Journal: Scientific reports

Article Title: Interspecies crosstalk between Magnaporthiopsis maydis and Fusarium verticillioides in mutually infected maize plants.

doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-94577-y

Figure Lengend Snippet: Fig. 1. Colony growth rate (A) and plate confrontation assay (B). The fungal colonies were incubated at 28 ± 1°C in the dark on potato dextrose agar (PDA) medium. The growth assay (A) included six biological repeats. Error bars indicate standard error. Different letters (a-b) above the chart’s bars represent an ANOVA test significant difference (p < 0.05) in each growth day. The plate myco-antagonism test (B) aimed at assessing the interaction between Magnaporthiopsis maydis isolates (Hm2 and Hm7) and Fusarium verticillioides (ATCC 204499, FV), which were cultured separately and together on media plates for five days until colony confluence was achieved. In this assay, the isolates’ names on the upper X-axis represent the right isolate on the plate, while those on the Y-axis represent the left isolate. The presence of a black band in the meeting area between the colonies indicates species antagonistic interactions (growth restriction).

Article Snippet: Growth room trial conditions The experiment included M. maydis (strain Hm2) and F. verticillioides (ATCC 204499), applied individually and in dual fungi inoculation (simultaneously or in sequence).

Techniques: Confrontation Assay, Incubation, Growth Assay, Cell Culture

Journal: Scientific reports

Article Title: Interspecies crosstalk between Magnaporthiopsis maydis and Fusarium verticillioides in mutually infected maize plants.

doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-94577-y

Figure Lengend Snippet: Fig. 2. Secreted metabolites plate inhibition assay’s colony radius (A) and photos (B). Colony growth rate of M. maydis isolates Hm2 and Hm7 and F. verticillioides (FV) was observed on a rich PDA medium supplemented with fungal metabolites derived from the three isolates. The X-axis in (A) and Y-axis in (B) represent the fungal growth products-based substrate. The other axis displays the various isolates cultivated on that growth medium. As a control, all isolates were grown on a regular PDA medium. Incubation took place in a dark environment at 28 ± 1°C for four days. Each isolate was subjected to four replicates, and the average colony radius was measured at the end of the cultivation period. Error lines represent a standard error. Different letters (a-f) above the chart’s bars represent an ANOVA test significant difference (p < 0.05).

Article Snippet: Growth room trial conditions The experiment included M. maydis (strain Hm2) and F. verticillioides (ATCC 204499), applied individually and in dual fungi inoculation (simultaneously or in sequence).

Techniques: Inhibition, Derivative Assay, Control, Incubation

Journal: Scientific reports

Article Title: Interspecies crosstalk between Magnaporthiopsis maydis and Fusarium verticillioides in mutually infected maize plants.

doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-94577-y

Figure Lengend Snippet: Fig. 4. Growth room experiment quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) analysis days 21 and 40 after sowing (Stages V2 and V4). The plants were inoculated separately, in combination, or sequentially by M. maydis (Mm) and F. verticillioides (Fv). These protocols were applied 14 days before sowing (-14) and at seeding (0). In the sequential infection, which started from sowing, the second inoculation occurred a week later (+ 7). The Y-axis shows the ratio of the specific M. maydis or F. verticillioides DNA (A,B, day 21, Stage V2, and C,D, day 40, Stage V4) to the housekeeping gene-encoding cytochrome C oxidase (COX). Values represent an average of 8–10 repetitions (plants per treatment). Error lines represent a standard error. The statistical significance of variance between each group and the control (highlighted in black) was tested using the one-way ANOVA (or Kruskal–Wallis assay, A,B) and is represented by green bars and different asterisks above the chart bars (* p < 0.05, **p < 0.005, ***p < 0.0005).

Article Snippet: Growth room trial conditions The experiment included M. maydis (strain Hm2) and F. verticillioides (ATCC 204499), applied individually and in dual fungi inoculation (simultaneously or in sequence).

Techniques: Real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction, Infection, Control

Journal: Scientific reports

Article Title: Interspecies crosstalk between Magnaporthiopsis maydis and Fusarium verticillioides in mutually infected maize plants.

doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-94577-y

Figure Lengend Snippet: Fig. 5. Semi-field experiment growth indices on day 42 after sowing (Stage V4). The plants were inoculated separately, in combination, or sequentially by M. maydis (Mm) and F. verticillioides (Fv). These protocols were applied 14 days before sowing (-14) and at seeding (0). In the sequential infection, which started from sowing, the second inoculation occurred a week later (+ 7). (A) wet biomass, (B) plant height, (C) phenological stage (leaves count), (D) number of flowers, and (E) the surviving plants’ percentage. Control—uninfected healthy plants. Each value is a mean of 8–10 repetitions (average/pot per treatment). Error bars signify the standard error. The statistical significance of variance between each group and the control (highlighted in black) was tested using the one-way ANOVA (or Kruskal–Wallis assay, E) and is represented by green bars and different asterisks above the chart bars (*p < 0.05, **p < 0.005, ***p < 0.0005).

Article Snippet: Growth room trial conditions The experiment included M. maydis (strain Hm2) and F. verticillioides (ATCC 204499), applied individually and in dual fungi inoculation (simultaneously or in sequence).

Techniques: Infection, Control

Journal: Scientific reports

Article Title: Interspecies crosstalk between Magnaporthiopsis maydis and Fusarium verticillioides in mutually infected maize plants.

doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-94577-y

Figure Lengend Snippet: Fig. 6. Semi-field experiment growth indices on day 84 after sowing (Stage R3). The plants were inoculated separately, in combination, or sequentially by M. maydis (Mm) and F. verticillioides (Fv). These protocols were applied 14 days before sowing (-14) and at seeding (0). In the sequential infection, which started from sowing, the second inoculation occurred a week later (+ 7). (A) fresh weight, (B) plant height, (C) phenological stage (number of leaves), (D) ear weight, and (E) the surviving plants’ percentage. Control—uninfected healthy plants. Each value is a mean of 9–10 repetitions (plant per treatment). Error bars signify the standard error. The statistical significance of variance between each group and the control (highlighted in black) was tested using the one-way ANOVA (or Kruskal–Wallis assay, C,E) and is represented by green bars and different asterisks above the chart bars (*p < 0.05, **p < 0.005, ***p < 0.0005).

Article Snippet: Growth room trial conditions The experiment included M. maydis (strain Hm2) and F. verticillioides (ATCC 204499), applied individually and in dual fungi inoculation (simultaneously or in sequence).

Techniques: Infection, Control

Journal: Scientific reports

Article Title: Interspecies crosstalk between Magnaporthiopsis maydis and Fusarium verticillioides in mutually infected maize plants.

doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-94577-y

Figure Lengend Snippet: Fig. 7. Semi-field experiment day 84 after sowing (Stage R3) – comparison of the plants’ different organs wilt symptoms. The plants were inoculated separately, in combination, or sequentially by M. maydis (Mm) and F. verticillioides (Fv). These protocols were applied 14 days before sowing (-14) and at seeding (0). In the sequential infection, which started from sowing, the second inoculation occurred a week later (+ 7). The overall plant health and its various body parts symptoms were estimated according to the four categories: 1—healthy, 2—mild, 3—severe, and 4—dead34. (A) general disease symptoms, (B) stem symptoms, (C) dry leaves, and (D) ear symptoms. The classification of the lower stem (first above-ground internode) and the cobs’ spathes disease symptoms are described in Ref.27. The average score of all these (total symptoms) is presented in (E). Each value is a mean of 9–10 repetitions (plant per treatment). Error bars signify the standard error. The statistical significance of variance between each group and the control (highlighted in black) was tested using the one- way ANOVA (or Kruskal–Wallis assay, A-C) and is represented by green bars and different asterisks above the chart bars (*p < 0.05, **p < 0.005, ***p < 0.0005).

Article Snippet: Growth room trial conditions The experiment included M. maydis (strain Hm2) and F. verticillioides (ATCC 204499), applied individually and in dual fungi inoculation (simultaneously or in sequence).

Techniques: Comparison, Infection, Control

Journal: Scientific reports

Article Title: Interspecies crosstalk between Magnaporthiopsis maydis and Fusarium verticillioides in mutually infected maize plants.

doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-94577-y

Figure Lengend Snippet: Fig. 8. Semi-field experiment qPCR days 42 and 84 after sowing (growth Stages V4 and R3, respectively). The plants were inoculated separately, in combination, or sequentially by M. maydis (Mm) and F. verticillioides (Fv). These protocols were applied 14 days before sowing (-14) and at seeding (0). In the sequential infection, which started from sowing, the second inoculation occurred a week later (+ 7). The Y-axis shows the ratio of the specific M. maydis or F. verticillioides DNA ((A, B), day 42, and (C, D), day 84) to the housekeeping gene- encoding cytochrome C oxidase (COX). Values represent an average of 9–10 repetitions (plants per treatment). Error lines represent a standard error. The statistical significance of variance between each group and the control (highlighted in black) was tested using the Kruskal–Wallis test and is represented by green bars and different asterisks above the chart bars (*p < 0.05, **p < 0.005, ****p < 0.00005).

