Journal: PLOS One

Article Title: Sage extract and ascorbic acid derivative inhibit melanogenesis via downregulating keratinocyte-derived GM-CSF

doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0325242

Figure Lengend Snippet: HPEKs were treated with SGE, AG, GM-CSF, and anti-GM-CSF antibody, incubated for 30 min, and then exposed to UVB irradiation at a dose of 5 mJ/cm 2 . Subsequently, co-culturing with NHEMs was initiated in CnT-PR medium. Forty-eight hours after starting the co-culture, the following experiments were performed. (a) Quantitative PCR (q-PCR) analysis of CSF2 expression in HPEKs. Data are presented as mean ± SEM values from five independent experiments. (b) ELISA analysis of GM-CSF released from HPEKs. Data are presented as mean±SEM values from four independent experiments. (c) Measurement of melanin content in HPEKs, normalized to protein content. Data are represented as mean ± SEM values from four independent experiments. Statistical significance was calculated using one-way ANOVA followed by Dunnett’s test for (a) and (b), and Tukey’s test for (c).

Article Snippet: The levels of human Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor (GM-CSF) in the cell culture supernatants of HPEKs were measured using the ELISA MAXStandard Set Human GM-CSF (BIOLEGEND, San Diego, CA, USA) according to the manufacturer’s instructions.

Techniques: Incubation, Irradiation, Co-Culture Assay, Real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction, Expressing, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay