rabbit anti glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta  (Cell Signaling Technology Inc)


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    Cell Signaling Technology Inc rabbit anti glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta
    Experimental scheme for this study. After gene identification at 1 month of age, 3-month-old male WT and 3×Tg-AD mice were randomly assigned to four groups with 10 animals each and then intragastrically administered either ICA or vehicle for 5 months (WT + vehicle, WT + ICA, 3×Tg-AD + vehicle, 3×Tg-AD + ICA groups). After performing behavior tests, the mice were euthanized. The cerebral cortexes were evaluated using HE and Nissl staining, immunofluorescent staining, and western blot assays to determine the above disease indicators. 3×Tg-AD: A triple-transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease; Aβ: beta-amyloid protein; AKT: protein kinase B; APP: amyloid precursor protein; GLUT: glucose transporter; <t>GSK3β:</t> glycogen synthase <t>kinase</t> <t>3</t> beta; HE: hematoxylin and eosin; ICA: icariin; IR: insulin receptor; IRS1: insulin receptor substrate 1; NeuN: neuronal nuclear antigen; p: phosphorylation; PI3K: phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; PSD95: postsynaptic density protein 95; WT: wild-type.
    Rabbit Anti Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 Beta, supplied by Cell Signaling Technology Inc, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 96/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
    https://www.bioz.com/result/rabbit anti glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta/product/Cell Signaling Technology Inc
    Average 96 stars, based on 1 article reviews
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    1) Product Images from "Icariin ameliorates memory deficits through regulating brain insulin signaling and glucose transporters in 3×Tg-AD mice"

    Article Title: Icariin ameliorates memory deficits through regulating brain insulin signaling and glucose transporters in 3×Tg-AD mice

    Journal: Neural Regeneration Research

    doi: 10.4103/1673-5374.344840

    Experimental scheme for this study. After gene identification at 1 month of age, 3-month-old male WT and 3×Tg-AD mice were randomly assigned to four groups with 10 animals each and then intragastrically administered either ICA or vehicle for 5 months (WT + vehicle, WT + ICA, 3×Tg-AD + vehicle, 3×Tg-AD + ICA groups). After performing behavior tests, the mice were euthanized. The cerebral cortexes were evaluated using HE and Nissl staining, immunofluorescent staining, and western blot assays to determine the above disease indicators. 3×Tg-AD: A triple-transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease; Aβ: beta-amyloid protein; AKT: protein kinase B; APP: amyloid precursor protein; GLUT: glucose transporter; GSK3β: glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta; HE: hematoxylin and eosin; ICA: icariin; IR: insulin receptor; IRS1: insulin receptor substrate 1; NeuN: neuronal nuclear antigen; p: phosphorylation; PI3K: phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; PSD95: postsynaptic density protein 95; WT: wild-type.
    Figure Legend Snippet: Experimental scheme for this study. After gene identification at 1 month of age, 3-month-old male WT and 3×Tg-AD mice were randomly assigned to four groups with 10 animals each and then intragastrically administered either ICA or vehicle for 5 months (WT + vehicle, WT + ICA, 3×Tg-AD + vehicle, 3×Tg-AD + ICA groups). After performing behavior tests, the mice were euthanized. The cerebral cortexes were evaluated using HE and Nissl staining, immunofluorescent staining, and western blot assays to determine the above disease indicators. 3×Tg-AD: A triple-transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease; Aβ: beta-amyloid protein; AKT: protein kinase B; APP: amyloid precursor protein; GLUT: glucose transporter; GSK3β: glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta; HE: hematoxylin and eosin; ICA: icariin; IR: insulin receptor; IRS1: insulin receptor substrate 1; NeuN: neuronal nuclear antigen; p: phosphorylation; PI3K: phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; PSD95: postsynaptic density protein 95; WT: wild-type.

