Journal: Neural Regeneration Research

Article Title: Activation of adult endogenous neurogenesis by a hyaluronic acid collagen gel containing basic fibroblast growth factor promotes remodeling and functional recovery of the injured cerebral cortex

doi: 10.4103/NRR.NRR-D-23-01706

Figure Lengend Snippet: bFGF-HAC gel promotes neoplastic cell proliferation at the injury site after TBI. (A) Overview of the experimental timeline. (B, C) Immunofluorescence staining revealed an increase in the number of BrdU/Nestin double-positive cells at the injury site in the bFGF-HAC gel group in comparison to those in the LC and HAC gel group 7 days after TBI. The right panel showed magnified images on the areas indicated in white boxes on the left. BrdU (red, Alexa Fluor 555), Nestin (green, Alexa Fluor 488), DAPI (blue). *Undegraded active biological materials. All data are expressed as mean ± SEM ( n = 6 mice/group). *** P < 0.001, vs. sham group; ## P < 0.01, vs . LC group (one-way analysis of variance followed by least significant difference post hoc test). bFGF: Basic fibroblast growth factor; Cx: cortex; DAPI: 4,6-diamino-2-phenylindole; DPO: days post operation; HAC: hyaluronate collagen; i.p.: intraperitoneal injection; LC: lesion control; LV: lateral ventricle; TBI: traumatic brain injury.

Article Snippet: Finally, they were incubated at 4°C for 60 hours with the following primary antibodies: rat monoclonal anti-BrdU antibody (1:200; Abcam, Cambridge, UK, Cat# ab6326, RRID: AB_305426), chicken anti-Nestin antibody (1:100; Abcam, Cat# ab134017; RRID: AB_2753197), rabbit anti-doublecortin (DCX) antibody (1:500; Abcam, Cat# ab18723, RRID: AB_732011), rabbit anti-β-tubulin III (Tuj1) antibody (1:500; Sigma-Aldrich, Cat# T2200, RRID: AB_262133), rabbit anti-NeuN antibody (1:500; Abcam, Cat# ab177487, RRID: AB_2532109), chicken anti-microtubule associated protein2 (MAP2) antibody (1:500; Abcam, Cat# ab92434, RRID: AB_2138147), rabbit anti-vesicular glutamate transporter 1 (vGluT1) antibody (1:1000; Synaptic Systems, Göttingen, Niedersachsen, Germany, Cat# 135302, RRID: AB_887877), chicken anti-glutamate decarboxylase 67 (GAD67) antibody (1:1000; Abcam, Cat# ab75712, RRID: AB_1310248), rabbit anti-forkhead box P2 (FOXP2) antibody (1:200; Abcam, Cat# ab16046, RRID: AB_2107107), rabbit anti-special AT-rich sequence-binding protein 2 (SATB2) antibody (1:200; Abcam, Cat# ab92446, RRID: AB_10563678), rabbit anti-COUP-TF-interacting protein 2 (CTIP2) antibody (1:200; Abcam, Cat# ab28448, RRID: AB_1140055), rabbit anti-synapsin I antibody (1:200, Abcam, Cat# ab254349, RRID: AB_2920663), and rabbit anti-PSD95 antibody (1:200, Abcam, Cat# ab18258, RRID: AB_444362).

Techniques: Immunofluorescence, Staining, Comparison, Injection, Control

Journal: Neural Regeneration Research

Article Title: Activation of adult endogenous neurogenesis by a hyaluronic acid collagen gel containing basic fibroblast growth factor promotes remodeling and functional recovery of the injured cerebral cortex

doi: 10.4103/NRR.NRR-D-23-01706

Figure Lengend Snippet: bFGF-HAC gel promotes newborn neuron regeneration at the site of injury after TBI. (A) Overview of the experimental timeline. (B, C) Representative immunofluorescence images (B) and statistical analysis (C) of BrdU/Tuj1 double-positive newborn neurons in each group 14 days after TBI. Compared with the LC group and HAC group, the number of BrdU/Tuj1 double-positive cells in the bFGF-HAC gel group was markedly increased. The right panel shows enlarged images of the areas indicated by white boxes on the left. BrdU (red, Alexa Fluor 555), Tuj1 (green, Alexa Fluor 488), DAPI (blue). Undegraded active biological materials. (D, E) Representative immunofluorescence images (D) and statistical analysis (E) of BrdU/NeuN double-positive newborn neurons in each group 56 days after TBI. Compared with the LC group and HAC group, the number of BrdU/NeuN double-positive cells in the bFGF-HAC gel group was markedly increased. The right panel shows enlarged images of the areas indicated by white boxes on the left. BrdU (red, Alexa Fluor 555), NeuN (green, Alexa Fluor 488), DAPI (blue). *Undegraded active biological materials. (E) Ratio of BrdU/NeuN double-positive newborn neurons to NeuN-positive cells at the injury site. All data are expressed as mean ± SEM ( n = 6 mice/group). *** P < 0.001 (one-way analysis of variance followed by least significant difference post hoc test). bFGF: Basic fibroblast growth factor; DAPI: 4,6-diamino-2-phenylindole; DPO: days post operation; HAC: hyaluronate collagen; i.p.: intraperitoneal injection; LC: lesion control; TBI: traumatic brain injury; Tuj1: β-tubulin III.

Article Snippet: Finally, they were incubated at 4°C for 60 hours with the following primary antibodies: rat monoclonal anti-BrdU antibody (1:200; Abcam, Cambridge, UK, Cat# ab6326, RRID: AB_305426), chicken anti-Nestin antibody (1:100; Abcam, Cat# ab134017; RRID: AB_2753197), rabbit anti-doublecortin (DCX) antibody (1:500; Abcam, Cat# ab18723, RRID: AB_732011), rabbit anti-β-tubulin III (Tuj1) antibody (1:500; Sigma-Aldrich, Cat# T2200, RRID: AB_262133), rabbit anti-NeuN antibody (1:500; Abcam, Cat# ab177487, RRID: AB_2532109), chicken anti-microtubule associated protein2 (MAP2) antibody (1:500; Abcam, Cat# ab92434, RRID: AB_2138147), rabbit anti-vesicular glutamate transporter 1 (vGluT1) antibody (1:1000; Synaptic Systems, Göttingen, Niedersachsen, Germany, Cat# 135302, RRID: AB_887877), chicken anti-glutamate decarboxylase 67 (GAD67) antibody (1:1000; Abcam, Cat# ab75712, RRID: AB_1310248), rabbit anti-forkhead box P2 (FOXP2) antibody (1:200; Abcam, Cat# ab16046, RRID: AB_2107107), rabbit anti-special AT-rich sequence-binding protein 2 (SATB2) antibody (1:200; Abcam, Cat# ab92446, RRID: AB_10563678), rabbit anti-COUP-TF-interacting protein 2 (CTIP2) antibody (1:200; Abcam, Cat# ab28448, RRID: AB_1140055), rabbit anti-synapsin I antibody (1:200, Abcam, Cat# ab254349, RRID: AB_2920663), and rabbit anti-PSD95 antibody (1:200, Abcam, Cat# ab18258, RRID: AB_444362).

Techniques: Immunofluorescence, Injection, Control

Journal: Neural Regeneration Research

Article Title: Activation of adult endogenous neurogenesis by a hyaluronic acid collagen gel containing basic fibroblast growth factor promotes remodeling and functional recovery of the injured cerebral cortex

doi: 10.4103/NRR.NRR-D-23-01706

Figure Lengend Snippet: bFGF-HAC gel encourages newborn neuron differentiation to reconstruct the original layered architecture of the cerebral cortex in the injured area after TBI. (A) Overview of the experimental timeline. (B) BrdU/SATB2 double-positive, BrdU/CTIP2 double-positive, and BrdU/FOXP2 double-positive newborn neurons were detected in the bFGF-HAC gel group 90 days after TBI. BrdU (red, Alexa Fluor 555), SATB2 (green, Alexa Fluor 488), CTIP2 (green, Alexa Fluor 488), FOXP2 (green, Alexa Fluor 488), DAPI (blue). (C) At 90 days after TBI, surviving neurons in the bFGF-HAC gel group had differentiated into BrdU/Tuj1/vGluT1 triple-positive and BrdU/Tuj1/vGAD67 triple-positive neurons. BrdU (gray, Alexa Fluor 647), Tuj1 (red, Alexa Fluor 594), vGluT1 (green, Alexa Fluor 488), GAD67 (green, Alexa Fluor 488), DAPI (blue). *Undegraded active biological materials. bFGF: Basic fibroblast growth factor; CTIP2: COUP-TF-interacting protein 2; DAPI: 4,6-diamino-2-phenylindole; FOXP2: forkhead box P2; GAD67: glutamate decarboxylase 67; HAC: hyaluronate collagen; i.p.: intraperitoneal injection; SATB2: special AT-rich sequence-binding protein 2; TBI: traumatic brain injury; Tuj1: β-tubulin III; vGluT1: vesicular glutamate transporter 1.

Article Snippet: Finally, they were incubated at 4°C for 60 hours with the following primary antibodies: rat monoclonal anti-BrdU antibody (1:200; Abcam, Cambridge, UK, Cat# ab6326, RRID: AB_305426), chicken anti-Nestin antibody (1:100; Abcam, Cat# ab134017; RRID: AB_2753197), rabbit anti-doublecortin (DCX) antibody (1:500; Abcam, Cat# ab18723, RRID: AB_732011), rabbit anti-β-tubulin III (Tuj1) antibody (1:500; Sigma-Aldrich, Cat# T2200, RRID: AB_262133), rabbit anti-NeuN antibody (1:500; Abcam, Cat# ab177487, RRID: AB_2532109), chicken anti-microtubule associated protein2 (MAP2) antibody (1:500; Abcam, Cat# ab92434, RRID: AB_2138147), rabbit anti-vesicular glutamate transporter 1 (vGluT1) antibody (1:1000; Synaptic Systems, Göttingen, Niedersachsen, Germany, Cat# 135302, RRID: AB_887877), chicken anti-glutamate decarboxylase 67 (GAD67) antibody (1:1000; Abcam, Cat# ab75712, RRID: AB_1310248), rabbit anti-forkhead box P2 (FOXP2) antibody (1:200; Abcam, Cat# ab16046, RRID: AB_2107107), rabbit anti-special AT-rich sequence-binding protein 2 (SATB2) antibody (1:200; Abcam, Cat# ab92446, RRID: AB_10563678), rabbit anti-COUP-TF-interacting protein 2 (CTIP2) antibody (1:200; Abcam, Cat# ab28448, RRID: AB_1140055), rabbit anti-synapsin I antibody (1:200, Abcam, Cat# ab254349, RRID: AB_2920663), and rabbit anti-PSD95 antibody (1:200, Abcam, Cat# ab18258, RRID: AB_444362).

Techniques: Injection, Sequencing, Binding Assay

Journal: Neural Regeneration Research

Article Title: Activation of adult endogenous neurogenesis by a hyaluronic acid collagen gel containing basic fibroblast growth factor promotes remodeling and functional recovery of the injured cerebral cortex

doi: 10.4103/NRR.NRR-D-23-01706

Figure Lengend Snippet: bFGF-HAC gel promotes synapse formation by newborn neurons at the injury site after TBI. (A) Overview of the experimental timeline. (B) BrdU/Tuj1/synapsin I (presynaptic component) triple-positive and BrdU/Tuj1/PSD95 (postsynaptic component) triple-positive newborn neurons were detected at the injury site in the bFGF-HAC gel group 90 days after TBI. BrdU (gray, Alexa Fluor 647), synapsin I (red, Alexa Fluor 594), PSD95 (red, Alexa Fluor 568), Tuj1 (green, Alexa Fluor 488), and DAPI (blue). *Undegraded active biological materials. bFGF: Basic fibroblast growth factor; DAPI: 4,6-diamino-2-phenylindole; HAC: hyaluronate collagen; i.p.: intraperitoneal injection; PSD95: postsynaptic density protein 95; TBI: traumatic brain injury; Tuj1: β-tubulin III.

Article Snippet: Finally, they were incubated at 4°C for 60 hours with the following primary antibodies: rat monoclonal anti-BrdU antibody (1:200; Abcam, Cambridge, UK, Cat# ab6326, RRID: AB_305426), chicken anti-Nestin antibody (1:100; Abcam, Cat# ab134017; RRID: AB_2753197), rabbit anti-doublecortin (DCX) antibody (1:500; Abcam, Cat# ab18723, RRID: AB_732011), rabbit anti-β-tubulin III (Tuj1) antibody (1:500; Sigma-Aldrich, Cat# T2200, RRID: AB_262133), rabbit anti-NeuN antibody (1:500; Abcam, Cat# ab177487, RRID: AB_2532109), chicken anti-microtubule associated protein2 (MAP2) antibody (1:500; Abcam, Cat# ab92434, RRID: AB_2138147), rabbit anti-vesicular glutamate transporter 1 (vGluT1) antibody (1:1000; Synaptic Systems, Göttingen, Niedersachsen, Germany, Cat# 135302, RRID: AB_887877), chicken anti-glutamate decarboxylase 67 (GAD67) antibody (1:1000; Abcam, Cat# ab75712, RRID: AB_1310248), rabbit anti-forkhead box P2 (FOXP2) antibody (1:200; Abcam, Cat# ab16046, RRID: AB_2107107), rabbit anti-special AT-rich sequence-binding protein 2 (SATB2) antibody (1:200; Abcam, Cat# ab92446, RRID: AB_10563678), rabbit anti-COUP-TF-interacting protein 2 (CTIP2) antibody (1:200; Abcam, Cat# ab28448, RRID: AB_1140055), rabbit anti-synapsin I antibody (1:200, Abcam, Cat# ab254349, RRID: AB_2920663), and rabbit anti-PSD95 antibody (1:200, Abcam, Cat# ab18258, RRID: AB_444362).

Techniques: Injection

Journal: Neural Regeneration Research

Article Title: Activation of adult endogenous neurogenesis by a hyaluronic acid collagen gel containing basic fibroblast growth factor promotes remodeling and functional recovery of the injured cerebral cortex

doi: 10.4103/NRR.NRR-D-23-01706

Figure Lengend Snippet: bFGF-HAC gel promotes integration of newborn neurons into existing neural circuits at the injury site after TBI. (A) Overview of the experimental timeline. Created with BioRender.com. (B) At 90 days after TBI, BrdU/Tuj1 double-positive neurons at the injury site in the bFGF-HAC gel group were observed forming synaptic connections with mCherry-positive fibers from the VL region of the thalamus. (C) At 90 days after TBI, BrdU/Tuj1 double-positive neurons were detected at the injury site in the bFGF-HAC gel group forming synaptic connections with mCherry-positive fibers from the contralateral motor cortex. BrdU (gray, Alexa Fluor 647), Tuj1 (green, Alexa Fluor 488), mCherry (red, Alexa Fluor594), DAPI (blue). *Undegraded active biological materials. bFGF: Basic fibroblast growth factor; DAPI: 4,6-diamino-2-phenylindole; HAC: hyaluronate collagen; i.p.: intraperitoneal injection; TBI: traumatic brain injury; Tuj1: β-tubulin III; VL: ventral lateral nucleus.

Article Snippet: Finally, they were incubated at 4°C for 60 hours with the following primary antibodies: rat monoclonal anti-BrdU antibody (1:200; Abcam, Cambridge, UK, Cat# ab6326, RRID: AB_305426), chicken anti-Nestin antibody (1:100; Abcam, Cat# ab134017; RRID: AB_2753197), rabbit anti-doublecortin (DCX) antibody (1:500; Abcam, Cat# ab18723, RRID: AB_732011), rabbit anti-β-tubulin III (Tuj1) antibody (1:500; Sigma-Aldrich, Cat# T2200, RRID: AB_262133), rabbit anti-NeuN antibody (1:500; Abcam, Cat# ab177487, RRID: AB_2532109), chicken anti-microtubule associated protein2 (MAP2) antibody (1:500; Abcam, Cat# ab92434, RRID: AB_2138147), rabbit anti-vesicular glutamate transporter 1 (vGluT1) antibody (1:1000; Synaptic Systems, Göttingen, Niedersachsen, Germany, Cat# 135302, RRID: AB_887877), chicken anti-glutamate decarboxylase 67 (GAD67) antibody (1:1000; Abcam, Cat# ab75712, RRID: AB_1310248), rabbit anti-forkhead box P2 (FOXP2) antibody (1:200; Abcam, Cat# ab16046, RRID: AB_2107107), rabbit anti-special AT-rich sequence-binding protein 2 (SATB2) antibody (1:200; Abcam, Cat# ab92446, RRID: AB_10563678), rabbit anti-COUP-TF-interacting protein 2 (CTIP2) antibody (1:200; Abcam, Cat# ab28448, RRID: AB_1140055), rabbit anti-synapsin I antibody (1:200, Abcam, Cat# ab254349, RRID: AB_2920663), and rabbit anti-PSD95 antibody (1:200, Abcam, Cat# ab18258, RRID: AB_444362).

Techniques: Injection

Journal: Neural Regeneration Research

Article Title: Activation of adult endogenous neurogenesis by a hyaluronic acid collagen gel containing basic fibroblast growth factor promotes remodeling and functional recovery of the injured cerebral cortex

doi: 10.4103/NRR.NRR-D-23-01706

Figure Lengend Snippet: bFGF-HAC gel promotes integration of newborn neurons into the CST circuit of at the injury site after TBI. (A) Overview of the experimental timeline. (B) Retrograde tracing of CST neural circuits 90 days after TBI. Created with BioRender.com. (C) Distribution of EGFP- and/or mRuby-positive cells in the M1 region of the injured area in the sham group, the LC group, and the bFGF-HAC gel group 90 days after TBI. Unlike in the LC group, BrdU/Tuj1 double-positive neurons in the injured cortical area in the bFGF-HAC gel group also expressed PRV-EGFP and PRV-mRuby. The dashed line in LC group images represents the injured area. BrdU (gray, Alexa Fluor 647), PRV-EGFP (green, Alexa Fluor 488), PRV-mRuby (red, Alexa Fluor 594), Tuj1 (blue, Alexa Fluor 405). *Undegraded active biological materials. bFGF: Basic fibroblast growth factor; CST: corticospinal tract; DAPI: 4,6-diamino-2-phenylindole; DPO: days post operation; HAC: hyaluronate collagen; i.p.: intraperitoneal injection; LC: lesion control; TBI: traumatic brain injury; Tuj1: β-tubulin III.

Article Snippet: Finally, they were incubated at 4°C for 60 hours with the following primary antibodies: rat monoclonal anti-BrdU antibody (1:200; Abcam, Cambridge, UK, Cat# ab6326, RRID: AB_305426), chicken anti-Nestin antibody (1:100; Abcam, Cat# ab134017; RRID: AB_2753197), rabbit anti-doublecortin (DCX) antibody (1:500; Abcam, Cat# ab18723, RRID: AB_732011), rabbit anti-β-tubulin III (Tuj1) antibody (1:500; Sigma-Aldrich, Cat# T2200, RRID: AB_262133), rabbit anti-NeuN antibody (1:500; Abcam, Cat# ab177487, RRID: AB_2532109), chicken anti-microtubule associated protein2 (MAP2) antibody (1:500; Abcam, Cat# ab92434, RRID: AB_2138147), rabbit anti-vesicular glutamate transporter 1 (vGluT1) antibody (1:1000; Synaptic Systems, Göttingen, Niedersachsen, Germany, Cat# 135302, RRID: AB_887877), chicken anti-glutamate decarboxylase 67 (GAD67) antibody (1:1000; Abcam, Cat# ab75712, RRID: AB_1310248), rabbit anti-forkhead box P2 (FOXP2) antibody (1:200; Abcam, Cat# ab16046, RRID: AB_2107107), rabbit anti-special AT-rich sequence-binding protein 2 (SATB2) antibody (1:200; Abcam, Cat# ab92446, RRID: AB_10563678), rabbit anti-COUP-TF-interacting protein 2 (CTIP2) antibody (1:200; Abcam, Cat# ab28448, RRID: AB_1140055), rabbit anti-synapsin I antibody (1:200, Abcam, Cat# ab254349, RRID: AB_2920663), and rabbit anti-PSD95 antibody (1:200, Abcam, Cat# ab18258, RRID: AB_444362).

Techniques: Retrograde Tracing, Injection, Control

Journal: Neural Regeneration Research

Article Title: Activation of adult endogenous neurogenesis by a hyaluronic acid collagen gel containing basic fibroblast growth factor promotes remodeling and functional recovery of the injured cerebral cortex

doi: 10.4103/NRR.NRR-D-23-01706

Figure Lengend Snippet: bFGF-HAC gel promotes Nestin + NSC activation and ectopic migration. (A) Overview of the experimental timeline. (B, C) Representative immunofluorescence images (B) and statistical analysis (C) of BrdU/tdTomato double-positive newborn cells in the ipsilateral SVZ of each group 7 days after TBI. Compared with the sham group, the number and ratio of BrdU/tdTomato double-positive cells in the ipsilateral SVZ in the LC and HAC groups was significantly increased. The number of BrdU/tdTomato double-positive cells was further increased in the bFGF-HAC gel group. (D, E) Representative immunofluorescence images (D) and statistical analysis (E) of BrdU/tdTomato/DCX triple-positive newborn cells in the ipsilateral SVZ in each group 14 days after TBI. Compared with the sham group, the number of BrdU/tdTomato/DCX triple-positive cells in the ipsilateral SVZ in the LC and HAC groups was significantly increased. The number of BrdU/tdTomato double-positive cells was further increased in the bFGF-HAC gel group. All data are expressed as mean ± SEM ( n = 6 mice/group). ** P < 0.01, *** P < 0.001 (one-way analysis of variance followed by least significant difference post hoc test). (F) Distribution of BrdU/tdTomato/Tuj1 triple-positive cells at the injury site in the bFGF-HAC gel group 14 days after TBI. BrdU (gray, Alexa Fluor 647), tdTomato (red, Alexa Fluor 594), DCX (green, Alexa Fluor 488), Tuj1 (green, Alexa Fluor488), DAPI (blue). *Undegraded active biological materials. bFGF: Basic fibroblast growth factor; DAPI: 4,6-diamino-2-phenylindole; DCX: doublecortin; DPO: days post operation; HAC: hyaluronate collagen; i.p.: intraperitoneal injection; LC: lesion control; NSC: neural stem cell; SVZ: the subventricular zone; TBI: traumatic brain injury; Tuj1: β-tubulin III.

Article Snippet: Finally, they were incubated at 4°C for 60 hours with the following primary antibodies: rat monoclonal anti-BrdU antibody (1:200; Abcam, Cambridge, UK, Cat# ab6326, RRID: AB_305426), chicken anti-Nestin antibody (1:100; Abcam, Cat# ab134017; RRID: AB_2753197), rabbit anti-doublecortin (DCX) antibody (1:500; Abcam, Cat# ab18723, RRID: AB_732011), rabbit anti-β-tubulin III (Tuj1) antibody (1:500; Sigma-Aldrich, Cat# T2200, RRID: AB_262133), rabbit anti-NeuN antibody (1:500; Abcam, Cat# ab177487, RRID: AB_2532109), chicken anti-microtubule associated protein2 (MAP2) antibody (1:500; Abcam, Cat# ab92434, RRID: AB_2138147), rabbit anti-vesicular glutamate transporter 1 (vGluT1) antibody (1:1000; Synaptic Systems, Göttingen, Niedersachsen, Germany, Cat# 135302, RRID: AB_887877), chicken anti-glutamate decarboxylase 67 (GAD67) antibody (1:1000; Abcam, Cat# ab75712, RRID: AB_1310248), rabbit anti-forkhead box P2 (FOXP2) antibody (1:200; Abcam, Cat# ab16046, RRID: AB_2107107), rabbit anti-special AT-rich sequence-binding protein 2 (SATB2) antibody (1:200; Abcam, Cat# ab92446, RRID: AB_10563678), rabbit anti-COUP-TF-interacting protein 2 (CTIP2) antibody (1:200; Abcam, Cat# ab28448, RRID: AB_1140055), rabbit anti-synapsin I antibody (1:200, Abcam, Cat# ab254349, RRID: AB_2920663), and rabbit anti-PSD95 antibody (1:200, Abcam, Cat# ab18258, RRID: AB_444362).

Techniques: Activation Assay, Migration, Immunofluorescence, Injection, Control

Journal: Neural Regeneration Research

Article Title: High-dose dexamethasone regulates microglial polarization via the GR/JAK1/STAT3 signaling pathway after traumatic brain injury

doi: 10.4103/NRR.NRR-D-23-01772

Figure Lengend Snippet: Microglial activation in response to LPS and DEX treatment. (A) Representative immunofluorescence images showing that DEX treatment decreases M1 and M2 microglial polarization in cultured BV2 cells and primary microglia after exposure to LPS. Scale bars: 20 μm. Red represents Iba1, and green represents Arg1 or iNOS. (B) Counts of Arg1- and iNOS-positive cells normalized to Iba1-positive cells. * P < 0.05, vs . Control; # P < 0.05, vs . LPS (one-way analysis of variance with the least significant difference test). Data are presented as mean ± SD, n = 3. DAPI: 4′,6-Diamidino-2-phenylindole; DEX: dexamethasone; LPS: lipopolysaccharide.

Article Snippet: After blocking, cells were incubated with primary antibodies: rabbit monoclonal anti-ionized calcium binding adaptor molecule 1 (Iba1) (1:200, Abcam, Cat# ab289370), mouse monoclonal anti-Arg1 (1:100, Abcam, Cat# ab239731), and mouse monoclonal anti-inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) (1:500, Abcam, Cat# ab210823) for 24 hours at 4°C.

Techniques: Activation Assay, Immunofluorescence, Cell Culture, Control