Journal: Military Medical Research

Article Title: The cellular response capacity (CRC) as a novel immunomonitoring approach in sepsis

doi: 10.1016/j.mmr.2026.100010

Figure Lengend Snippet: Concentration-dependent change in the humoral inflammatory response following incubation with Escherichia coli ( E. coli ) in the ex vivo whole blood model. a Absolute plasma concentrations of IL-6, IL-8, and MMP9 determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. b Normalized values and EC 50 curve fit by BuC=0% and 50 000 CFU/ml E. coli= 100%, respectively, for IL-6, IL-8, and MMP9 as indicated by EC 50 (%) on the respective Y-axis. BuC indicates buffer control after 60 min incubation; numbers on the X-axis indicate E. coli bacteria in concentrations of 2000 to 50 000 CFU/ml after 60 min incubation; LPS indicates lipopolysaccharide (LPS) 100 ng/ml after 60 min incubation. Values are shown as median and interquartile range. n =8. Statistical analysis was performed using the Kruskal-Wallis test with Dunn’s post-hoc test, comparing all shown concentrations of E. coli bacteria and 100 ng/ml LPS with BuC. P -values are indicated above the respective data points. ⁎ P <0.05, ⁎⁎ P <0.01, ⁎⁎⁎ P <0.001. CFU. Colony-forming units; IL. Interleukin; MMP9. Matrix metallopeptidase 9.

Article Snippet: For the samples of the ex vivo whole blood model, the plasma concentrations of matrix metallopeptidase 9 (MMP9, #DY911, R&D Systems, Minneapolis, USA), IL-6 (#555220, BD Biosciences, San Jose, USA), and IL-8 (#DY208, R&D Systems) were measured in citrate-anticoagulated plasma using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay according to the respective manufacturer’s instructions.

Techniques: Concentration Assay, Incubation, Ex Vivo, Clinical Proteomics, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay, Control, Bacteria

Journal: Military Medical Research

Article Title: The cellular response capacity (CRC) as a novel immunomonitoring approach in sepsis

doi: 10.1016/j.mmr.2026.100010

Figure Lengend Snippet: Diagnostic performance for the detection of bacteremia, analyzing the neutrophil phenotype by determining the median fluorescence intensity (MFI) and the cellular response capacity (CRC) in comparison with traditional markers of humoral inflammation (IL-6, IL-8, MMP9). a Comparison of receiver operating characteristic (ROC) at 10,000 CFU/ml Escherichia coli ( E. coli ) with the respective 95% confidence interval (CI) and P -value, and half-maximal effective concentration (EC 50 ) as a function of the E. coli concentration. b Detailed comparison of the EC 50 as a function of the E. coli concentration. c Exemplary comparison of EC 50 curve fit after normalization as indicated by EC 50 (%) on the respective Y-axis to BuC=100% and 50 000 CFU/ml E. coli =0% for the humoral marker IL-6 (the IL-6 values were multiplied by −1 before EC 50 calculation to facilitate comparability with the CRC) and the change in neutrophil phenotype represented by CD11b CRC. BuC indicates buffer control after 60 min incubation; numbers on the X-axis of c indicate E. coli bacteria in concentrations of 2000 to 50 000 CFU/ml after 60 min incubation. Values are shown as median and interquartile range. n =8. Statistical analysis was performed using the Kruskal-Wallis test with Dunn’s post-hoc test, evaluating the EC 50 of IL-8, MMP9, the MFI, and CRC of CD10, CD11b, and CD62L in comparison to the EC 50 of IL-6. P -values are indicated above the respective data points. ⁎ P <0.05. CFU. Colony-forming units; IL. Interleukin; MMP9. Matrix metallopeptidase 9.

Article Snippet: For the samples of the ex vivo whole blood model, the plasma concentrations of matrix metallopeptidase 9 (MMP9, #DY911, R&D Systems, Minneapolis, USA), IL-6 (#555220, BD Biosciences, San Jose, USA), and IL-8 (#DY208, R&D Systems) were measured in citrate-anticoagulated plasma using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay according to the respective manufacturer’s instructions.

Techniques: Diagnostic Assay, Fluorescence, Comparison, Concentration Assay, Marker, Control, Incubation, Bacteria

Journal: Military Medical Research

Article Title: The cellular response capacity (CRC) as a novel immunomonitoring approach in sepsis

doi: 10.1016/j.mmr.2026.100010

Figure Lengend Snippet: Clinical specifications and parameters over all time points of the sepsis cohort. a Suspected infection cause of sepsis. b Distribution of the individual score points of the Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score. c Total SOFA score. d-h Traditional and humoral markers of inflammation: leukocytes and neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio ( d ), C-reactive protein (CRP) and procalcitonin (PCT) ( e ), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and interleukin-8 (IL-8) ( f ), serum amyloid A (SAA) and calprotectin ( g ), matrix metallopeptidase 9 (MMP9) and myeloperoxidase (MPO) ( h ). Values are shown as median and interquartile range. n =14. CNS. Central nervous system; HV. Healthy volunteers.

Article Snippet: For the samples of the ex vivo whole blood model, the plasma concentrations of matrix metallopeptidase 9 (MMP9, #DY911, R&D Systems, Minneapolis, USA), IL-6 (#555220, BD Biosciences, San Jose, USA), and IL-8 (#DY208, R&D Systems) were measured in citrate-anticoagulated plasma using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay according to the respective manufacturer’s instructions.

Techniques: Infection

Journal: Regenerative Therapy

Article Title: Prednisolone attenuates the immunomodulatory capacity and reshapes the functional phenotype of canine adipose-derived mesenchymal stromal cells

doi: 10.1016/j.reth.2026.101184

Figure Lengend Snippet: Effects of prednisolone on macrophage polarization and regulatory T (Treg) cell induction mediated by cADSCs. (a) Representative flow cytometry plots showing cluster designation (CD) 80 and CD206 expression in CD14 + DH82 cells. Cells cultured alone under control conditions or stimulated with interleukin (IL)-4/IL-13 or lipopolysaccharide (LPS)/interferon (IFN)-γ are shown, together with DH82 cells co-cultured with cADSCs pretreated with prednisolone at the indicated concentrations (0–100 μM) under LPS/IFN-γ stimulation. (b) Quantitative analysis of macrophage subsets, defined as CD14 + CD80 + CD206 - , CD14 + CD80 − CD206 + , CD14 + CD80 + CD206 + , and CD14 + CD80 − CD206 - cells. IL-4/IL-13 stimulation was included as an M2-polarizing control, whereas LPS/IFN-γ stimulation induced M1-like polarization. (c) Representative flow cytometry plots showing CD25 and Foxp3 expression in CD4 + T cells after co-culture of PBMCs with cADSCs pretreated with prednisolone. Red boxes indicate CD25 + Foxp3 + Treg cells. (d) Quantification of CD25 + Foxp3 + Treg cells within the CD4 + T-cell population. Data are presented as mean ± SD from three independent experiments using cADSCs derived from three independent donors. * p < 0.05 vs. control or PBMCs alone; † p < 0.05 vs. LPS/IFN-γ.

Article Snippet: To induce macrophage polarization, either a combination of 50 ng/mL lipopolysaccharide (LPS; Sigma-Aldrich) and 20 ng/mL recombinant canine interferon (IFN)-γ (R&D Systems), or a combination of 40 ng/mL recombinant human interleukin (IL)-4 (Thermo Fisher Scientific) and 40 ng/mL recombinant human IL-13 (Thermo Fisher Scientific), was added to the cultures, followed by incubation at 37 °C in 5% CO 2 for 72 h. At the end of the co-culture period, cells were collected, washed with FACS buffer, and incubated on ice with canine Fc receptor binding inhibitor.

Techniques: Flow Cytometry, Expressing, Cell Culture, Control, Analysis, Co-culture Assay, Derivative Assay

Journal: Bioactive Materials

Article Title: Dynamic feedback BacGuard anchors microbial metabolism to host symbiosis in real-time ulcerative colitis therapy

doi: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2026.05.060

Figure Lengend Snippet: BacGuard promotes colon tissue repairment. a) Scheme of microbiota-dependent epithelial repair mechanism orchestrated by BacGuard. b) Short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) profile alterations. n = 6. c) BacGuard-induced probiotic proliferation and d) quantitative results. n = 3. e) Immunofluorescence analysis of ILC3 (ROR γt + CD3 − cells) in colon tissue. f) Flow cytometric analysis of lamina propria lymphocytes (ROR γt + ). n = 3. g) Concentration of IL-22 in MNK-3 cells. n = 3. h) Representative PAS-staining (upper panel) and MUC-2 immunohistochemistry (lower panel) images of colon tissues. n = 5. ns, not significant; ∗p < 0.05, ∗∗p < 0.01 and ∗∗∗p < 0.001.

Article Snippet: For the detection of IL-22 and LPS concentrations, the Mouse IL-22 Precoated ELISA Kit (DAKEWE, China) and Mouse LPS ELISA Kit (JONLNBIO, China) were employed correspondingly.

Techniques: Immunofluorescence, Concentration Assay, Staining, Immunohistochemistry

Journal: Archives of Microbiology

Article Title: Zhuhuang Granules alleviate psoriatic inflammation via restoring gut microbiota balance and enhancing intestinal barrier integrity

doi: 10.1007/s00203-026-05231-8

Figure Lengend Snippet: ZH reduces IMQ-induced inflammatory responses and abnormal proliferation in mice. A Representative spleen images and spleen weight quantification. B Immunohistochemical (IHC) staining of Ki67 in skin lesions (left panel) and quantification of its AOD (right panel). C qRT-PCR analysis of Il-22 , Il-1β , Tnf-α , and Ccl20 mRNA expression in lesion skin tissues. D ELISA quantification of IL-22, IL-1β, TNF-α, and CCL20 protein levels in lesion skin tissues. n = 6 (biological replicates). Data are analyzed using one-way ANOVA followed Tukey’s post hoc test. ** P < 0.01 vs. Control group; # P < 0.05; ## P < 0.01 vs. IMQ group

Article Snippet: The concentrations of IL-22 (Cat. #E-EL-M2446, Elabscience, Wuhan, China), TNF-α (Cat. #CSB-E04741m, Cusabio, Wuhan, China), IL-1β (Cat. #CSB-E08054m, Cusabio), and CCL20 (Cat. #CSB-E04668m, Cusabio) were quantified as per the protocols of the manufacturers.

Techniques: Immunohistochemical staining, Immunohistochemistry, Quantitative RT-PCR, Analysis, Expressing, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay, Control

Journal: Archives of Microbiology

Article Title: Zhuhuang Granules alleviate psoriatic inflammation via restoring gut microbiota balance and enhancing intestinal barrier integrity

doi: 10.1007/s00203-026-05231-8

Figure Lengend Snippet: ZH alters gut microbiota composition and function in IMQ-induced mice. A Random forest analysis ranking bacterial taxa based on their importance in group classification using the Gini index. B Relative abundances of the top-ranked taxa across different groups. C Pearson correlation analysis between significantly altered bacterial taxa and skin inflammatory cytokines, including IL-22, IL-1β, TNF-α, and CCL20. * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01

Article Snippet: The concentrations of IL-22 (Cat. #E-EL-M2446, Elabscience, Wuhan, China), TNF-α (Cat. #CSB-E04741m, Cusabio, Wuhan, China), IL-1β (Cat. #CSB-E08054m, Cusabio), and CCL20 (Cat. #CSB-E04668m, Cusabio) were quantified as per the protocols of the manufacturers.

Techniques: Analysis

Journal: Archives of Microbiology

Article Title: Zhuhuang Granules alleviate psoriatic inflammation via restoring gut microbiota balance and enhancing intestinal barrier integrity

doi: 10.1007/s00203-026-05231-8

Figure Lengend Snippet: Gut microbiota depletion attenuates the therapeutic effects of ZH against IMQ-induced psoriasis-like inflammation. A Schematic diagram of the experimental design for antibiotic-mediated gut microbiota depletion and subsequent establishment of the IMQ-induced psoriasis-like dermatitis model. B Quantification of fecal bacterial abundance by qPCR to assess the efficacy of antibiotic-mediated gut microbiota depletion. C Representative images of dorsal skin lesions in mice from the indicated groups. D PASI scores for scaling, erythema, thickness, and total scores. E Representative images of spleens (left) and quantification of spleen weight (right). F Representative images of H&E-stained dorsal skin sections (left) and quantification of epidermal thickness (right). G Representative immunohistochemical staining of Ki67 in dorsal skin lesions (left) and quantification of Ki67-positive cells (right). H Relative mRNA expression levels of Il-22 , Il-1β , Tnf-α , and Ccl20 in dorsal skin lesions determined by qPCR. I Protein levels of IL-22, TNF-α, IL-1β, and CCL20 in dorsal skin lesions determined by ELISA. For panels B, the Control and ABX groups each contained 12 mice before randomization; for panels C-I, mice were randomly allocated into four groups ( n = 6 per group): IMQ, IMQ + ABX, IMQ + M-ZH, and IMQ + M-ZH + ABX. Data are analyzed using one-way ANOVA followed Tukey’s post hoc test. * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01 vs. IMQ group; # P < 0.05, ## P < 0.01 vs. IMQ + ABX group; & P < 0.05, && P < 0.01 vs. IMQ + M-ZH group

Article Snippet: The concentrations of IL-22 (Cat. #E-EL-M2446, Elabscience, Wuhan, China), TNF-α (Cat. #CSB-E04741m, Cusabio, Wuhan, China), IL-1β (Cat. #CSB-E08054m, Cusabio), and CCL20 (Cat. #CSB-E04668m, Cusabio) were quantified as per the protocols of the manufacturers.

Techniques: Staining, Immunohistochemical staining, Expressing, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay, Control

Journal: Archives of Microbiology

Article Title: Zhuhuang Granules alleviate psoriatic inflammation via restoring gut microbiota balance and enhancing intestinal barrier integrity

doi: 10.1007/s00203-026-05231-8

Figure Lengend Snippet: ZH reduces IMQ-induced inflammatory responses and abnormal proliferation in mice. A Representative spleen images and spleen weight quantification. B Immunohistochemical (IHC) staining of Ki67 in skin lesions (left panel) and quantification of its AOD (right panel). C qRT-PCR analysis of Il-22 , Il-1β , Tnf-α , and Ccl20 mRNA expression in lesion skin tissues. D ELISA quantification of IL-22, IL-1β, TNF-α, and CCL20 protein levels in lesion skin tissues. n = 6 (biological replicates). Data are analyzed using one-way ANOVA followed Tukey’s post hoc test. ** P < 0.01 vs. Control group; # P < 0.05; ## P < 0.01 vs. IMQ group

Article Snippet: The concentrations of IL-22 (Cat. #E-EL-M2446, Elabscience, Wuhan, China), TNF-α (Cat. #CSB-E04741m, Cusabio, Wuhan, China), IL-1β (Cat. #CSB-E08054m, Cusabio), and CCL20 (Cat. #CSB-E04668m, Cusabio) were quantified as per the protocols of the manufacturers.

Techniques: Immunohistochemical staining, Immunohistochemistry, Quantitative RT-PCR, Analysis, Expressing, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay, Control

Journal: Archives of Microbiology

Article Title: Zhuhuang Granules alleviate psoriatic inflammation via restoring gut microbiota balance and enhancing intestinal barrier integrity

doi: 10.1007/s00203-026-05231-8

Figure Lengend Snippet: ZH alters gut microbiota composition and function in IMQ-induced mice. A Random forest analysis ranking bacterial taxa based on their importance in group classification using the Gini index. B Relative abundances of the top-ranked taxa across different groups. C Pearson correlation analysis between significantly altered bacterial taxa and skin inflammatory cytokines, including IL-22, IL-1β, TNF-α, and CCL20. * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01

Article Snippet: The concentrations of IL-22 (Cat. #E-EL-M2446, Elabscience, Wuhan, China), TNF-α (Cat. #CSB-E04741m, Cusabio, Wuhan, China), IL-1β (Cat. #CSB-E08054m, Cusabio), and CCL20 (Cat. #CSB-E04668m, Cusabio) were quantified as per the protocols of the manufacturers.

Techniques: Analysis

Journal: Archives of Microbiology

Article Title: Zhuhuang Granules alleviate psoriatic inflammation via restoring gut microbiota balance and enhancing intestinal barrier integrity

doi: 10.1007/s00203-026-05231-8

Figure Lengend Snippet: Gut microbiota depletion attenuates the therapeutic effects of ZH against IMQ-induced psoriasis-like inflammation. A Schematic diagram of the experimental design for antibiotic-mediated gut microbiota depletion and subsequent establishment of the IMQ-induced psoriasis-like dermatitis model. B Quantification of fecal bacterial abundance by qPCR to assess the efficacy of antibiotic-mediated gut microbiota depletion. C Representative images of dorsal skin lesions in mice from the indicated groups. D PASI scores for scaling, erythema, thickness, and total scores. E Representative images of spleens (left) and quantification of spleen weight (right). F Representative images of H&E-stained dorsal skin sections (left) and quantification of epidermal thickness (right). G Representative immunohistochemical staining of Ki67 in dorsal skin lesions (left) and quantification of Ki67-positive cells (right). H Relative mRNA expression levels of Il-22 , Il-1β , Tnf-α , and Ccl20 in dorsal skin lesions determined by qPCR. I Protein levels of IL-22, TNF-α, IL-1β, and CCL20 in dorsal skin lesions determined by ELISA. For panels B, the Control and ABX groups each contained 12 mice before randomization; for panels C-I, mice were randomly allocated into four groups ( n = 6 per group): IMQ, IMQ + ABX, IMQ + M-ZH, and IMQ + M-ZH + ABX. Data are analyzed using one-way ANOVA followed Tukey’s post hoc test. * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01 vs. IMQ group; # P < 0.05, ## P < 0.01 vs. IMQ + ABX group; & P < 0.05, && P < 0.01 vs. IMQ + M-ZH group

Article Snippet: The concentrations of IL-22 (Cat. #E-EL-M2446, Elabscience, Wuhan, China), TNF-α (Cat. #CSB-E04741m, Cusabio, Wuhan, China), IL-1β (Cat. #CSB-E08054m, Cusabio), and CCL20 (Cat. #CSB-E04668m, Cusabio) were quantified as per the protocols of the manufacturers.

Techniques: Staining, Immunohistochemical staining, Expressing, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay, Control

Journal: eLife

Article Title: An IL-21R STAT hypomorph circumvents functional redundancy in germinal centre responses

doi: 10.7554/eLife.109834

Figure Lengend Snippet: ( A ) Th17 cell conversion efficiency was compared using splenic CD4 + T cells from WT and Il21r EINS mice assessed on day 3 of stimulation after 4 hr of restimulation with PMA and ionomycin. IL-17 containing CD4 + T cells were assessed by intracellular immunostaining and flow cytometry. IL-6 signalling was blocked in vivo by the injection of 0.5 mg neutralizing anti-IL-6 mAb or isotype control mAb on day 0 followed by 0.25 mg on days 2, 4, and 6. Splenocytes from WT, Il21r −/− , and Il21r EINS mice were stimulated with rmIL-6 for 15 min at the concentrations shown and phosphorylated STAT1 ( B ) and phosphorylated STAT3 ( C ) detected in CD4 + T cells by intracellular immunostaining and flow cytometry. Mice were immunized with sheep red blood cell (SRBC) on day 0 and analysed on day 7 by flow cytometry and FACS analyses. Shown here are the percentages of ( D ) Tfh cells within the CD4 + T cells population and ( E ) the germinal centre (GC) B cell population as a percentage of total B cells. Data are shown as individual mice with n = 5 per group from 2 separate experiments with similar results. Statistical significance was assessed by ( A–C ) one-way ANOVA using Bonferroni’s multiple comparisons test and Student’s t -test ( D, E ); *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001; ****p < 0.0001.

Article Snippet: For in vivo neutralization of IL-6: Mice initially received 0.5 mg neutralizing anti-IL-6 (clone MP5-20F3, rat IgG1; BioXCell) or isotype mAb (anti-rat IgG1; BioXCell), and subsequently given 0.25 mg mAb (i.v.) every other day following the initial dose through the end of the experiment ( ).

Techniques: Immunostaining, Flow Cytometry, In Vivo, Injection, Control

Journal: eLife

Article Title: An IL-21R STAT hypomorph circumvents functional redundancy in germinal centre responses

doi: 10.7554/eLife.109834

Figure Lengend Snippet: Analysis of the GC response in the spleen in WT, Il21r −/− , and Il21r EINS mice on day 7 following sheep red blood cell (SRBC) immunization. IL-6 receptor (IL-6Rα) expression on CXCR5 hi PD1 hi FoxP3 − T follicular helper (Tfh) cells from the spleen of WT, Il21r −/− , and Il21r EINS mice showing percentage ( A ) and mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) ( B ) and quantitation of MFI of IL-6Rα on Tfh cells ( C ). IL-6 signalling was blocked in vivo by the injection of 0.5 mg neutralizing anti-IL-6 mAb or isotype mAb and 0.25 mg on day 0, the day of SRBC immunization, and then days 2, 4, and 6. GC populations were analysed in the spleen on day 7. ( D ) Percentage of Tfh cells of CD4 + T cells, ( E ) percent IgG1 + FAS + B cells of total B cells. Data shown as individual mice ( n = 4–5 per group) with 2 experimental repeats showing similar results. Statistical significance was assessed by one-way ANOVA using Bonferroni’s multiple comparisons test; * p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001; ****p < 0.0001.

Article Snippet: For in vivo neutralization of IL-6: Mice initially received 0.5 mg neutralizing anti-IL-6 (clone MP5-20F3, rat IgG1; BioXCell) or isotype mAb (anti-rat IgG1; BioXCell), and subsequently given 0.25 mg mAb (i.v.) every other day following the initial dose through the end of the experiment ( ).

Techniques: Analysis, Expressing, Fluorescence, Quantitation Assay, In Vivo, Injection