Article Snippet: Growth room trial conditions The experiment included M. maydis (strain Hm2) and F. verticillioides (ATCC 204499), applied individually and in dual fungi inoculation (simultaneously or in sequence).

Techniques: Infection, Control

Journal: Reviews in Cardiovascular Medicine

Article Title: Structural Heart Interventions in Patients with Left Ventricular Assist Devices

doi: 10.31083/RCM27964

Figure Lengend Snippet: Overview of structural heart interventions in LVAD patients . Multiple valve lesions can arise post LVAD that can be addressed with transcatheter valvular therapies. Aortic regurgitation can be treated with TAVR. Mitral and tricuspid regurgitation can be treated both by transcatheter edge to edge repair, as well as TMVR/TTVR strategies. PFO and iatrogenic ASD can complicate post LVAD management, typically by right to left shunting resulting in refractory hypoxemia. Post LVAD complications of pump thrombosis and outflow cannula obstruction can be treated in the catheterization laboratory. De-activation of the LVAD for patients with recovery require a hybrid procedure achieved in part by transcatheter delivery of closure devices inside the outflow cannula. LVAD, left ventricular assist devices; TAVR, transcatheter aortic valve replacement; TMVR, transcatheter mitral valve replacement; TTVR, transcatheter tricuspid valve replacement; PFO, patent foramen ovale; ASD, atrial septal defect.

Article Snippet: In the Endurance trial that compared the first generation continuous flow LVAD HM2 with the second generation continuous flow LVAD HeartWare ventricular assist device (HVAD), the incidence of pump exchange due to pump thrombosis at 2 years was 10.7% for HM2 device and 6.7% for the HVAD device [ ].

Techniques: Activation Assay

Journal: Reviews in Cardiovascular Medicine

Article Title: Structural Heart Interventions in Patients with Left Ventricular Assist Devices

doi: 10.31083/RCM27964

Figure Lengend Snippet: Pathophysiology of aortic regurgitation post LVAD . In native circulation the transvalvular pressure (TVP) ranges from zero to peak systolic aortic pressure allowing a time of minimal stress on the aortic valve leaflets. In continuous flow circulation the TVP remains relatively constant thus creating an increased hemodynamic stress on valve leaflets contributing to the development of aortic regurgitation (AR) post LVAD.

Article Snippet: In the Endurance trial that compared the first generation continuous flow LVAD HM2 with the second generation continuous flow LVAD HeartWare ventricular assist device (HVAD), the incidence of pump exchange due to pump thrombosis at 2 years was 10.7% for HM2 device and 6.7% for the HVAD device [ ].

Techniques:

Journal: Reviews in Cardiovascular Medicine

Article Title: Structural Heart Interventions in Patients with Left Ventricular Assist Devices

doi: 10.31083/RCM27964

Figure Lengend Snippet: AVR with a self-expanding valve (Medtronic) in LVAD complicated by migration . (a) Medtronic Evolut valve deployed too deep in the ventricle. (b) Evolut valve embolized to the aorta when attempting to reposition the valve with a snare. (c) Second Evolut valve successfully placed across the aortic valve.

Article Snippet: In the Endurance trial that compared the first generation continuous flow LVAD HM2 with the second generation continuous flow LVAD HeartWare ventricular assist device (HVAD), the incidence of pump exchange due to pump thrombosis at 2 years was 10.7% for HM2 device and 6.7% for the HVAD device [ ].

Techniques: Migration

Journal: Reviews in Cardiovascular Medicine

Article Title: Structural Heart Interventions in Patients with Left Ventricular Assist Devices

doi: 10.31083/RCM27964

Figure Lengend Snippet: Jena-Valve in LVAD patient with severe AR . (a) Jenavalve 27 mm with three locators (arrowheads) anchored to the aortic valve. (b) Resolution of AR after Jenavalve implantation.

Article Snippet: In the Endurance trial that compared the first generation continuous flow LVAD HM2 with the second generation continuous flow LVAD HeartWare ventricular assist device (HVAD), the incidence of pump exchange due to pump thrombosis at 2 years was 10.7% for HM2 device and 6.7% for the HVAD device [ ].

