brp lpa (Echelon Biosciences)


Structured Review

Brp Lpa, supplied by Echelon Biosciences, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 90/100, based on 16 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
https://www.bioz.com/result/brp lpa/product/Echelon Biosciences
Average 90 stars, based on 16 article reviews
Price from $9.99 to $1999.99
Images
1) Product Images from "Different agonists induce distinct single-channel conductance states in TRPV1 channels"
Article Title: Different agonists induce distinct single-channel conductance states in TRPV1 channels
Journal: The Journal of General Physiology
doi: 10.1085/jgp.201812141

Figure Legend Snippet: LPA produces an increase in single-channel currents in TRPV1 channels heterologously expressed in HEK293. (A–D) Representative traces from single-channel recordings of TRPV1 channels in the inside-out configuration, as compared with capsaicin. The letters c and o represent the closed and open state levels shown in the histograms. The vertical dotted lines represent the average single-current amplitude elicited by capsaicin (6.84 ± 0.23 pA; n = 24) before the application of treatment. (A) Capsaicin 4 µM + BSA 0.0005% (6.57 ± 1 pA; n = 4). (B) LPA 5 µM in BSA 0.0005% (9.66 ± 0.23 pA; n = 10). (C) BrP-LPA 5 µM (8.97 ± 0.27 pA; n = 6). (D) Capsaicin 5 µM + 2.5 µM LPC (7.34 ± 0.41 pA; n = 3). (E) Summary of the results in A–D. Lines between the symbols indicate average ± SEM. *, statistical significance P
Techniques Used:
2) Product Images from "1-Oleyl-lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) promotes polarization of BV-2 and primary murine microglia towards an M1-like phenotype"
Article Title: 1-Oleyl-lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) promotes polarization of BV-2 and primary murine microglia towards an M1-like phenotype
Journal: Journal of Neuroinflammation
doi: 10.1186/s12974-016-0701-9

Figure Legend Snippet: LPA receptor antagonists attenuate M1 surface marker expression in BV-2 cells. Serum-starved (o/n) cells were cultivated in the presence of vehicle, LPA (1 μM), or LPA plus a BrP-LPA (5 μM) and b TCLPA5 (5 μM) for the indicated times. Inhibitors were added 2 h prior LPA addition. Cells were stained with PE-conjugated anti-CD40, APC-conjugated anti-CD86, or PE-conjugated anti-CD206 antibodies and analyzed using a Guava easyCyte 8 Millipore flow cytometer. Results from four individual experiments in triplicate are shown as mean values + SD. (* p
Techniques Used: Marker, Expressing, Staining, Flow Cytometry

Figure Legend Snippet: Inhibition of LPA5 suppresses the LPA-induced pro-inflammatory phenotype in BV-2 and primary murine microglia. a Serum-starved BV-2 cells were treated with LPA in the absence or presence of BrP-LPA (5 μM; upper panel) or TCLPA5 (5 μM; lower panel) added 2 h prior to LPA addition. COX-2 and Arg-1 response was monitored using Western blotting. One representative plot for each protein and the densitometric analysis (mean + SD) from four independent experiments is presented. (** p
Techniques Used: Inhibition, Western Blot
3) Product Images from "1-Oleyl-lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) promotes polarization of BV-2 and primary murine microglia towards an M1-like phenotype"
Article Title: 1-Oleyl-lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) promotes polarization of BV-2 and primary murine microglia towards an M1-like phenotype
Journal: Journal of Neuroinflammation
doi: 10.1186/s12974-016-0701-9

Figure Legend Snippet: LPA receptor antagonists attenuate M1 surface marker expression in BV-2 cells. Serum-starved (o/n) cells were cultivated in the presence of vehicle, LPA (1 μM), or LPA plus a BrP-LPA (5 μM) and b TCLPA5 (5 μM) for the indicated times. Inhibitors were added 2 h prior LPA addition. Cells were stained with PE-conjugated anti-CD40, APC-conjugated anti-CD86, or PE-conjugated anti-CD206 antibodies and analyzed using a Guava easyCyte 8 Millipore flow cytometer. Results from four individual experiments in triplicate are shown as mean values + SD. (* p
Techniques Used: Marker, Expressing, Staining, Flow Cytometry

Figure Legend Snippet: Inhibition of LPA5 suppresses the LPA-induced pro-inflammatory phenotype in BV-2 and primary murine microglia. a Serum-starved BV-2 cells were treated with LPA in the absence or presence of BrP-LPA (5 μM; upper panel) or TCLPA5 (5 μM; lower panel) added 2 h prior to LPA addition. COX-2 and Arg-1 response was monitored using Western blotting. One representative plot for each protein and the densitometric analysis (mean + SD) from four independent experiments is presented. (** p
Techniques Used: Inhibition, Western Blot
4) Product Images from "Elevated and secreted phospholipase A2 activities as new potential therapeutic targets in human epithelial ovarian cancer"
Article Title: Elevated and secreted phospholipase A2 activities as new potential therapeutic targets in human epithelial ovarian cancer
Journal: The FASEB Journal
doi: 10.1096/fj.12-207597

Figure Legend Snippet: Ex vivo lipid generation in S1 and S4 ascites fractions is time-dependent and sensitive to MAFP, BEL, and BrP-LPA
Techniques Used: Ex Vivo

Figure Legend Snippet: Ex vivo lipid generation in S1 and S4 ascites fractions is time-dependent and sensitive to MAFP, BEL, and BrP-LPA
Techniques Used: Ex Vivo
5) Product Images from "Different agonists induce distinct single-channel conductance states in TRPV1 channels"
Article Title: Different agonists induce distinct single-channel conductance states in TRPV1 channels
Journal: The Journal of General Physiology
doi: 10.1085/jgp.201812141

Figure Legend Snippet: LPA produces an increase in single-channel currents in TRPV1 channels heterologously expressed in HEK293. (A–D) Representative traces from single-channel recordings of TRPV1 channels in the inside-out configuration, as compared with capsaicin. The letters c and o represent the closed and open state levels shown in the histograms. The vertical dotted lines represent the average single-current amplitude elicited by capsaicin (6.84 ± 0.23 pA; n = 24) before the application of treatment. (A) Capsaicin 4 µM + BSA 0.0005% (6.57 ± 1 pA; n = 4). (B) LPA 5 µM in BSA 0.0005% (9.66 ± 0.23 pA; n = 10). (C) BrP-LPA 5 µM (8.97 ± 0.27 pA; n = 6). (D) Capsaicin 5 µM + 2.5 µM LPC (7.34 ± 0.41 pA; n = 3). (E) Summary of the results in A–D. Lines between the symbols indicate average ± SEM. *, statistical significance P
Techniques Used:
6) Product Images from "1-Oleyl-lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) promotes polarization of BV-2 and primary murine microglia towards an M1-like phenotype"
Article Title: 1-Oleyl-lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) promotes polarization of BV-2 and primary murine microglia towards an M1-like phenotype
Journal: Journal of Neuroinflammation
doi: 10.1186/s12974-016-0701-9

Figure Legend Snippet: LPA receptor antagonists attenuate M1 surface marker expression in BV-2 cells. Serum-starved (o/n) cells were cultivated in the presence of vehicle, LPA (1 μM), or LPA plus a BrP-LPA (5 μM) and b TCLPA5 (5 μM) for the indicated times. Inhibitors were added 2 h prior LPA addition. Cells were stained with PE-conjugated anti-CD40, APC-conjugated anti-CD86, or PE-conjugated anti-CD206 antibodies and analyzed using a Guava easyCyte 8 Millipore flow cytometer. Results from four individual experiments in triplicate are shown as mean values + SD. (* p
Techniques Used: Marker, Expressing, Staining, Flow Cytometry

Figure Legend Snippet: Inhibition of LPA5 suppresses the LPA-induced pro-inflammatory phenotype in BV-2 and primary murine microglia. a Serum-starved BV-2 cells were treated with LPA in the absence or presence of BrP-LPA (5 μM; upper panel) or TCLPA5 (5 μM; lower panel) added 2 h prior to LPA addition. COX-2 and Arg-1 response was monitored using Western blotting. One representative plot for each protein and the densitometric analysis (mean + SD) from four independent experiments is presented. (** p
Techniques Used: Inhibition, Western Blot
7) Product Images from "1-Oleyl-lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) promotes polarization of BV-2 and primary murine microglia towards an M1-like phenotype"
Article Title: 1-Oleyl-lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) promotes polarization of BV-2 and primary murine microglia towards an M1-like phenotype
Journal: Journal of Neuroinflammation
doi: 10.1186/s12974-016-0701-9

Figure Legend Snippet: LPA receptor antagonists attenuate M1 surface marker expression in BV-2 cells. Serum-starved (o/n) cells were cultivated in the presence of vehicle, LPA (1 μM), or LPA plus a BrP-LPA (5 μM) and b TCLPA5 (5 μM) for the indicated times. Inhibitors were added 2 h prior LPA addition. Cells were stained with PE-conjugated anti-CD40, APC-conjugated anti-CD86, or PE-conjugated anti-CD206 antibodies and analyzed using a Guava easyCyte 8 Millipore flow cytometer. Results from four individual experiments in triplicate are shown as mean values + SD. (* p
Techniques Used: Marker, Expressing, Staining, Flow Cytometry

Figure Legend Snippet: Inhibition of LPA5 suppresses the LPA-induced pro-inflammatory phenotype in BV-2 and primary murine microglia. a Serum-starved BV-2 cells were treated with LPA in the absence or presence of BrP-LPA (5 μM; upper panel) or TCLPA5 (5 μM; lower panel) added 2 h prior to LPA addition. COX-2 and Arg-1 response was monitored using Western blotting. One representative plot for each protein and the densitometric analysis (mean + SD) from four independent experiments is presented. (** p
Techniques Used: Inhibition, Western Blot
8) Product Images from "1-Oleyl-lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) promotes polarization of BV-2 and primary murine microglia towards an M1-like phenotype"
Article Title: 1-Oleyl-lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) promotes polarization of BV-2 and primary murine microglia towards an M1-like phenotype
Journal: Journal of Neuroinflammation
doi: 10.1186/s12974-016-0701-9

Figure Legend Snippet: LPA receptor antagonists attenuate M1 surface marker expression in BV-2 cells. Serum-starved (o/n) cells were cultivated in the presence of vehicle, LPA (1 μM), or LPA plus a BrP-LPA (5 μM) and b TCLPA5 (5 μM) for the indicated times. Inhibitors were added 2 h prior LPA addition. Cells were stained with PE-conjugated anti-CD40, APC-conjugated anti-CD86, or PE-conjugated anti-CD206 antibodies and analyzed using a Guava easyCyte 8 Millipore flow cytometer. Results from four individual experiments in triplicate are shown as mean values + SD. (* p
Techniques Used: Marker, Expressing, Staining, Flow Cytometry

Figure Legend Snippet: Inhibition of LPA5 suppresses the LPA-induced pro-inflammatory phenotype in BV-2 and primary murine microglia. a Serum-starved BV-2 cells were treated with LPA in the absence or presence of BrP-LPA (5 μM; upper panel) or TCLPA5 (5 μM; lower panel) added 2 h prior to LPA addition. COX-2 and Arg-1 response was monitored using Western blotting. One representative plot for each protein and the densitometric analysis (mean + SD) from four independent experiments is presented. (** p
Techniques Used: Inhibition, Western Blot
9) Product Images from "1-Oleyl-lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) promotes polarization of BV-2 and primary murine microglia towards an M1-like phenotype"
Article Title: 1-Oleyl-lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) promotes polarization of BV-2 and primary murine microglia towards an M1-like phenotype
Journal: Journal of Neuroinflammation
doi: 10.1186/s12974-016-0701-9

Figure Legend Snippet: LPA receptor antagonists attenuate M1 surface marker expression in BV-2 cells. Serum-starved (o/n) cells were cultivated in the presence of vehicle, LPA (1 μM), or LPA plus a BrP-LPA (5 μM) and b TCLPA5 (5 μM) for the indicated times. Inhibitors were added 2 h prior LPA addition. Cells were stained with PE-conjugated anti-CD40, APC-conjugated anti-CD86, or PE-conjugated anti-CD206 antibodies and analyzed using a Guava easyCyte 8 Millipore flow cytometer. Results from four individual experiments in triplicate are shown as mean values + SD. (* p
Techniques Used: Marker, Expressing, Staining, Flow Cytometry

Figure Legend Snippet: Inhibition of LPA5 suppresses the LPA-induced pro-inflammatory phenotype in BV-2 and primary murine microglia. a Serum-starved BV-2 cells were treated with LPA in the absence or presence of BrP-LPA (5 μM; upper panel) or TCLPA5 (5 μM; lower panel) added 2 h prior to LPA addition. COX-2 and Arg-1 response was monitored using Western blotting. One representative plot for each protein and the densitometric analysis (mean + SD) from four independent experiments is presented. (** p
Techniques Used: Inhibition, Western Blot
10) Product Images from "Different agonists induce distinct single-channel conductance states in TRPV1 channels"
Article Title: Different agonists induce distinct single-channel conductance states in TRPV1 channels
Journal: The Journal of General Physiology
doi: 10.1085/jgp.201812141

Figure Legend Snippet: LPA produces an increase in single-channel currents in TRPV1 channels heterologously expressed in HEK293. (A–D) Representative traces from single-channel recordings of TRPV1 channels in the inside-out configuration, as compared with capsaicin. The letters c and o represent the closed and open state levels shown in the histograms. The vertical dotted lines represent the average single-current amplitude elicited by capsaicin (6.84 ± 0.23 pA; n = 24) before the application of treatment. (A) Capsaicin 4 µM + BSA 0.0005% (6.57 ± 1 pA; n = 4). (B) LPA 5 µM in BSA 0.0005% (9.66 ± 0.23 pA; n = 10). (C) BrP-LPA 5 µM (8.97 ± 0.27 pA; n = 6). (D) Capsaicin 5 µM + 2.5 µM LPC (7.34 ± 0.41 pA; n = 3). (E) Summary of the results in A–D. Lines between the symbols indicate average ± SEM. *, statistical significance P
Techniques Used:
11) Product Images from "Disrupted Blood‐Brain Barrier and Mitochondrial Impairment by Autotaxin–Lysophosphatidic Acid Axis in Postischemic Stroke"
Article Title: Disrupted Blood‐Brain Barrier and Mitochondrial Impairment by Autotaxin–Lysophosphatidic Acid Axis in Postischemic Stroke
Journal: Journal of the American Heart Association: Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Disease
doi: 10.1161/JAHA.121.021511

Figure Legend Snippet: Biochemical assays improved with the use of inhibitors. A , Triphenyl tetrazolium chloride staining of mouse brain slices and respective infarct volume (percentage of the hemisphere) measured in sham, ischemia and reperfusion (I/R), HA130, PF8380, or BrP‐LPA mice (n=5 in each group). B , Superoxide measured using high‐performance liquid chromatography in brain tissue lysate after staining with a dihydroethidium fluorescence probe in sham, I/R, HA130, PF8380, or BrP‐LPA mice. C through E , Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, catalase activity, and glutathione peroxidase activity quantified in brain tissue lysate from sham, I/R, HA130, PF8380, or BrP‐LPA mice. F , Glutathione levels were measured in sham, I/R, HA130, PF8380, or BrP‐LPA mice. All values are mean±SD (1‐way ANOVA, followed by the Tukey, post hoc test, was performed).
Techniques Used: Staining, Mouse Assay, High Performance Liquid Chromatography, Fluorescence, Activity Assay
![... isolated mitochondria from sham, I/R, HA130, PF8380, or BrP‐LPA mouse brain tissue at baseline and after sequential ... Autotaxin (ATX) inhibitors in middle cerebral artery occlusion decrease ATX activity and lysophosphatidic acid (LPA). A , Enzymatic activity test for ATX, measured with AR‐2 fluorescence, quantified as relative fluorescence unit (RFU), in sham, ischemia and reperfusion (I/R), HA130, and PF8380 mouse brain slices. B , Lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) subspecies in plasma from sham, I/R, HA130, and PF8380 mice measured with high‐performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry [LC‐MS]) quantified relative to 18:1 LPC. C , LPA subspecies in plasma from sham, I/R, HA130, and PF8380 mice measured with LC‐MS, quantified relative to 18:1 LPA. D and E , Graph represents oxygen consumption rate (OCR) (pmol/min per µg protein) measurements in isolated mitochondria from sham, I/R, HA130, PF8380, or BrP‐LPA mouse brain tissue at baseline and after sequential addition of oligomycin, carbonyl cyanide p‐trifluoro‐methoxyphenyl hydrazone (FCCP), and antimycin A+rotenone. F , Spare respiratory capacity, ATP turnover, and maximum respiration values analyzed in sham, I/R, HA130, PF8380, or BrP‐LPA mice. All values are mean±SD. * P](https://storage.googleapis.com/bioz_article_images/PMC8649548/JAH3-10-e021511-g002.jpg)
Figure Legend Snippet: Autotaxin (ATX) inhibitors in middle cerebral artery occlusion decrease ATX activity and lysophosphatidic acid (LPA). A , Enzymatic activity test for ATX, measured with AR‐2 fluorescence, quantified as relative fluorescence unit (RFU), in sham, ischemia and reperfusion (I/R), HA130, and PF8380 mouse brain slices. B , Lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) subspecies in plasma from sham, I/R, HA130, and PF8380 mice measured with high‐performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry [LC‐MS]) quantified relative to 18:1 LPC. C , LPA subspecies in plasma from sham, I/R, HA130, and PF8380 mice measured with LC‐MS, quantified relative to 18:1 LPA. D and E , Graph represents oxygen consumption rate (OCR) (pmol/min per µg protein) measurements in isolated mitochondria from sham, I/R, HA130, PF8380, or BrP‐LPA mouse brain tissue at baseline and after sequential addition of oligomycin, carbonyl cyanide p‐trifluoro‐methoxyphenyl hydrazone (FCCP), and antimycin A+rotenone. F , Spare respiratory capacity, ATP turnover, and maximum respiration values analyzed in sham, I/R, HA130, PF8380, or BrP‐LPA mice. All values are mean±SD. * P
Techniques Used: Activity Assay, Fluorescence, Mouse Assay, High Performance Liquid Chromatography, Mass Spectrometry, Liquid Chromatography, Liquid Chromatography with Mass Spectroscopy, Isolation

Figure Legend Snippet: Improved endothelial permeability with the use of inhibitors. A , Evans blue fluorescence measured and quantified with relative fluorescence unit (RFU) in whole brains of sham, ischemia and reperfusion (I/R), HA130, PF8380, or BrP‐LPA mice. B , Immunofluorescence staining for claudin‐5 in ipsilateral cortex of sham, I/R, HA130, PF8380, or BrP‐LPA mice. C , Immunofluorescence staining for zonula occludens‐1 in ipsilateral cortex of sham, I/R, HA130, PF8380, or BrP‐LPA mice. Bar=200 µm. All values are mean±SD (1‐way ANOVA, followed by the Tukey, post hoc test, was performed). CD31 indicates cluster of differentiation 31; and DAPI, 4′,6‐diamidino‐2‐phenylindole.
Techniques Used: Permeability, Fluorescence, Mouse Assay, Immunofluorescence, Staining
12) Product Images from "Different agonists induce distinct single-channel conductance states in TRPV1 channels"
Article Title: Different agonists induce distinct single-channel conductance states in TRPV1 channels
Journal: The Journal of General Physiology
doi: 10.1085/jgp.201812141

Figure Legend Snippet: LPA produces an increase in single-channel currents in TRPV1 channels heterologously expressed in HEK293. (A–D) Representative traces from single-channel recordings of TRPV1 channels in the inside-out configuration, as compared with capsaicin. The letters c and o represent the closed and open state levels shown in the histograms. The vertical dotted lines represent the average single-current amplitude elicited by capsaicin (6.84 ± 0.23 pA; n = 24) before the application of treatment. (A) Capsaicin 4 µM + BSA 0.0005% (6.57 ± 1 pA; n = 4). (B) LPA 5 µM in BSA 0.0005% (9.66 ± 0.23 pA; n = 10). (C) BrP-LPA 5 µM (8.97 ± 0.27 pA; n = 6). (D) Capsaicin 5 µM + 2.5 µM LPC (7.34 ± 0.41 pA; n = 3). (E) Summary of the results in A–D. Lines between the symbols indicate average ± SEM. *, statistical significance P
Techniques Used:
13) Product Images from "1-Oleyl-lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) promotes polarization of BV-2 and primary murine microglia towards an M1-like phenotype"
Article Title: 1-Oleyl-lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) promotes polarization of BV-2 and primary murine microglia towards an M1-like phenotype
Journal: Journal of Neuroinflammation
doi: 10.1186/s12974-016-0701-9

Figure Legend Snippet: LPA receptor antagonists attenuate M1 surface marker expression in BV-2 cells. Serum-starved (o/n) cells were cultivated in the presence of vehicle, LPA (1 μM), or LPA plus a BrP-LPA (5 μM) and b TCLPA5 (5 μM) for the indicated times. Inhibitors were added 2 h prior LPA addition. Cells were stained with PE-conjugated anti-CD40, APC-conjugated anti-CD86, or PE-conjugated anti-CD206 antibodies and analyzed using a Guava easyCyte 8 Millipore flow cytometer. Results from four individual experiments in triplicate are shown as mean values + SD. (* p
Techniques Used: Marker, Expressing, Staining, Flow Cytometry

Figure Legend Snippet: Inhibition of LPA5 suppresses the LPA-induced pro-inflammatory phenotype in BV-2 and primary murine microglia. a Serum-starved BV-2 cells were treated with LPA in the absence or presence of BrP-LPA (5 μM; upper panel) or TCLPA5 (5 μM; lower panel) added 2 h prior to LPA addition. COX-2 and Arg-1 response was monitored using Western blotting. One representative plot for each protein and the densitometric analysis (mean + SD) from four independent experiments is presented. (** p
Techniques Used: Inhibition, Western Blot
14) Product Images from "1-Oleyl-lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) promotes polarization of BV-2 and primary murine microglia towards an M1-like phenotype"
Article Title: 1-Oleyl-lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) promotes polarization of BV-2 and primary murine microglia towards an M1-like phenotype
Journal: Journal of Neuroinflammation
doi: 10.1186/s12974-016-0701-9

Figure Legend Snippet: LPA receptor antagonists attenuate M1 surface marker expression in BV-2 cells. Serum-starved (o/n) cells were cultivated in the presence of vehicle, LPA (1 μM), or LPA plus a BrP-LPA (5 μM) and b TCLPA5 (5 μM) for the indicated times. Inhibitors were added 2 h prior LPA addition. Cells were stained with PE-conjugated anti-CD40, APC-conjugated anti-CD86, or PE-conjugated anti-CD206 antibodies and analyzed using a Guava easyCyte 8 Millipore flow cytometer. Results from four individual experiments in triplicate are shown as mean values + SD. (* p
Techniques Used: Marker, Expressing, Staining, Flow Cytometry, Cytometry

Figure Legend Snippet: Inhibition of LPA5 suppresses the LPA-induced pro-inflammatory phenotype in BV-2 and primary murine microglia. a Serum-starved BV-2 cells were treated with LPA in the absence or presence of BrP-LPA (5 μM; upper panel) or TCLPA5 (5 μM; lower panel) added 2 h prior to LPA addition. COX-2 and Arg-1 response was monitored using Western blotting. One representative plot for each protein and the densitometric analysis (mean + SD) from four independent experiments is presented. (** p
Techniques Used: Inhibition, Western Blot
15) Product Images from "1-Oleyl-lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) promotes polarization of BV-2 and primary murine microglia towards an M1-like phenotype"
Article Title: 1-Oleyl-lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) promotes polarization of BV-2 and primary murine microglia towards an M1-like phenotype
Journal: Journal of Neuroinflammation
doi: 10.1186/s12974-016-0701-9

Figure Legend Snippet: LPA receptor antagonists attenuate M1 surface marker expression in BV-2 cells. Serum-starved (o/n) cells were cultivated in the presence of vehicle, LPA (1 μM), or LPA plus a BrP-LPA (5 μM) and b TCLPA5 (5 μM) for the indicated times. Inhibitors were added 2 h prior LPA addition. Cells were stained with PE-conjugated anti-CD40, APC-conjugated anti-CD86, or PE-conjugated anti-CD206 antibodies and analyzed using a Guava easyCyte 8 Millipore flow cytometer. Results from four individual experiments in triplicate are shown as mean values + SD. (* p
Techniques Used: Marker, Expressing, Staining, Flow Cytometry

Figure Legend Snippet: Inhibition of LPA5 suppresses the LPA-induced pro-inflammatory phenotype in BV-2 and primary murine microglia. a Serum-starved BV-2 cells were treated with LPA in the absence or presence of BrP-LPA (5 μM; upper panel) or TCLPA5 (5 μM; lower panel) added 2 h prior to LPA addition. COX-2 and Arg-1 response was monitored using Western blotting. One representative plot for each protein and the densitometric analysis (mean + SD) from four independent experiments is presented. (** p
Techniques Used: Inhibition, Western Blot