Journal: NPJ Vaccines

Article Title: Interferon as an immunoadjuvant to enhance antibodies following influenza B infection and vaccination in ferrets

doi: 10.1038/s41541-024-00973-2

Figure Lengend Snippet: Kinetics of virus replication following IBV challenge and addition of PEGylated IFN. PEGylated IFNA added at 8 h (IFNA-8), 24 h (IFNA-24), or 48 h (IFNA-48) post B/Phuket/3073/2013 challenge and compared to Mock treated group. PEGylated IFNL3 added at 8 h (IFNL-8), 24 h (IFNL-24) or 48 h (IFNL-48) post challenge. NW titers determined on D1, D3, D5, and D7 post challenge (bar color indicating time of NW collection) and tested for virus Log FFU/mL by FFA. Significance between groups tested by 2-way ANOVA. Significant differences between IFNA-8 and IFNA-24 ( p = 0.0470) and IFNA-8 to IFNA-48 ( p = 0.0154) as well as IFNA-48 to IFNL-48 ( p = 0.0130). No significant differences noted between any groups with IFN added at 24 h and no significance compared to Mock-treated group.

Article Snippet: Recombinant ferret type-I interferon alpha (IFNA) and type-III interferon lambda 3 (IFNL3) were purchased from Kingfisher Biotech, Inc. (Saint Paul, MN, USA).

Techniques: Virus

Journal: Clinical & Translational Immunology

Article Title: SARS ‐ C o V ‐2‐infected human airway epithelial cell cultures uniquely lack interferon and immediate early gene responses caused by other coronaviruses

doi: 10.1002/cti2.1503

Figure Lengend Snippet: Analysis of interferon (‐response) genes upon coronavirus infection and effects of IFN‐λ1 supplementation on viral load. (a) Volcano plots depicting shared gene expression profiles of bronchial epithelial cell cultures infected with SARS‐CoV, SARS‐CoV‐2 or MERS‐CoV for (a) 24, (b) 48 hpi or (c) 72 hpi in comparison to HCoV‐229E and HCoV‐OC43; n = 4. Red dots indicate significantly upregulated genes, and blue dots indicate significantly downregulated genes. (d) Heatmap of the overlap of significantly changed genes during 24, 48 and 72 hpi infection with SARS‐CoV‐2, SARS‐CoV, MERS‐CoV or HCoV‐229E or HCoV‐OC43 and mock as uninfected control. (e) Gene set variation analysis (GSVA) was performed on interferon response genes after 24, 48 and 72 hpi ( n = 4) in highly pathogenic (orange) and low pathogenic (blue) coronavirus‐infected cultures. As HCoV‐OC43 infection was conducted at 33°C, SARS‐CoV‐2 infection at 33°C was included as control (pink). (f) IFN‐λ1 and (g) IFN‐α1 gene expression after 24, 48 and 72 hpi ( n = 4) in highly pathogenic (orange) and low pathogenic (blue) coronavirus‐infected cultures. The error bar indicates the standard deviation. Significant differences in increased gene expression over time of infection ( P < 0.05) are shown by the * symbol. Two‐way ANOVA followed by an unprotected Fisher's least significance difference test was conducted to test for significance. (h) ALI‐PBEC cultures were pretreated with 5 ng mL −1 interferon lambda (IFN‐λ1) for 60 min and subsequently infected with SARS‐CoV‐2 for 3 days with IFN‐λ1 present in the basal medium. Extracellular viral RNA copies are depicted in log scale. Data in h were analysed with a paired t ‐test and are depicted as mean ± SEM. n = 4 independent donors.

Article Snippet: ALI‐PBEC were pretreated with 5 ng mL −1 recombinant human interferon λ1 (IFN‐λ1; R&D Systems, Minneapolis, USA) for 60 min, and further infected with SARS‐CoV‐2 (estimated MOI of 1) with the presence of IFN‐λ1 in the basal medium.

Techniques: Infection, Gene Expression, Comparison, Control, Standard Deviation