Techniques:

Journal: Reviews in Cardiovascular Medicine

Article Title: Structural Heart Interventions in Patients with Left Ventricular Assist Devices

doi: 10.31083/RCM27964

Figure Lengend Snippet: J Valve TAVR in LVAD patient with severe AR . (a) J-Valve with three anchor rings that secure in the aortic cusps. (b) J Valve implantation with resolution of AR (arrowhead pointing to anchor ring).

Article Snippet: In the Endurance trial that compared the first generation continuous flow LVAD HM2 with the second generation continuous flow LVAD HeartWare ventricular assist device (HVAD), the incidence of pump exchange due to pump thrombosis at 2 years was 10.7% for HM2 device and 6.7% for the HVAD device [ ].

Techniques:

Journal: Reviews in Cardiovascular Medicine

Article Title: Structural Heart Interventions in Patients with Left Ventricular Assist Devices

doi: 10.31083/RCM27964

Figure Lengend Snippet: Abbott Navitor TAVR in LVAD patient . Abbott Navitor valve with large outflow diameter and anchoring in the ascending aorta for AR.

Article Snippet: In the Endurance trial that compared the first generation continuous flow LVAD HM2 with the second generation continuous flow LVAD HeartWare ventricular assist device (HVAD), the incidence of pump exchange due to pump thrombosis at 2 years was 10.7% for HM2 device and 6.7% for the HVAD device [ ].

Techniques:

Journal: Reviews in Cardiovascular Medicine

Article Title: Structural Heart Interventions in Patients with Left Ventricular Assist Devices

doi: 10.31083/RCM27964

Figure Lengend Snippet: Tricuspid valve valve-in-ring TTVR in LVAD patient . (a) Sapien 3 valve being deployed in a TV annuloplasty band for treatment of severe TR via trans jugular approach. (b) T-TEER with Triclip. Torrential to mild TR after three Triclips. (Two previously placed Mitraclips are also visible on the fluoroscopy image). T-TEER, tricuspid transcatheter edge to edge repair; TV, tricuspid valve; TR, tricuspid regurgitation.

Article Snippet: In the Endurance trial that compared the first generation continuous flow LVAD HM2 with the second generation continuous flow LVAD HeartWare ventricular assist device (HVAD), the incidence of pump exchange due to pump thrombosis at 2 years was 10.7% for HM2 device and 6.7% for the HVAD device [ ].

Techniques:

Journal: Reviews in Cardiovascular Medicine

Article Title: Structural Heart Interventions in Patients with Left Ventricular Assist Devices

doi: 10.31083/RCM27964

Figure Lengend Snippet: PFO closure post LVAD . (a) Large right to left shunt in a patient with PFO and RV failure. (b) Amplatzer closure of PFO in LVAD patient. (c) Successful closure of PFO with Gore 32 mm ASD occluder. Patient on RVAD support due to worsening RV failure in the settting of hypoxemia. RV, right ventricular; RVAD, right ventricular assist device.

Article Snippet: In the Endurance trial that compared the first generation continuous flow LVAD HM2 with the second generation continuous flow LVAD HeartWare ventricular assist device (HVAD), the incidence of pump exchange due to pump thrombosis at 2 years was 10.7% for HM2 device and 6.7% for the HVAD device [ ].

Techniques:

Journal: Reviews in Cardiovascular Medicine

Article Title: Structural Heart Interventions in Patients with Left Ventricular Assist Devices

doi: 10.31083/RCM27964

Figure Lengend Snippet: Catheter based thrombolytics in pump thrombosis . Pigtail catheter placed in the LV close to the LVAD inflow and thrombolytic infusion over a period of 24 hours. LV, left ventricle.

Article Snippet: In the Endurance trial that compared the first generation continuous flow LVAD HM2 with the second generation continuous flow LVAD HeartWare ventricular assist device (HVAD), the incidence of pump exchange due to pump thrombosis at 2 years was 10.7% for HM2 device and 6.7% for the HVAD device [ ].

Techniques:

Journal: Reviews in Cardiovascular Medicine

Article Title: Structural Heart Interventions in Patients with Left Ventricular Assist Devices

doi: 10.31083/RCM27964

Figure Lengend Snippet: LVAD decommissioning . Outflow cannula occlusion with a series of three large Amplatzer vascular plug 2 (AVP2) from the proximal end to the distal end of the cannula.

Article Snippet: In the Endurance trial that compared the first generation continuous flow LVAD HM2 with the second generation continuous flow LVAD HeartWare ventricular assist device (HVAD), the incidence of pump exchange due to pump thrombosis at 2 years was 10.7% for HM2 device and 6.7% for the HVAD device [ ].

Techniques: