human epithelial lung cell line a549  (ATCC)

Journal: International Journal of Molecular Sciences

Article Title: Nebulized Hybrid Nanoarchaeosomes: Anti-Inflammatory Activity, Anti-Microbial Activity and Cytotoxicity on A549 Cells

doi: 10.3390/ijms26010392

Figure Lengend Snippet: IC 50 values of formulations on A549 cells.

Article Snippet: Human epithelial lung cell line A549 (ATCC ® CCL-185™) was maintained in MEM supplemented with 10% FBS, 100 U/mL penicillin, 100 μg/mL streptomycin and 2 mM L-glutamine.

Techniques:

Journal: International Journal of Molecular Sciences

Article Title: Nebulized Hybrid Nanoarchaeosomes: Anti-Inflammatory Activity, Anti-Microbial Activity and Cytotoxicity on A549 Cells

doi: 10.3390/ijms26010392

Figure Lengend Snippet: A549 cell viability after 72 h when treated with ( A ) BSs and ( B ) hybrid-nanoARCs. Statistical significance compared with medium control was determined using a Kruskal– Wallis non-parametric test followed by Dunn’s multiple comparisons, * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01; **** p < 0.0001.

Article Snippet: Human epithelial lung cell line A549 (ATCC ® CCL-185™) was maintained in MEM supplemented with 10% FBS, 100 U/mL penicillin, 100 μg/mL streptomycin and 2 mM L-glutamine.

Techniques: Control

Journal: International Journal of Molecular Sciences

Article Title: Nebulized Hybrid Nanoarchaeosomes: Anti-Inflammatory Activity, Anti-Microbial Activity and Cytotoxicity on A549 Cells

doi: 10.3390/ijms26010392

Figure Lengend Snippet: A549 cell viability after 72 h when treated with nebulized BSs and BS + BS-nanoARCs. Statistical significance compared with medium control was determined using a Kruskal– Wallis non-parametric test followed by Dunn’s multiple comparisons, ** p < 0.01; **** p < 0.0001.

Article Snippet: Human epithelial lung cell line A549 (ATCC ® CCL-185™) was maintained in MEM supplemented with 10% FBS, 100 U/mL penicillin, 100 μg/mL streptomycin and 2 mM L-glutamine.

Techniques: Control

Journal: International Journal of Molecular Sciences

Article Title: Nebulized Hybrid Nanoarchaeosomes: Anti-Inflammatory Activity, Anti-Microbial Activity and Cytotoxicity on A549 Cells

doi: 10.3390/ijms26010392

Figure Lengend Snippet: Stability upon storage: ( A1 ) plasmonic peak and ( A2 ) size of BSs. A549 cell viability after treatment with stored ( B ) BSs and ( C ) [BS + BS-nanoARCs] (50 μg PL/mL, 12.5–25 μg total Ag/mL). Statistical significance compared with medium control was determined using a Kruskal–Wallis non-parametric test followed by Dunn’s multiple comparisons, ** p < 0.01; *** p < 0.001; **** p < 0.0001.

Article Snippet: Human epithelial lung cell line A549 (ATCC ® CCL-185™) was maintained in MEM supplemented with 10% FBS, 100 U/mL penicillin, 100 μg/mL streptomycin and 2 mM L-glutamine.

Techniques: Control

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: Snapshot of in-cell protein contact sites reveals new host factors and hijacking of paraspeckles during influenza A virus infection

doi: 10.1101/2025.03.09.642134

Figure Lengend Snippet: (A) Schematic of luciferase assay: A549 cells were transfected with siRNAs and at 72 hpt (hours post-transfection), cells were infected with recombinant WSN virus expressing PB2-T2A-NanoLuc. After 48 hours, luciferase activity was measured (Figure S4C-D), providing read-out proportional to viral polymerase levels in infected, siRNA-treated cells . Created in BioRender https://BioRender.com/h91s731 (B) Log2-transformed relative luciferase units [Log2 (RLU)] normalised to a non-targeting siRNA control (siNT). Data are represented as mean ± standard deviation (SD) (n = 3 to 5 Statistical significances: *p<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001, ****p<0.0001 (one-way ANOVA and Dunnett’s multiple comparisons test, reference: siNT). See also Figure S4A-B.

Article Snippet: The human lung epithelial cell line A549 (86012804) and the human HEK293T (120220101) cell line were purchased from European Collection of Authenticated Cell Cultures (ECACC) and were grown under standard conditions (37 °C and 5% CO2) in Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM) (Gibco, 11960044) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) (Gibco, 0270106), GlutaMAX (Gibco 35050038), Sodium pyruvate (Gibco 11360039), penicillin–streptomycin (Gibco™ 15070063).

Techniques: Luciferase, Transfection, Infection, Recombinant, Virus, Expressing, Activity Assay, Transformation Assay, Control, Standard Deviation

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: Snapshot of in-cell protein contact sites reveals new host factors and hijacking of paraspeckles during influenza A virus infection

doi: 10.1101/2025.03.09.642134

Figure Lengend Snippet: (A) Cross-linking network of M2 and LAT1 (B) Log(RLU) normalised to siNT. Data are represented as mean ± SD (n = 3), with individual experiment means shown as circles. Statistical analysis was performed using ordinary one-way ANOVA. Statistical significance: *p<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001, ****p<0.0001. siSLC3A2 is replicated from . (C) Volcano plots showing fold-change (log2) versus significance (-log10 p-value) for SLC7A5 versus isotype control. Viral proteins are depicted in orange, SLC7A5 and SLC3A2 – in green. (D) Maximum intensity projection (MaxIP) of confocal images from A549 cells infected with WSN (Multiplicity of infection (MOI) 3) or mock at 12 hpi. Cells were stained for SLC7A5 (green), M2 (magenta), and nuclei (DAPI, cyan). Scale bars, 20 µm. (E) Pearson’s correlation coefficient quantification of SLC7A5 and M2 colocalisation in membrane regions. Analysis was performed in mock-infected cells (n = 64) and WSN-infected cells at 12 hpi (n = 119). Statistical significance was determined using the Mann-Whitney test (****p<0.0001). (F) Representative plane and intensity profile showing the co-localisation of SLC7A5 and M2 in A549 cells at 12 hpi.

Article Snippet: The human lung epithelial cell line A549 (86012804) and the human HEK293T (120220101) cell line were purchased from European Collection of Authenticated Cell Cultures (ECACC) and were grown under standard conditions (37 °C and 5% CO2) in Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM) (Gibco, 11960044) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) (Gibco, 0270106), GlutaMAX (Gibco 35050038), Sodium pyruvate (Gibco 11360039), penicillin–streptomycin (Gibco™ 15070063).

Techniques: Control, Infection, Staining, Membrane, MANN-WHITNEY

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: Snapshot of in-cell protein contact sites reveals new host factors and hijacking of paraspeckles during influenza A virus infection

doi: 10.1101/2025.03.09.642134

Figure Lengend Snippet: (A) Cross-linking network between paraspeckle and viral proteins. Pink – essential for paraspeckle formation, blue – important, yellow – localised to paraspeckles but dispensable , gray – other proteins cross-linked to both paraspeckle and orange - viral proteins. (B) Paraspeckle structure, showing the interaction between NEAT1 long noncoding RNA and proteins such as SFPQ and NONO (left) and the NEAT1 isoforms, NEAT1_1 and NEAT1_2, and the position of FISH probes/qPCR primers on NEAT1 used in this study (right). Created in bioRender. https://BioRender.com/b92y974 (C) AP-MS of NONO versus IgG controls from WSN-infected A549 cells (14 hpi, n=3). NONO and its known interactors are coloured pink and viral proteins - orange. (D) AP-MS of NP versus IgG controls from WSN-infected A549 cells (14 hpi, n=3). Proteins that were also identified in SHVIP are highlighted. Proteins coloured as in E. (E) Maximum projection of confocal microscopy images of A549 cells infected with WSN (MOI 3) at 4, 8, and 12 hpi. NEAT1 - magenta, vRNA (PB2 fragment) - green, and DNA (DAPI) - grey. (F) CV of NEAT1_2 (NEAT1_1 in case of MEF) in the nucleus across different cell lines infected with WSN. (G) Number of paraspeckles per nucleus across different cell lines infected with WSN. (F-G) Data are represented as mean + SD. Statistical analysis was performed using ordinary one-way ANOVA. Statistical significance: *p<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001, ****p<0.0001.

Article Snippet: The human lung epithelial cell line A549 (86012804) and the human HEK293T (120220101) cell line were purchased from European Collection of Authenticated Cell Cultures (ECACC) and were grown under standard conditions (37 °C and 5% CO2) in Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM) (Gibco, 11960044) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) (Gibco, 0270106), GlutaMAX (Gibco 35050038), Sodium pyruvate (Gibco 11360039), penicillin–streptomycin (Gibco™ 15070063).

Techniques: Infection, Confocal Microscopy

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: Snapshot of in-cell protein contact sites reveals new host factors and hijacking of paraspeckles during influenza A virus infection

doi: 10.1101/2025.03.09.642134

Figure Lengend Snippet: (A) Maximum projection of FISH confocal microscopy images of HEK293T cells transfected with either GFP (control), WSN viral proteins – NP, NS1, or a mini replicon vRNP system (including PA, PB1, PB2, NP and vRNA of NP), taken at 24 hpi. NEAT1_2 (paraspeckles) is shown in magenta, and GFP (control) or viral mRNAs (NP or NS1) are indicated in green, DNA is counterstained with DAPI (cyan). Scale bar: 20 µm. (B, C) CV of NEAT1_2 (B) and the number of paraspeckles per nucleus (C) across different conditions. Only GFP-positive cells were considered. (D) Maximum projection of confocal microscopy images of HEK293T cells transfected with either GFP (control) or co-transfected with PA-X and GFP, taken at 24 hpt. NEAT1_2 (paraspeckles) is shown in magenta, and GFP is indicated in green, DNA is counterstained with DAPI (grey). NEAT1_2 is used as a marker for paraspeckles to assess the impact of IAV proteins on paraspeckle integrity. (E,F) CV of NEAT1_2 in the nucleus and the number of paraspeckles per nucleus (F) across different conditions. Only GFP-positive cells were considered. (G) Confocal images showing the maximum projection of NEAT1_2 (magenta) in A549 cells treated with different concentrations of α-Amanitin for 20 h. DAPI (cyan) counterstains the nuclei. Scale bar = 20 μm. (H, I) CV of NEAT1_2 signal intensity (H) and the number of paraspeckles (I) per nucleus in A549 cells treated with α-Amanitin for 20 h. (J) Quantitative PCR analysis of NEAT1_2 and NEAT1_1 expression in A549 cells infected with WSN (MOI 3) normalised to GAPDH and to the mock-infected condition at each corresponding time point (n=3). (K) Quantitative PCR analysis of NEAT1_2 and NEAT1_1 expression in Calu-3 cells infected with WSN (MOI 3) normalised to GAPDH and to the mock-infected cells (n=3). (L) Western blot analysis of NONO protein levels in A549 cells infected with WSN (MOI 3) at different time points post-infection (3, 6, 9, 14, 20, and 24 hpi). Vinculin serves as the loading control. (M) Log₂ Label-Free Quantification (LFQ) intensity of paraspeckle proteins in A549 cells at 14 hpi with WSN (MOI=3), normalised to mock-infected cells. (B-E, G-J, M) Data are represented as mean + SD. Statistical analysis was performed using ordinary one-way ANOVA. Statistical significance: *p<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001, ****p<0.0001.

Article Snippet: The human lung epithelial cell line A549 (86012804) and the human HEK293T (120220101) cell line were purchased from European Collection of Authenticated Cell Cultures (ECACC) and were grown under standard conditions (37 °C and 5% CO2) in Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM) (Gibco, 11960044) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) (Gibco, 0270106), GlutaMAX (Gibco 35050038), Sodium pyruvate (Gibco 11360039), penicillin–streptomycin (Gibco™ 15070063).

