX1 Modulates Intestinal Microbiota and Alleviates Inflammation in Colitis

doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.696766

Figure Lengend Snippet: P2RX1 ablation restricts inflammatory responses in DSS-induced mouse colitis. (A) WT and P2rx1 −/− mice were treated with 2% DSS for 7 days. At days 0, 7, and 12, colon tissues were harvested, and RNA sequencing was performed. Differential analysis was analyzed, with P <0.001 and fold change >4 being considered as significantly varied (n = 3 for D0 P2rx1 −/− group, and n = 1 for the rest of the groups). (B) KEGG pathway analysis was performed to compare the functional enrichment genes of WT and P2rx1 −/− mice at day 7. (C) A heatmap of inflammation-associated genes was shown. (D) Inflammation-associated genes were detected by RT-qPCR (n = 4 per group). (E) Neutrophils and macrophages were analyzed by flow cytometry (n = 4 per group). **P < 0.01 and ***P < 0.001.

Article Snippet: For P2RX1 staining, anti-P2RX1 (Alomone, APR-022, 1:80) antibody followed by an anti-rabbit-PE secondary antibody (Abcam, 1:200) was used.

Techniques: RNA Sequencing Assay, Functional Assay, Quantitative RT-PCR, Flow Cytometry

Journal: Frontiers in Immunology

Article Title: Targeting Purinergic Receptor P2RX1 Modulates Intestinal Microbiota and Alleviates Inflammation in Colitis

doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.696766

Figure Lengend Snippet: Intestinal microbiota is altered in DSS-treated P2rx1 −/− mice. (A) WT and P2rx1 −/− mice were treated with 2% DSS for 7 days. At days 0, 7 and 12, fecal microbiota was quantified using 16S rDNA sequencing. Principal component analysis (PCA) was performed based on the operational taxonomic units (OTUs) composition (n = 6 for D0 WT and P2rx1 −/− groups, n = 3 for the rest groups). (B) Relative abundance of bacterial phylum in the fecal microbiota was analyzed. (C) Detailed comparison of bacterial genus in WT and P2rx1 −/− mice was performed. (D) Functional metagenomics prediction analysis based on the result of 16S rDNA gene sequencing using PICRUSt1 was performed. (E) Fecal indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and indole at day 7 were detected. IL-22 mRNA and protein at day 0 and day 7 were determined (n = 4 per group). **P < 0.01.

Article Snippet: For P2RX1 staining, anti-P2RX1 (Alomone, APR-022, 1:80) antibody followed by an anti-rabbit-PE secondary antibody (Abcam, 1:200) was used.

Techniques: Sequencing, Functional Assay

Journal: Frontiers in Immunology

Article Title: Targeting Purinergic Receptor P2RX1 Modulates Intestinal Microbiota and Alleviates Inflammation in Colitis

doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.696766

Figure Lengend Snippet: Inhibition of P2RX1 promotes the efficiency of anti-TNF-α therapy in mouse colitis. (A, B) WT mice were treated with 2% DSS for 7 days. Anti-TNF-α monoclonal antibody (mAb) (0.1 mg/day) or/and P2RX1 inhibitor (NF449, 10 mg/kg/day) was/were administrated for 7 days. Weight loss (A) and disease activity index (DAI) (B) were calculated (n = 6 per group). Statistical analyses were performed at day 7. (C) At day 7, RT-qPCR was performed to detect inflammatory cytokine expression (n = 4 per group). (D) At day 7, colonic neutrophils were determined by cytometry (n = 4 per group). *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, and ***P < 0.001.

Article Snippet: For P2RX1 staining, anti-P2RX1 (Alomone, APR-022, 1:80) antibody followed by an anti-rabbit-PE secondary antibody (Abcam, 1:200) was used.

Techniques: Inhibition, Activity Assay, Quantitative RT-PCR, Expressing, Cytometry

Journal: Nature Communications

Article Title: Identification of a subset of immunosuppressive P2RX1-negative neutrophils in pancreatic cancer liver metastasis

doi: 10.1038/s41467-020-20447-y

Figure Lengend Snippet: a Volcano plots of differential gene expression in 145 primary PDAC, 46 adjacent pancreases, 25 liver metastases and 27 adjacent livers. Red dots represent upregulated immune-related genes, and blue dots represent downregulated immune-related genes. b Immunome analyses of 26 infiltrating immune cell types in adjacent pancreas, primary PDAC, adjacent liver tissue and metastatic PDAC samples. c GO Biological Process analyses of differentially expressed genes between adjacent liver tissue and metastatic PDAC samples. d Expression analyses of P2RX1 in the adjacent pancreas, primary PDAC, adjacent liver tissue and metastatic PDAC samples from the GSE71729 and Renji cohorts. e Correlation analyses between P2RX1 and immune checkpoint molecules in metastatic PDAC samples. Bars represent mean ± standard deviation in ( d ). * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01, and *** P < 0.001, by one-way ANOVA and Tukey’s multiple comparisons test ( d left), or Student’s t test ( d right). Source data are provided as a Source data file.