Techniques: Confocal Microscopy, Transfection, Control, Marker, Real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction, Expressing, Infection, Western Blot

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: Snapshot of in-cell protein contact sites reveals new host factors and hijacking of paraspeckles during influenza A virus infection

doi: 10.1101/2025.03.09.642134

Figure Lengend Snippet: (A) Luciferase activity in A549 cells transfected with siRNAs targeting paraspeckle components. Data are represented as mean ± SD (n = 3). siNEAT1_1 and 2 indicate two different siRNAs both targeting the whole NEAT1.The data for RBM14, RBMX, RBM5, HNRNPA1, HNRNPA2B1, HNRNPK and PSPC1 were reproduced from Figure S4C. (B) Quantitative PCR analysis of viral RNA species of fragment NP normalised to GAPDH in A549 cells with knockdowns of paraspeckle proteins, infected with WSN (MOI 3) at 6hpi. Data are presented as log-fold-change of as mean ± SD relative to the siNT condition (n=3). (C) Schematic of NONO knockout and rescue workflow. CRISPR-Cas9 with two sgRNAs generated NONO KO1 and KO2 A549 cell lines. Lentiviral overexpression of mEGFP-NONO or mEGFP (control) in KO cells was used for rescue. Wild-type, NONO KO, and rescued cells were analysed for paraspeckle function and viral replication. Created in BioRender. https://BioRender.com/t41h404 . (D) Luciferase activity in wt, NONO KO1, and KO2 in A549 cells (WSN with PB2-T2A-NanoLuc, MOI 0.01, 48 hpi). Data are represented as mean ± SD (n = 3). (E) Luciferase activity in wt, NONO KO1, and KO2 A549 cells lentivirally overexpressing mEGFP (control) or mEGFP-NONO (WSN with PB2-T2A-NanoLuc, MOI 0.01, 48 hpi). Data are represented as mean ± SD (n = 3). (F) Density plot of log2-fold-changes of proteins cross-linked to NONO, NP and NS1 identified by AP-MS (NONO infected vs. NONO mock). Proteins cross-linked to NP and NS1 (orange) are co-depleted in infected cells compared to proteins not linked to NP or NS1 (grey). (G) Log2-fold changes of interactors identified by AP-MS against NONO (infected vs. mock) and NP (infected vs. infected isotype control). Proteins cross-linked to NONO (pink), NP (orange), and non-associated proteins (grey) are shown. (H) Selected protein categories enriched in both NP and NONO-mock AP-MS datasets from G (see also Table S3). (I) Schematic representation of paraspeckles disruption: IAV proteins, particularly NP and NS1, disrupt paraspeckle integrity by binding core proteins like SFPQ and NONO, and possibly NEAT1, initiating paraspeckle disassembly. As the infection progresses, PA-X promotes NEAT1 degradation, while POL II inhibition further destabilises paraspeckles, leading to their complete disruption. Created in BioRender. https://BioRender.com/y54j344 . (A-B, D-E) Data are represented as mean ± SD. Statistical analysis was performed using ordinary one-way ANOVA. Statistical significance: *p<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001, ****p<0.0001.

Article Snippet: The human lung epithelial cell line A549 (86012804) and the human HEK293T (120220101) cell line were purchased from European Collection of Authenticated Cell Cultures (ECACC) and were grown under standard conditions (37 °C and 5% CO2) in Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM) (Gibco, 11960044) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) (Gibco, 0270106), GlutaMAX (Gibco 35050038), Sodium pyruvate (Gibco 11360039), penicillin–streptomycin (Gibco™ 15070063).

Techniques: Luciferase, Activity Assay, Transfection, Real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction, Infection, Knock-Out, CRISPR, Generated, Over Expression, Control, Disruption, Binding Assay, Inhibition

Journal: Infection and Immunity

Article Title: Airway Corynebacterium interfere with Streptococcus pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus infection and express secreted factors selectively targeting each pathogen

doi: 10.1128/iai.00445-24

Figure Lengend Snippet: C. pseudodiphtheriticum colonization reduces adherence of S. pneumoniae and S. aureus to human respiratory tract epithelial cells. ( A ) Burdens of C. pseudodiphtheriticum detected on D562 and A549 cells at 4 hours and 18 hours at the indicated MOI. LOD indicates the limit of detection. ( B ) Cell adherence assay schematic. ( C ) Percent adherence of S. pneumoniae unencapsulated strain R6 detected on D526 and A549 cells at 1 hour post-infection at MOI = 0.1 with or without pre-colonization of epithelial cells with C. pseudodiphtheriticum for 18 hours at the indicated MOI, relative to untreated cells infected with S. pneumoniae alone. ( D ) Percent adherence of S. aureus MRSA strain USA300 at MOI = 0.1 as for ( C ). ( E ) Burdens of S. pneumoniae and S. aureus detected in wells without epithelial cells under identical conditions as for ( C and D ). * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01, **** P < 0.0001, one-way ANOVA with Dunnett’s post hoc analysis. Data are pooled from two independent experiments ( A ) or three independent experiments ( C–E ) with three replicates per condition.

Article Snippet: The human lung epithelial cell line A549 and pharyngeal epithelial cell line D562 were obtained from the American Type Culture Collection.

Techniques: Infection

Journal: Infection and Immunity

Article Title: Airway Corynebacterium interfere with Streptococcus pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus infection and express secreted factors selectively targeting each pathogen

doi: 10.1128/iai.00445-24

Figure Lengend Snippet: C. accolens colonization reduces pathogen adherence to human respiratory tract epithelial cells in a lipase-independent manner. ( A ) Burdens of C. accolens detected on D562 and A549 cells at 4 hours and 18 hours at the indicated MOI. LOD indicates the limit of detection. ( B ) Percent adherence of S. pneumoniae unencapsulated strain R6 detected on D526 and A549 cells at 1 hour post-infection at MOI = 0.1 with or without pre-colonization of epithelial cells with C. accolens WT ( C. acc KPL1818) or lipS1 -deficient C. accolens ( C. acc KPL1818 Δ lipS1 ) for 18 hours at the indicated MOI, relative to untreated cells infected with S. pneumoniae alone. ( C ) Percent adherence of S. aureus MRSA strain USA300 at MOI = 0.1 as for ( B ). ( D ) Burdens of S. pneumoniae and S. aureus detected in wells without epithelial cells under identical conditions as for ( B and C ). ** P < 0.01, *** P < 0.001, **** P < 0.0001, one-way ANOVA with Dunnett’s post hoc analysis. Data are pooled from two independent experiments ( A ) or three independent experiments ( B–D ) with three replicates per condition.

Article Snippet: The human lung epithelial cell line A549 and pharyngeal epithelial cell line D562 were obtained from the American Type Culture Collection.

Techniques: Infection

Journal: Infection and Immunity

Article Title: Airway Corynebacterium interfere with Streptococcus pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus infection and express secreted factors selectively targeting each pathogen

doi: 10.1128/iai.00445-24

Figure Lengend Snippet: Corynebacterium colonization interference requires live bacteria and is sensitive to S. aureus adherence capacity. ( A ) Percent adherence of S. pneumoniae unencapsulated strain R6 on D562 and A549 cells 1 hour post-infection at MOI = 0.1 with or without 18 hour pre-exposure to heat-killed C. pseudodiphtheriticum (HK C. pseud ) at the indicated MOI, relative to untreated cells infected with S. pneumoniae alone. ( B ) Percent adherence of S. aureus MRSA strain USA300 at MOI = 0.1 as for ( A ), with or without heat-killed C. pseudodiphtheriticum or heat-killed C. accolens WT ( C. acc KPL1818). ( C ) Percent adherence of WT S. aureus , fnbAB -deficient S. aureus ( S. aureus Δ fnbAB ), and agr -deficient S. aureus ( S. aureus Δ agr ) to A549 cells 1 hour post-infection at MOI = 0.1. ( D ) Percent adherence of S. aureus Δ fnbAB to A549 cells 1 hour post-infection at MOI = 0.1 with or without pre-colonization of epithelial cells with C. pseudodiphtheriticum or C. accolens for 18 hours at the indicated MOI, relative to untreated cells infected with S. aureus Δ fnbAB alone. ( E ) Percent adherence of S. aureus Δ agr at MOI = 0.1 as in ( D ). * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01, one-way ANOVA with Dunnett’s post hoc analysis. Data are pooled from two ( A and B ) or three ( C–E ) independent experiments with three replicates per condition.

Article Snippet: The human lung epithelial cell line A549 and pharyngeal epithelial cell line D562 were obtained from the American Type Culture Collection.

Techniques: Bacteria, Infection

Journal: mBio

Article Title: Naturally occurring influenza reassortment in pigs facilitates the emergence of intrahost virus subpopulations with distinct genotypes and replicative fitness

doi: 10.1128/mbio.01924-24

Figure Lengend Snippet: Growth performance of influenza A viral plaques with distinct genotypes on various human and swine respiratory epithelial cell monolayers. ( A ) Influenza growth kinetics of plaque-purified isolates on the normal swine bronchial epithelial cell (NSBE), swine nasal primary epithelial cell (sNEC), human bronchial/tracheal epithelial cell (NHBE), human nasal primary epithelial cell (HNEpC), and human lung carcinoma epithelial cell (A549) grown as monolayers. The cells were infected by indicated viruses at 33°C, 37°C, or 39°C with a multiplicity of infection of 0.01 TCID 50 /cell. The supernatants of infected cells were collected at 1, 24, 48, and 72 hours postinoculation (hpi), and the virus titers were determined by TCID 50 assay. The tested influenza viruses are shown in different colors, and the data are shown as mean titers ± standard errors of three replicates. ( B ) The 21 influenza viral plaques representing 21 genotypes were inoculated on NSBE, sNEC, NHBE, HNEpC, and A549 cells at a multiplicity of infection of 0.01 TCID 50 /cell and were cultured at either 33°C, 37°C, or 39°C. We computed the area under the curve (AUC) for each virus based on the virus growth kinetic curves shown in . The AUC values of each viral plaque are displayed as the mean values ± standard deviations ( n = 3 replicates). Each cell line is represented by a different color. ( C ) Statistical differences compared the average AUC values among all the 21 influenza genotypes for each cell line using two-way ANOVA with Tukey HSD for multiple group comparisons. The X and Y axes indicate the ID of the plaques with (Y label) or without (X label) the genotypes they represented from that used for each pairwise comparison. The colored squares indicate statistical differences ( P < 0.05) of the average AUC values between two viruses. The colored squares with pink borders indicate the significant differences in AUC values of two viral plaques/genotypes isolated from the same pig.

Article Snippet: The human lung carcinoma epithelial cell line (A549, CCL-185) was purchased from ATCC and cultured in DMEM media with 10% FBS and 1% streptomycin-penicillin.

Techniques: Purification, Infection, Virus, Cell Culture, Comparison, Isolation

Journal: mBio

Article Title: Naturally occurring influenza reassortment in pigs facilitates the emergence of intrahost virus subpopulations with distinct genotypes and replicative fitness

doi: 10.1128/mbio.01924-24

Figure Lengend Snippet: Growth performance of influenza plaques with distinct genotypes tested on swine and human respiratory primary epithelial cells at the air–liquid interface. ( A ) Influenza growth kinetics of selected plaque-purified isolates on human bronchial/tracheal epithelial (NHBE-ALI) and swine tracheal primary epithelial (sTEC-ALI) cells at the air–liquid interface. The selected representative influenza viruses were inoculated on the cells at 37°C with a multiplicity of infection of 0.1 TCID 50 /cell. The apical supernatants were obtained at 3, 24, 48, and 72 hours postinoculation (hpi), and the viral titers were determined with TCID 50 assay. The influenza viruses are displayed in different colors and shapes. Error bars present the standard error of the means from three replicates. ( B ) The NHBE-ALI and the sTEC-ALI cells were cultured and inoculated in 37°C under air–liquid interface conditions with 23 influenza plaque viruses representing 21 genotypes at a multiplicity of infection of 0.1 TCID 50 /cell. The area under the curve (AUC) was calculated based on the virus growth kinetic curves shown in . ( C ) Statistical analysis on the average AUC values among the 23 influenza plaques tested on each cell line using two-way ANOVA with Tukey HSD adjustments. The figure settings of panels A, B, and C are the same as the corresponding figure panels in .

Article Snippet: The human lung carcinoma epithelial cell line (A549, CCL-185) was purchased from ATCC and cultured in DMEM media with 10% FBS and 1% streptomycin-penicillin.

Techniques: Purification, Infection, Cell Culture, Virus