Article Snippet: For P2RX1 labeling (Alomone, 1:80), primary antibody was labeled for 30 min. After washing, fluorophore-conjugated secondary antibodies were labeled for another 30 min. Before sorting, SYTOX Blue (Thermo Fisher) was added to exclude dead cells.

Techniques: Expressing, Standard Deviation

Journal: Nature Communications

Article Title: Identification of a subset of immunosuppressive P2RX1-negative neutrophils in pancreatic cancer liver metastasis

doi: 10.1038/s41467-020-20447-y

Figure Lengend Snippet: a , b P2rx1 −/− mice were generated using CRISPR/Cas9 system. Schematic diagram was shown in ( a ) and genotyping results were shown in ( b ) (representative result from three independent experiments). c , d KPC cells were intrasplenically injected to seed livers of WT and P2rx1 −/− mice, and in vivo imaging was performed at sequential times. Representative images are shown in ( c ), and quantitative results are shown in ( d ) ( n = 6 per group, three independent experiments). e Representative images of liver metastatic samples harvested at day 17. f Liver weight of liver metastatic samples was measured at day 17 ( n = 5 per group, two independent experiments). g Survival analysis of liver metastatic WT or P2rx1 −/− mice within a duration of 5 weeks ( n = 10 per group, two independent experiments). h Normal liver (D0) and two sequential stages (D3 and D17) of liver metastases in WT and P2rx1 −/− mice were harvested for RNA-seq, and PCA analyses were performed ( n = 3 for D0, n = 4 for D3 and D17). i Representative Ki67 immunohistochemical staining of WT and P2rx1 −/− liver metastases at day 17 ( n = 4 per group, two independent experiments). 100 μm of scale bar for low power fields, 25 μm of scale bar for high power fields. j Heatmap of immune checkpoint molecules in liver metastases of WT or P2rx1 −/− mice at D3 and D17 ( n = 4 per group). Bars represent mean ± standard deviation in ( d , f ). P values are derived from two-sided Student’s t test ( d , f ), or log-rank test ( g ). Source data are provided as a Source data file.

Article Snippet: For P2RX1 labeling (Alomone, 1:80), primary antibody was labeled for 30 min. After washing, fluorophore-conjugated secondary antibodies were labeled for another 30 min. Before sorting, SYTOX Blue (Thermo Fisher) was added to exclude dead cells.

Techniques: Generated, CRISPR, Injection, In Vivo Imaging, RNA Sequencing Assay, Immunohistochemical staining, Staining, Standard Deviation, Derivative Assay

Journal: Nature Communications

Article Title: Identification of a subset of immunosuppressive P2RX1-negative neutrophils in pancreatic cancer liver metastasis

doi: 10.1038/s41467-020-20447-y

Figure Lengend Snippet: a Single cell suspension was obtained from mouse spleen and expression of P2RX1 was determined in indicated immune cell types ( n = 3 per group, two independent experiments). Left dotted line indicates the mean of negative control (NC) (secondary antibody only), and right dotted line indicates the mean of Ly6G+ cells. b KPC cells were intrasplenically injected to seed livers of WT mice. A single cell suspension was obtained from liver metastases and adjacent liver tissues of WT mice at day 17. The frequency of CD45+P2RX1+ cells was determined by flow cytometry ( n = 4 per group, three independent experiments). c KPC cells were intrasplenically injected to seed livers of WT mice. Immune cells were enriched from single cell suspension of liver metastases and adjacent liver tissues at day 17. P2RX1 expression in the indicated immune cell types was determined by flow cytometry ( n = 4 per group, three independent experiments). d Representative images of H&E staining and immunofluorescence staining of P2RX1 (Green), Ly6G (Red) and DAPI (Blue) in KPC mice spontaneous liver metastases (representative results from six independent experiments). 50 μm scale bar for low power fields and 20 μm scale bar for high power fields. e , f H&E staining and immunofluorescence staining of P2RX1 (green), CD66b (red) and DAPI (blue) in a total of 20 clinical PDAC liver metastasis samples were performed. Representative images are shown in ( e ), and the percentages of P2RX1-CD66b+ cells are shown in ( f ). 50 μm scale bar for low power fields and 20 μm scale bar for high power fields. g , h KPC cells were intrasplenically injected to seed livers of BM chimeras: WT → WT, P2rx1 −/− → P2rx1 −/− , WT → P2rx1 −/− , and P2rx1 −/− → WT. Neutrophils were depleted in WT → P2rx1 −/− and P2rx1 −/− → WT mice by intraperitoneal injection of anti-Ly6G (clone 1A8) antibody. At day 17, liver metastases were analyzed by in vivo imaging ( g , n = 5 for WT → WT, P2rx1 −/− → P2rx1 −/− and WT → P2rx1 −/− groups, n = 4 for WT → P2rx1 −/− + anti-Ly6G, P2rx1 −/− → WT and P2rx1 −/− → WT + anti-Ly6G groups, two independent experiments), and representative images of liver metastatic samples were shown ( h ). Bars represent mean ± standard deviation in ( f , g ). P values are derived from two-sided Student’s t test ( c , f ), or one-way ANOVA and Tukey’s multiple comparisons test ( g ). Source data are provided as a Source data file.

Article Snippet: For P2RX1 labeling (Alomone, 1:80), primary antibody was labeled for 30 min. After washing, fluorophore-conjugated secondary antibodies were labeled for another 30 min. Before sorting, SYTOX Blue (Thermo Fisher) was added to exclude dead cells.

Techniques: Expressing, Negative Control, Injection, Flow Cytometry, Staining, Immunofluorescence, In Vivo Imaging, Standard Deviation, Derivative Assay

Journal: Nature Communications

Article Title: Identification of a subset of immunosuppressive P2RX1-negative neutrophils in pancreatic cancer liver metastasis

doi: 10.1038/s41467-020-20447-y

Figure Lengend Snippet: a – g KPC cell was intrasplenically injected to seed livers of WT mice. Bone marrow (BM) and peripheral blood (PB) were obtained at day 17. Frequencies of neutrophils, P2RX1− neutrophils, and CXCR4+ neutrophils were determined by flow cytometry and quantitative results were shown ( n = 4 per group, three independent experiments). h Bone marrow neutrophils were isolated from WT mice and stimulated with indicated stimulus. RNA-seq were performed and Log 2 (FPKM+0.001) value of purinergic receptors were shown ( n = 1 per group). Bars represent mean ± standard deviation in ( e – g ). P values are derived from two-sided Student’s t test ( e – g ). Source data are provided as a Source data file.

Article Snippet: For P2RX1 labeling (Alomone, 1:80), primary antibody was labeled for 30 min. After washing, fluorophore-conjugated secondary antibodies were labeled for another 30 min. Before sorting, SYTOX Blue (Thermo Fisher) was added to exclude dead cells.

Techniques: Injection, Flow Cytometry, Isolation, RNA Sequencing Assay, Standard Deviation, Derivative Assay

Journal: Nature Communications

Article Title: Identification of a subset of immunosuppressive P2RX1-negative neutrophils in pancreatic cancer liver metastasis

doi: 10.1038/s41467-020-20447-y

Figure Lengend Snippet: a , b KPC cells were intrasplenically injected to seed livers of WT and P2rx1 −/− mice. A single cell suspension was obtained from liver metastases at day 17. Then, P2RX1+ neutrophils were purified from WT mice, and P2rx1 −/− neutrophils were purified from P2rx1 −/− mice for RNA sequencing. The results of KEGG analysis are shown in ( a ), and comparative expression of genes is shown in ( b ) ( n = 1 per group). c Bone marrow neutrophils were isolated from WT and P2rx1 −/− mice and stimulated with tumor conditioned medium (TCM). The ECAR and OCR were then measured by a Seahorse assay in ( c ), and PD-L1 and TNF-α were detected by RT-qPCR in ( d ) ( n = 4 per group, two independent experiments). Glc, glucose; O (ECAR), oligomycin; 2-DG, 2-deoxyglucose; O (OCR), oligomycin; F, FCCP (carbonyl cyanide 4-[trifluoromethoxy] phenylhydrazone); A & R, antimycin A and rotenone. Bars represent mean ± standard deviation in ( c , d ). P values are derived from two-sided Student’s t test ( d ). Source data are provided as a Source data file.

Article Snippet: For P2RX1 labeling (Alomone, 1:80), primary antibody was labeled for 30 min. After washing, fluorophore-conjugated secondary antibodies were labeled for another 30 min. Before sorting, SYTOX Blue (Thermo Fisher) was added to exclude dead cells.

Techniques: Injection, Purification, RNA Sequencing Assay, Expressing, Isolation, Quantitative RT-PCR, Standard Deviation, Derivative Assay

Journal: Nature Communications

Article Title: Identification of a subset of immunosuppressive P2RX1-negative neutrophils in pancreatic cancer liver metastasis

doi: 10.1038/s41467-020-20447-y

Figure Lengend Snippet: a Gene set enrichment analysis comparing RNA-seq data of P2RX1+ neutrophils and P2rx1 −/− neutrophils based on Nrf2 target genes. The p value and normalized enrichment score (NES) were shown. b , c Single-cell suspensions were obtained from liver metastases of WT and P2rx1 −/− mice at day 17. Intracellular Nrf2 was stained and detected by flow cytometry ( b ) or laser scanning confocal microscopy ( c ) in WT P2RX1+ neutrophils and P2rx1 −/− neutrophils ( n = 4 per group, three independent experiments). The scale bar is 2.5 μm. d Bone marrow neutrophils were isolated from WT and P2rx1 −/− mice and stimulated with LPS + IFN-γ in the presence or absence of a Nrf2 inhibitor. The ECAR was then measured by a Seahorse assay ( n = 4 per group, two independent experiments). Glc, glucose; O, oligomycin; 2-DG, 2-deoxyglucose. e Bone marrow neutrophils were isolated from WT and P2rx1 −/− mice and stimulated with IL-4 in the presence or absence of a Nrf2 inhibitor. The OCR was then measured by a Seahorse assay ( n = 4 per group, two independent experiments). O, oligomycin; F, FCCP (carbonyl cyanide 4-[trifluoromethoxy] phenylhydrazone); A & R, antimycin A and rotenone. f Bone marrow neutrophils were isolated from WT or P2rx1 −/− mice and stimulated with LPS + IFN-γ and an inhibitor Nrf2 inhibitor. IL-1β and TNF-α were determined by RT-qPCR ( n = 4 per group, three independent experiments). Bars represent mean ± standard deviation in ( d – f ). P values are derived from permutation test ( a ), two-sided Student’s t test ( f ). Source data are provided as a Source data file.

Article Snippet: For P2RX1 labeling (Alomone, 1:80), primary antibody was labeled for 30 min. After washing, fluorophore-conjugated secondary antibodies were labeled for another 30 min. Before sorting, SYTOX Blue (Thermo Fisher) was added to exclude dead cells.

Techniques: RNA Sequencing Assay, Staining, Flow Cytometry, Confocal Microscopy, Isolation, Quantitative RT-PCR, Standard Deviation, Derivative Assay

Journal: Nature Communications

Article Title: Identification of a subset of immunosuppressive P2RX1-negative neutrophils in pancreatic cancer liver metastasis

doi: 10.1038/s41467-020-20447-y

Figure Lengend Snippet: a A single cell suspension was obtained from liver metastases of WT and P2rx1 −/− mice at day 17. Flow cytometry was performed to detect the frequency of CD8+PD-1+ (upper) and Ly6G+PD-L1 + or Ly6G+PD-L1− (lower) cells. P2RX1 expression was further determined in Ly6G+PD-L1+ and Ly6G+PD-L1− cells from WT mice ( n = 4 per group, three independent experiments). b Bone marrow neutrophils were isolated from WT and P2rx1 −/− mice and stimulated with tumor conditioned medium (TCM) or GM-CSF in the presence of a Nrf2 inhibitor or anti-GM-CSF neutralizing antibody. PD-L1 expression was detected by flow cytometry ( n = 4 per group, three independent experiments). c Integrative Genomics Viewer (IGV) was used to predict the two peaks that PD-L1 gene might be mediated by Nrf2 (upper). Bone marrow neutrophils were isolated from WT and P2rx1 −/− mice and stimulated with GM-CSF. Binding of PD-L1 gene by Nrf2 was detected by ChIP-PCR ( n = 3 per group, two independent experiments). d Bone marrow neutrophils were isolated from WT and P2rx1 −/− mice and stimulated with GM-CSF. Intracellular ROS was detected by flow cytometry ( n = 4 per group, three independent experiments). e Antigen activated CTLs was co-cultured with GM-CSF primed WT or P2rx1 −/− neutrophils. Cell proliferation was analyzed with CSFE staining in the presence or absence of anti-PD-1 neutralizing antibody ( n = 4 per group, three independent experiments). f KPC cells were transfected with empty lentiviral vector (KPC-LV) or OVA (KPC-OVA). Antigen-activated CTLs were co-cultured with KPC-LV or KPC-OVA cells in the presence of GM-CSF-primed WT or P2rx1 −/− neutrophils. Cytotoxicity was determined in the presence or absence of anti-PD-1 neutralizing antibody by counting the number of PI+ cells ( n = 4 per group, three independent experiments). Bars represent mean ± standard deviation in ( f ). P values are derived from one-way ANOVA and Tukey’s multiple comparisons test ( f ). Source data are provided as a Source data file.

Article Snippet: For P2RX1 labeling (Alomone, 1:80), primary antibody was labeled for 30 min. After washing, fluorophore-conjugated secondary antibodies were labeled for another 30 min. Before sorting, SYTOX Blue (Thermo Fisher) was added to exclude dead cells.

Techniques: Flow Cytometry, Expressing, Isolation, Binding Assay, Cell Culture, Staining, Transfection, Plasmid Preparation, Standard Deviation, Derivative Assay

Journal: Nature Communications

Article Title: Identification of a subset of immunosuppressive P2RX1-negative neutrophils in pancreatic cancer liver metastasis

doi: 10.1038/s41467-020-20447-y

Figure Lengend Snippet: a Volcano plots of differential gene expression in 145 primary PDAC, 46 adjacent pancreases, 25 liver metastases and 27 adjacent livers. Red dots represent upregulated immune-related genes, and blue dots represent downregulated immune-related genes. b Immunome analyses of 26 infiltrating immune cell types in adjacent pancreas, primary PDAC, adjacent liver tissue and metastatic PDAC samples. c GO Biological Process analyses of differentially expressed genes between adjacent liver tissue and metastatic PDAC samples. d Expression analyses of P2RX1 in the adjacent pancreas, primary PDAC, adjacent liver tissue and metastatic PDAC samples from the GSE71729 and Renji cohorts. e Correlation analyses between P2RX1 and immune checkpoint molecules in metastatic PDAC samples. Bars represent mean ± standard deviation in ( d ). * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01, and *** P < 0.001, by one-way ANOVA and Tukey’s multiple comparisons test ( d left), or Student’s t test ( d right). Source data are provided as a Source data file.

Article Snippet: After blocking with 5% skimmed milk or 3% BSA diluted in Tris buffer saline plus 0.1% Tween 20 (TBST) for 1 h at room temperature, membranes were incubated overnight with P2RX1 primary antibody (Alomone, 1:200) or β-actin (Yeasen, 1:5000), and 2 h with secondary antibody (Jackson ImmunoResearch, 1:10,000).

Techniques: Expressing, Standard Deviation

Journal: Nature Communications

Article Title: Identification of a subset of immunosuppressive P2RX1-negative neutrophils in pancreatic cancer liver metastasis

doi: 10.1038/s41467-020-20447-y

Figure Lengend Snippet: a , b P2rx1 −/− mice were generated using CRISPR/Cas9 system. Schematic diagram was shown in ( a ) and genotyping results were shown in ( b ) (representative result from three independent experiments). c , d KPC cells were intrasplenically injected to seed livers of WT and P2rx1 −/− mice, and in vivo imaging was performed at sequential times. Representative images are shown in ( c ), and quantitative results are shown in ( d ) ( n = 6 per group, three independent experiments). e Representative images of liver metastatic samples harvested at day 17. f Liver weight of liver metastatic samples was measured at day 17 ( n = 5 per group, two independent experiments). g Survival analysis of liver metastatic WT or P2rx1 −/− mice within a duration of 5 weeks ( n = 10 per group, two independent experiments). h Normal liver (D0) and two sequential stages (D3 and D17) of liver metastases in WT and P2rx1 −/− mice were harvested for RNA-seq, and PCA analyses were performed ( n = 3 for D0, n = 4 for D3 and D17). i Representative Ki67 immunohistochemical staining of WT and P2rx1 −/− liver metastases at day 17 ( n = 4 per group, two independent experiments). 100 μm of scale bar for low power fields, 25 μm of scale bar for high power fields. j Heatmap of immune checkpoint molecules in liver metastases of WT or P2rx1 −/− mice at D3 and D17 ( n = 4 per group). Bars represent mean ± standard deviation in ( d , f ). P values are derived from two-sided Student’s t test ( d , f ), or log-rank test ( g ). Source data are provided as a Source data file.

Article Snippet: After blocking with 5% skimmed milk or 3% BSA diluted in Tris buffer saline plus 0.1% Tween 20 (TBST) for 1 h at room temperature, membranes were incubated overnight with P2RX1 primary antibody (Alomone, 1:200) or β-actin (Yeasen, 1:5000), and 2 h with secondary antibody (Jackson ImmunoResearch, 1:10,000).

Techniques: Generated, CRISPR, Injection, In Vivo Imaging, RNA Sequencing Assay, Immunohistochemical staining, Staining, Standard Deviation, Derivative Assay

Journal: Nature Communications

Article Title: Identification of a subset of immunosuppressive P2RX1-negative neutrophils in pancreatic cancer liver metastasis

doi: 10.1038/s41467-020-20447-y

Figure Lengend Snippet: a Single cell suspension was obtained from mouse spleen and expression of P2RX1 was determined in indicated immune cell types ( n = 3 per group, two independent experiments). Left dotted line indicates the mean of negative control (NC) (secondary antibody only), and right dotted line indicates the mean of Ly6G+ cells. b KPC cells were intrasplenically injected to seed livers of WT mice. A single cell suspension was obtained from liver metastases and adjacent liver tissues of WT mice at day 17. The frequency of CD45+P2RX1+ cells was determined by flow cytometry ( n = 4 per group, three independent experiments). c KPC cells were intrasplenically injected to seed livers of WT mice. Immune cells were enriched from single cell suspension of liver metastases and adjacent liver tissues at day 17. P2RX1 expression in the indicated immune cell types was determined by flow cytometry ( n = 4 per group, three independent experiments). d Representative images of H&E staining and immunofluorescence staining of P2RX1 (Green), Ly6G (Red) and DAPI (Blue) in KPC mice spontaneous liver metastases (representative results from six independent experiments). 50 μm scale bar for low power fields and 20 μm scale bar for high power fields. e , f H&E staining and immunofluorescence staining of P2RX1 (green), CD66b (red) and DAPI (blue) in a total of 20 clinical PDAC liver metastasis samples were performed. Representative images are shown in ( e ), and the percentages of P2RX1-CD66b+ cells are shown in ( f ). 50 μm scale bar for low power fields and 20 μm scale bar for high power fields. g , h KPC cells were intrasplenically injected to seed livers of BM chimeras: WT → WT, P2rx1 −/− → P2rx1 −/− , WT → P2rx1 −/− , and P2rx1 −/− → WT. Neutrophils were depleted in WT → P2rx1 −/− and P2rx1 −/− → WT mice by intraperitoneal injection of anti-Ly6G (clone 1A8) antibody. At day 17, liver metastases were analyzed by in vivo imaging ( g , n = 5 for WT → WT, P2rx1 −/− → P2rx1 −/− and WT → P2rx1 −/− groups, n = 4 for WT → P2rx1 −/− + anti-Ly6G, P2rx1 −/− → WT and P2rx1 −/− → WT + anti-Ly6G groups, two independent experiments), and representative images of liver metastatic samples were shown ( h ). Bars represent mean ± standard deviation in ( f , g ). P values are derived from two-sided Student’s t test ( c , f ), or one-way ANOVA and Tukey’s multiple comparisons test ( g ). Source data are provided as a Source data file.

Article Snippet: After blocking with 5% skimmed milk or 3% BSA diluted in Tris buffer saline plus 0.1% Tween 20 (TBST) for 1 h at room temperature, membranes were incubated overnight with P2RX1 primary antibody (Alomone, 1:200) or β-actin (Yeasen, 1:5000), and 2 h with secondary antibody (Jackson ImmunoResearch, 1:10,000).

Techniques: Expressing, Negative Control, Injection, Flow Cytometry, Staining, Immunofluorescence, In Vivo Imaging, Standard Deviation, Derivative Assay

Journal: Nature Communications

Article Title: Identification of a subset of immunosuppressive P2RX1-negative neutrophils in pancreatic cancer liver metastasis

doi: 10.1038/s41467-020-20447-y

Figure Lengend Snippet: a – g KPC cell was intrasplenically injected to seed livers of WT mice. Bone marrow (BM) and peripheral blood (PB) were obtained at day 17. Frequencies of neutrophils, P2RX1− neutrophils, and CXCR4+ neutrophils were determined by flow cytometry and quantitative results were shown ( n = 4 per group, three independent experiments). h Bone marrow neutrophils were isolated from WT mice and stimulated with indicated stimulus. RNA-seq were performed and Log 2 (FPKM+0.001) value of purinergic receptors were shown ( n = 1 per group). Bars represent mean ± standard deviation in ( e – g ). P values are derived from two-sided Student’s t test ( e – g ). Source data are provided as a Source data file.

Article Snippet: After blocking with 5% skimmed milk or 3% BSA diluted in Tris buffer saline plus 0.1% Tween 20 (TBST) for 1 h at room temperature, membranes were incubated overnight with P2RX1 primary antibody (Alomone, 1:200) or β-actin (Yeasen, 1:5000), and 2 h with secondary antibody (Jackson ImmunoResearch, 1:10,000).

Techniques: Injection, Flow Cytometry, Isolation, RNA Sequencing Assay, Standard Deviation, Derivative Assay

Journal: Nature Communications

Article Title: Identification of a subset of immunosuppressive P2RX1-negative neutrophils in pancreatic cancer liver metastasis

doi: 10.1038/s41467-020-20447-y

Figure Lengend Snippet: a , b KPC cells were intrasplenically injected to seed livers of WT and P2rx1 −/− mice. A single cell suspension was obtained from liver metastases at day 17. Then, P2RX1+ neutrophils were purified from WT mice, and P2rx1 −/− neutrophils were purified from P2rx1 −/− mice for RNA sequencing. The results of KEGG analysis are shown in ( a ), and comparative expression of genes is shown in ( b ) ( n = 1 per group). c Bone marrow neutrophils were isolated from WT and P2rx1 −/− mice and stimulated with tumor conditioned medium (TCM). The ECAR and OCR were then measured by a Seahorse assay in ( c ), and PD-L1 and TNF-α were detected by RT-qPCR in ( d ) ( n = 4 per group, two independent experiments). Glc, glucose; O (ECAR), oligomycin; 2-DG, 2-deoxyglucose; O (OCR), oligomycin; F, FCCP (carbonyl cyanide 4-[trifluoromethoxy] phenylhydrazone); A & R, antimycin A and rotenone. Bars represent mean ± standard deviation in ( c , d ). P values are derived from two-sided Student’s t test ( d ). Source data are provided as a Source data file.

Article Snippet: After blocking with 5% skimmed milk or 3% BSA diluted in Tris buffer saline plus 0.1% Tween 20 (TBST) for 1 h at room temperature, membranes were incubated overnight with P2RX1 primary antibody (Alomone, 1:200) or β-actin (Yeasen, 1:5000), and 2 h with secondary antibody (Jackson ImmunoResearch, 1:10,000).

Techniques: Injection, Purification, RNA Sequencing Assay, Expressing, Isolation, Quantitative RT-PCR, Standard Deviation, Derivative Assay

Journal: Nature Communications

Article Title: Identification of a subset of immunosuppressive P2RX1-negative neutrophils in pancreatic cancer liver metastasis

doi: 10.1038/s41467-020-20447-y

Figure Lengend Snippet: a Gene set enrichment analysis comparing RNA-seq data of P2RX1+ neutrophils and P2rx1 −/− neutrophils based on Nrf2 target genes. The p value and normalized enrichment score (NES) were shown. b , c Single-cell suspensions were obtained from liver metastases of WT and P2rx1 −/− mice at day 17. Intracellular Nrf2 was stained and detected by flow cytometry ( b ) or laser scanning confocal microscopy ( c ) in WT P2RX1+ neutrophils and P2rx1 −/− neutrophils ( n = 4 per group, three independent experiments). The scale bar is 2.5 μm. d Bone marrow neutrophils were isolated from WT and P2rx1 −/− mice and stimulated with LPS + IFN-γ in the presence or absence of a Nrf2 inhibitor. The ECAR was then measured by a Seahorse assay ( n = 4 per group, two independent experiments). Glc, glucose; O, oligomycin; 2-DG, 2-deoxyglucose. e Bone marrow neutrophils were isolated from WT and P2rx1 −/− mice and stimulated with IL-4 in the presence or absence of a Nrf2 inhibitor. The OCR was then measured by a Seahorse assay ( n = 4 per group, two independent experiments). O, oligomycin; F, FCCP (carbonyl cyanide 4-[trifluoromethoxy] phenylhydrazone); A & R, antimycin A and rotenone. f Bone marrow neutrophils were isolated from WT or P2rx1 −/− mice and stimulated with LPS + IFN-γ and an inhibitor Nrf2 inhibitor. IL-1β and TNF-α were determined by RT-qPCR ( n = 4 per group, three independent experiments). Bars represent mean ± standard deviation in ( d – f ). P values are derived from permutation test ( a ), two-sided Student’s t test ( f ). Source data are provided as a Source data file.

Article Snippet: After blocking with 5% skimmed milk or 3% BSA diluted in Tris buffer saline plus 0.1% Tween 20 (TBST) for 1 h at room temperature, membranes were incubated overnight with P2RX1 primary antibody (Alomone, 1:200) or β-actin (Yeasen, 1:5000), and 2 h with secondary antibody (Jackson ImmunoResearch, 1:10,000).

Techniques: RNA Sequencing Assay, Staining, Flow Cytometry, Confocal Microscopy, Isolation, Quantitative RT-PCR, Standard Deviation, Derivative Assay

Journal: Nature Communications

Article Title: Identification of a subset of immunosuppressive P2RX1-negative neutrophils in pancreatic cancer liver metastasis

doi: 10.1038/s41467-020-20447-y

Figure Lengend Snippet: a A single cell suspension was obtained from liver metastases of WT and P2rx1 −/− mice at day 17. Flow cytometry was performed to detect the frequency of CD8+PD-1+ (upper) and Ly6G+PD-L1 + or Ly6G+PD-L1− (lower) cells. P2RX1 expression was further determined in Ly6G+PD-L1+ and Ly6G+PD-L1− cells from WT mice ( n = 4 per group, three independent experiments). b Bone marrow neutrophils were isolated from WT and P2rx1 −/− mice and stimulated with tumor conditioned medium (TCM) or GM-CSF in the presence of a Nrf2 inhibitor or anti-GM-CSF neutralizing antibody. PD-L1 expression was detected by flow cytometry ( n = 4 per group, three independent experiments). c Integrative Genomics Viewer (IGV) was used to predict the two peaks that PD-L1 gene might be mediated by Nrf2 (upper). Bone marrow neutrophils were isolated from WT and P2rx1 −/− mice and stimulated with GM-CSF. Binding of PD-L1 gene by Nrf2 was detected by ChIP-PCR ( n = 3 per group, two independent experiments). d Bone marrow neutrophils were isolated from WT and P2rx1 −/− mice and stimulated with GM-CSF. Intracellular ROS was detected by flow cytometry ( n = 4 per group, three independent experiments). e Antigen activated CTLs was co-cultured with GM-CSF primed WT or P2rx1 −/− neutrophils. Cell proliferation was analyzed with CSFE staining in the presence or absence of anti-PD-1 neutralizing antibody ( n = 4 per group, three independent experiments). f KPC cells were transfected with empty lentiviral vector (KPC-LV) or OVA (KPC-OVA). Antigen-activated CTLs were co-cultured with KPC-LV or KPC-OVA cells in the presence of GM-CSF-primed WT or P2rx1 −/− neutrophils. Cytotoxicity was determined in the presence or absence of anti-PD-1 neutralizing antibody by counting the number of PI+ cells ( n = 4 per group, three independent experiments). Bars represent mean ± standard deviation in ( f ). P values are derived from one-way ANOVA and Tukey’s multiple comparisons test ( f ). Source data are provided as a Source data file.

Article Snippet: After blocking with 5% skimmed milk or 3% BSA diluted in Tris buffer saline plus 0.1% Tween 20 (TBST) for 1 h at room temperature, membranes were incubated overnight with P2RX1 primary antibody (Alomone, 1:200) or β-actin (Yeasen, 1:5000), and 2 h with secondary antibody (Jackson ImmunoResearch, 1:10,000).

Techniques: Flow Cytometry, Expressing, Isolation, Binding Assay, Cell Culture, Staining, Transfection, Plasmid Preparation, Standard Deviation, Derivative Assay

Journal: Scientific Reports

Article Title: Induction of detrusor underactivity by extensive vascular endothelial damages of iliac arteries in a rat model and its pathophysiology in the genetic levels

doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-52811-4

Figure Lengend Snippet: Repression of P2rx1 by progressive vascular endothelial damage. ( a – c ) RQ-PCR ( a ) and western blot ( b , c ) analysis of the expressions of the cholinergic receptor muscarinic 2 ( Chrm2 ), cholinergic receptor muscarinic 3 ( Chrm3 ), and purinergic receptor P2X 1 ( P2rx1 ) genes in the bladders of rats in the indicated groups. Expression levels of the indicated transcripts are presented as % Gapdh . For western blot analysis, β-actin was used as a loading control, and the expression levels of the indicated proteins were normalized to the β-actin value. ( d , e ) Representative images ( d ) and quantification analysis ( e ) of the immunohistochemical staining for the P2rx1 protein (original magnification ×200, scale bar = 200 μm). All quantification results are presented as mean ± SEM. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, and ***p < 0.001, compared to the sham group; ### p < 0.05, ### p < 0.01, ### p < 0.001, compared with the AI-30 group according to the unpaired t -test ( c ) or one-way analysis of variance with the Bonferroni post hoc test. ( a – e ) Source data with exact p-values and number of replicates can be found in the Supplementary .

Article Snippet: Protein levels were assessed from 50 μg of extracts separated using 10% SDS-PAGE gels by probing with antibodies specific to P2rx1 (APR-001, Alomone Labs), Chrm2 (AMR-002, Alomone Labs,), Chrm3 (AMR-006, Alomone Labs, Israel), α-SMA (ab5694, Rabbit, Abcam), vimentin (sc-6260, Santa Cruz Biotechnology Inc., CA), and β-actin (Sigma-Aldrich).

Techniques: Western Blot, Expressing, Immunohistochemical staining, Staining