    Techniques Used: Staining, Western Blot, Transgenic Assay

    Effects of ICA on impaired insulin signaling in the cerebral cortex of 3×Tg-AD mice. (A) Insulin signaling: IR tyrosine autophosphorylation is stimulated by insulin and triggers IRS1 phosphorylation at tyrosine residues, which represents a positive regulatory mechanism that activates the PI3K/AKT pathway and results in the inhibition of GSK3β. However, serine phosphorylation of IRS1 at specific sites is a negative regulatory mechanism. (B) Representative expression patterns of molecules related to the insulin signaling pathway. (C) Quantification of proteins related to the insulin signaling pathway shown in (B). Protein levels were normalized to those in the WT + vehicle group. The data are presented as the means ± SEM ( n = 4–6). * P < 0.05, vs . WT + vehicle group; # P < 0.05, vs . 3×Tg-AD + vehicle group (one-way analysis of variance followed by the least significant difference test). 3×Tg-AD: A triple-transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease; AKT: protein kinase B; GAPDH: glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase; GSK3β: glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta; ICA: icariin; IR: insulin receptor; IRS1: insulin receptor substrate 1; p: phosphorylation; PI3K: phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; PIP2: phosphatidylinositol (4,5) bisphosphate; PIP3: phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5) trisphosphate; PTEN: phosphatase and tensin homolog; WT: wild-type.
    Figure Legend Snippet: Effects of ICA on impaired insulin signaling in the cerebral cortex of 3×Tg-AD mice. (A) Insulin signaling: IR tyrosine autophosphorylation is stimulated by insulin and triggers IRS1 phosphorylation at tyrosine residues, which represents a positive regulatory mechanism that activates the PI3K/AKT pathway and results in the inhibition of GSK3β. However, serine phosphorylation of IRS1 at specific sites is a negative regulatory mechanism. (B) Representative expression patterns of molecules related to the insulin signaling pathway. (C) Quantification of proteins related to the insulin signaling pathway shown in (B). Protein levels were normalized to those in the WT + vehicle group. The data are presented as the means ± SEM ( n = 4–6). * P < 0.05, vs . WT + vehicle group; # P < 0.05, vs . 3×Tg-AD + vehicle group (one-way analysis of variance followed by the least significant difference test). 3×Tg-AD: A triple-transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease; AKT: protein kinase B; GAPDH: glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase; GSK3β: glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta; ICA: icariin; IR: insulin receptor; IRS1: insulin receptor substrate 1; p: phosphorylation; PI3K: phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; PIP2: phosphatidylinositol (4,5) bisphosphate; PIP3: phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5) trisphosphate; PTEN: phosphatase and tensin homolog; WT: wild-type.

    Techniques Used: Inhibition, Expressing, Transgenic Assay

    Schematic diagram of the mechanism by which ICA regulates GLUTs and brain insulin signaling to ameliorate memory impairment in AD. Aβ: Amyloid-beta protein; AD: Alzheimer’s disease; AKT: protein kinase B; APP: amyloid precursor protein; GLUT: glucose transporter; GSK3β: glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta; G-tau: the attachment of O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) on tau; ICA: icariin; IR: insulin receptor; IRS1: insulin receptor substrate 1; p: phosphorylation; PI3K: phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; PIP2: phosphatidylinositol (4,5) bisphosphate; PIP3: phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5) trisphosphate; PTEN: phosphatase and tensin homolog.
    Figure Legend Snippet: Schematic diagram of the mechanism by which ICA regulates GLUTs and brain insulin signaling to ameliorate memory impairment in AD. Aβ: Amyloid-beta protein; AD: Alzheimer’s disease; AKT: protein kinase B; APP: amyloid precursor protein; GLUT: glucose transporter; GSK3β: glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta; G-tau: the attachment of O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) on tau; ICA: icariin; IR: insulin receptor; IRS1: insulin receptor substrate 1; p: phosphorylation; PI3K: phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; PIP2: phosphatidylinositol (4,5) bisphosphate; PIP3: phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5) trisphosphate; PTEN: phosphatase and tensin homolog.

    Techniques Used:

    rabbit anti gsk3 β  (Cell Signaling Technology Inc)


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    Cell Signaling Technology Inc rabbit anti gsk3 β
    Rabbit Anti Gsk3 β, supplied by Cell Signaling Technology Inc, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 86/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
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    gsk3 β  (Cell Signaling Technology Inc)


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    Cell Signaling Technology Inc gsk3 β
    Gsk3 β, supplied by Cell Signaling Technology Inc, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 86/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
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    phospho gsk 3 α  (Cell Signaling Technology Inc)


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    Cell Signaling Technology Inc phospho gsk 3 α
    Phospho Gsk 3 α, supplied by Cell Signaling Technology Inc, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 86/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
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    gsk3 β d5c5z  (Cell Signaling Technology Inc)


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    Cell Signaling Technology Inc gsk3 β d5c5z
    Results of biological activity assays. ( A ) The morphology of the U251-APP cells treated with or without compounds (5 μM or 20 μM), gemfibrozil (Gem, 50 μM, a positive control), or Dinacilib (Dina, 2.5 μM, a positive control) for 24 h. ( B ) Level of extracellular Aβ42 in the culture medium of U251-APP cells treated with compounds, Gem, or DMSO (control), determined by ELISA. ( C – E ) Levels of pTau217, pTau396 and pTau181 in the U251-APP cells treated with compounds, Dina, or DMSO (control) determined by ELISA. ( F – K ) Western blot assays showing the protein levels of CDK5, pCDK5, and <t>GSK3</t> β in the U251-APP cells treated with or without compounds. A representative Western blot result ( F , H , J ) and quantification of protein levels ( G , I , K ) based on three independent experiments. ( L – Q ) Western blot assays showing the protein levels of BACE1, NCSTN, PSEN2, and PSEN1 in the U251-APP cells treated with or without compounds. A representative Western blot result ( L , N , P ) and quantification of protein levels ( M , O , Q ) based on three independent experiments. ( R ) A proposed potential role of 1 against AD by downregulating BACE1, NCSTN, CDK5, and GSK3 β -mediated pathways, resulting in A β 42 reduction and decreased pTau217. Data are presented as the means ± SD; ns, not significant; ***, p < 0.001; **, p < 0.01; and *, p < 0.05; one-way ANOVA with Bonferroni’s post hoc test.
    Gsk3 β D5c5z, supplied by Cell Signaling Technology Inc, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 86/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
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    Average 86 stars, based on 1 article reviews
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    1) Product Images from "New Monoterpenoid Indole Alkaloids from Tabernaemontana crassa Inhibit β -Amyloid42 Production and Phospho-Tau (Thr217)"

    Article Title: New Monoterpenoid Indole Alkaloids from Tabernaemontana crassa Inhibit β -Amyloid42 Production and Phospho-Tau (Thr217)

    Journal: International Journal of Molecular Sciences

    doi: 10.3390/ijms24021487

    Results of biological activity assays. ( A ) The morphology of the U251-APP cells treated with or without compounds (5 μM or 20 μM), gemfibrozil (Gem, 50 μM, a positive control), or Dinacilib (Dina, 2.5 μM, a positive control) for 24 h. ( B ) Level of extracellular Aβ42 in the culture medium of U251-APP cells treated with compounds, Gem, or DMSO (control), determined by ELISA. ( C – E ) Levels of pTau217, pTau396 and pTau181 in the U251-APP cells treated with compounds, Dina, or DMSO (control) determined by ELISA. ( F – K ) Western blot assays showing the protein levels of CDK5, pCDK5, and GSK3 β in the U251-APP cells treated with or without compounds. A representative Western blot result ( F , H , J ) and quantification of protein levels ( G , I , K ) based on three independent experiments. ( L – Q ) Western blot assays showing the protein levels of BACE1, NCSTN, PSEN2, and PSEN1 in the U251-APP cells treated with or without compounds. A representative Western blot result ( L , N , P ) and quantification of protein levels ( M , O , Q ) based on three independent experiments. ( R ) A proposed potential role of 1 against AD by downregulating BACE1, NCSTN, CDK5, and GSK3 β -mediated pathways, resulting in A β 42 reduction and decreased pTau217. Data are presented as the means ± SD; ns, not significant; ***, p < 0.001; **, p < 0.01; and *, p < 0.05; one-way ANOVA with Bonferroni’s post hoc test.
    Figure Legend Snippet: Results of biological activity assays. ( A ) The morphology of the U251-APP cells treated with or without compounds (5 μM or 20 μM), gemfibrozil (Gem, 50 μM, a positive control), or Dinacilib (Dina, 2.5 μM, a positive control) for 24 h. ( B ) Level of extracellular Aβ42 in the culture medium of U251-APP cells treated with compounds, Gem, or DMSO (control), determined by ELISA. ( C – E ) Levels of pTau217, pTau396 and pTau181 in the U251-APP cells treated with compounds, Dina, or DMSO (control) determined by ELISA. ( F – K ) Western blot assays showing the protein levels of CDK5, pCDK5, and GSK3 β in the U251-APP cells treated with or without compounds. A representative Western blot result ( F , H , J ) and quantification of protein levels ( G , I , K ) based on three independent experiments. ( L – Q ) Western blot assays showing the protein levels of BACE1, NCSTN, PSEN2, and PSEN1 in the U251-APP cells treated with or without compounds. A representative Western blot result ( L , N , P ) and quantification of protein levels ( M , O , Q ) based on three independent experiments. ( R ) A proposed potential role of 1 against AD by downregulating BACE1, NCSTN, CDK5, and GSK3 β -mediated pathways, resulting in A β 42 reduction and decreased pTau217. Data are presented as the means ± SD; ns, not significant; ***, p < 0.001; **, p < 0.01; and *, p < 0.05; one-way ANOVA with Bonferroni’s post hoc test.

    Techniques Used: Activity Assay, Positive Control, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay, Western Blot

    rabbit anti glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta  (Cell Signaling Technology Inc)


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    Cell Signaling Technology Inc rabbit anti glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta
    Experimental scheme for this study. After gene identification at 1 month of age, 3-month-old male WT and 3×Tg-AD mice were randomly assigned to four groups with 10 animals each and then intragastrically administered either ICA or vehicle for 5 months (WT + vehicle, WT + ICA, 3×Tg-AD + vehicle, 3×Tg-AD + ICA groups). After performing behavior tests, the mice were euthanized. The cerebral cortexes were evaluated using HE and Nissl staining, immunofluorescent staining, and western blot assays to determine the above disease indicators. 3×Tg-AD: A triple-transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease; Aβ: beta-amyloid protein; AKT: protein kinase B; APP: amyloid precursor protein; GLUT: glucose transporter; <t>GSK3β:</t> glycogen synthase <t>kinase</t> <t>3</t> beta; HE: hematoxylin and eosin; ICA: icariin; IR: insulin receptor; IRS1: insulin receptor substrate 1; NeuN: neuronal nuclear antigen; p: phosphorylation; PI3K: phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; PSD95: postsynaptic density protein 95; WT: wild-type.
    Rabbit Anti Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 Beta, supplied by Cell Signaling Technology Inc, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 96/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
    https://www.bioz.com/result/rabbit anti glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta/product/Cell Signaling Technology Inc
    Average 96 stars, based on 1 article reviews
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    1) Product Images from "Icariin ameliorates memory deficits through regulating brain insulin signaling and glucose transporters in 3×Tg-AD mice"

    Article Title: Icariin ameliorates memory deficits through regulating brain insulin signaling and glucose transporters in 3×Tg-AD mice

    Journal: Neural Regeneration Research

    doi: 10.4103/1673-5374.344840

    Experimental scheme for this study. After gene identification at 1 month of age, 3-month-old male WT and 3×Tg-AD mice were randomly assigned to four groups with 10 animals each and then intragastrically administered either ICA or vehicle for 5 months (WT + vehicle, WT + ICA, 3×Tg-AD + vehicle, 3×Tg-AD + ICA groups). After performing behavior tests, the mice were euthanized. The cerebral cortexes were evaluated using HE and Nissl staining, immunofluorescent staining, and western blot assays to determine the above disease indicators. 3×Tg-AD: A triple-transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease; Aβ: beta-amyloid protein; AKT: protein kinase B; APP: amyloid precursor protein; GLUT: glucose transporter; GSK3β: glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta; HE: hematoxylin and eosin; ICA: icariin; IR: insulin receptor; IRS1: insulin receptor substrate 1; NeuN: neuronal nuclear antigen; p: phosphorylation; PI3K: phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; PSD95: postsynaptic density protein 95; WT: wild-type.
    Figure Legend Snippet: Experimental scheme for this study. After gene identification at 1 month of age, 3-month-old male WT and 3×Tg-AD mice were randomly assigned to four groups with 10 animals each and then intragastrically administered either ICA or vehicle for 5 months (WT + vehicle, WT + ICA, 3×Tg-AD + vehicle, 3×Tg-AD + ICA groups). After performing behavior tests, the mice were euthanized. The cerebral cortexes were evaluated using HE and Nissl staining, immunofluorescent staining, and western blot assays to determine the above disease indicators. 3×Tg-AD: A triple-transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease; Aβ: beta-amyloid protein; AKT: protein kinase B; APP: amyloid precursor protein; GLUT: glucose transporter; GSK3β: glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta; HE: hematoxylin and eosin; ICA: icariin; IR: insulin receptor; IRS1: insulin receptor substrate 1; NeuN: neuronal nuclear antigen; p: phosphorylation; PI3K: phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; PSD95: postsynaptic density protein 95; WT: wild-type.

    Techniques Used: Staining, Western Blot, Transgenic Assay

    Effects of ICA on impaired insulin signaling in the cerebral cortex of 3×Tg-AD mice. (A) Insulin signaling: IR tyrosine autophosphorylation is stimulated by insulin and triggers IRS1 phosphorylation at tyrosine residues, which represents a positive regulatory mechanism that activates the PI3K/AKT pathway and results in the inhibition of GSK3β. However, serine phosphorylation of IRS1 at specific sites is a negative regulatory mechanism. (B) Representative expression patterns of molecules related to the insulin signaling pathway. (C) Quantification of proteins related to the insulin signaling pathway shown in (B). Protein levels were normalized to those in the WT + vehicle group. The data are presented as the means ± SEM ( n = 4–6). * P < 0.05, vs . WT + vehicle group; # P < 0.05, vs . 3×Tg-AD + vehicle group (one-way analysis of variance followed by the least significant difference test). 3×Tg-AD: A triple-transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease; AKT: protein kinase B; GAPDH: glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase; GSK3β: glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta; ICA: icariin; IR: insulin receptor; IRS1: insulin receptor substrate 1; p: phosphorylation; PI3K: phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; PIP2: phosphatidylinositol (4,5) bisphosphate; PIP3: phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5) trisphosphate; PTEN: phosphatase and tensin homolog; WT: wild-type.
    Figure Legend Snippet: Effects of ICA on impaired insulin signaling in the cerebral cortex of 3×Tg-AD mice. (A) Insulin signaling: IR tyrosine autophosphorylation is stimulated by insulin and triggers IRS1 phosphorylation at tyrosine residues, which represents a positive regulatory mechanism that activates the PI3K/AKT pathway and results in the inhibition of GSK3β. However, serine phosphorylation of IRS1 at specific sites is a negative regulatory mechanism. (B) Representative expression patterns of molecules related to the insulin signaling pathway. (C) Quantification of proteins related to the insulin signaling pathway shown in (B). Protein levels were normalized to those in the WT + vehicle group. The data are presented as the means ± SEM ( n = 4–6). * P < 0.05, vs . WT + vehicle group; # P < 0.05, vs . 3×Tg-AD + vehicle group (one-way analysis of variance followed by the least significant difference test). 3×Tg-AD: A triple-transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease; AKT: protein kinase B; GAPDH: glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase; GSK3β: glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta; ICA: icariin; IR: insulin receptor; IRS1: insulin receptor substrate 1; p: phosphorylation; PI3K: phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; PIP2: phosphatidylinositol (4,5) bisphosphate; PIP3: phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5) trisphosphate; PTEN: phosphatase and tensin homolog; WT: wild-type.

    Techniques Used: Inhibition, Expressing, Transgenic Assay

    Schematic diagram of the mechanism by which ICA regulates GLUTs and brain insulin signaling to ameliorate memory impairment in AD. Aβ: Amyloid-beta protein; AD: Alzheimer’s disease; AKT: protein kinase B; APP: amyloid precursor protein; GLUT: glucose transporter; GSK3β: glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta; G-tau: the attachment of O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) on tau; ICA: icariin; IR: insulin receptor; IRS1: insulin receptor substrate 1; p: phosphorylation; PI3K: phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; PIP2: phosphatidylinositol (4,5) bisphosphate; PIP3: phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5) trisphosphate; PTEN: phosphatase and tensin homolog.
    Figure Legend Snippet: Schematic diagram of the mechanism by which ICA regulates GLUTs and brain insulin signaling to ameliorate memory impairment in AD. Aβ: Amyloid-beta protein; AD: Alzheimer’s disease; AKT: protein kinase B; APP: amyloid precursor protein; GLUT: glucose transporter; GSK3β: glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta; G-tau: the attachment of O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) on tau; ICA: icariin; IR: insulin receptor; IRS1: insulin receptor substrate 1; p: phosphorylation; PI3K: phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; PIP2: phosphatidylinositol (4,5) bisphosphate; PIP3: phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5) trisphosphate; PTEN: phosphatase and tensin homolog.

    Techniques Used:

    anti p gsk3 β  (Cell Signaling Technology Inc)


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    Cell Signaling Technology Inc anti p gsk3 β
    Effects of CS-Li on tau phosphorylation in the hippocampi of mice. Western blotting of GSK-3 β , p-GSK-3 β <t>(Ser9),</t> p-tau (Ser396), p-tau (Ser404), and tau, GAPDH was used as the internal control; Western blotting of PP2A, β -actin was used as the internal control. # p < 0.05, ## p < 0.01, and ### p < 0.001 vs. the control group; ∗ p < 0.05, ∗∗ p < 0.01, and ∗∗∗ p < 0.001 vs. the model group.
    Anti P Gsk3 β, supplied by Cell Signaling Technology Inc, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 86/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
    https://www.bioz.com/result/anti p gsk3 β/product/Cell Signaling Technology Inc
    Average 86 stars, based on 1 article reviews
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    anti p gsk3 β - by Bioz Stars, 2023-03
    86/100 stars

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    1) Product Images from "Preparation and Multitarget Anti-AD Activity Study of Chondroitin Sulfate Lithium in AD Mice Induced by Combination of D-Gal/AlCl 3"

    Article Title: Preparation and Multitarget Anti-AD Activity Study of Chondroitin Sulfate Lithium in AD Mice Induced by Combination of D-Gal/AlCl 3

    Journal: Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity

    doi: 10.1155/2022/9466166

    Effects of CS-Li on tau phosphorylation in the hippocampi of mice. Western blotting of GSK-3 β , p-GSK-3 β (Ser9), p-tau (Ser396), p-tau (Ser404), and tau, GAPDH was used as the internal control; Western blotting of PP2A, β -actin was used as the internal control. # p < 0.05, ## p < 0.01, and ### p < 0.001 vs. the control group; ∗ p < 0.05, ∗∗ p < 0.01, and ∗∗∗ p < 0.001 vs. the model group.
    Figure Legend Snippet: Effects of CS-Li on tau phosphorylation in the hippocampi of mice. Western blotting of GSK-3 β , p-GSK-3 β (Ser9), p-tau (Ser396), p-tau (Ser404), and tau, GAPDH was used as the internal control; Western blotting of PP2A, β -actin was used as the internal control. # p < 0.05, ## p < 0.01, and ### p < 0.001 vs. the control group; ∗ p < 0.05, ∗∗ p < 0.01, and ∗∗∗ p < 0.001 vs. the model group.

    Techniques Used: Western Blot

    p gsk3 β ser9  (Cell Signaling Technology Inc)


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    Cell Signaling Technology Inc p gsk3 β ser9
    Leptin mediates β -catenin activation through the crosstalk between MTA1/WNT and PI3K/AKT pathways in HTR-8/SVneo cells. (a) HTR-8/SVneo cells were treated with exogenous leptin (0 and 200 ng/ml) for 24 h, and MTA1, WNT1, <t>p-GSK3</t> β <t>(Ser9),</t> and p-AKT (Ser473) levels were detected by Western blot. Data are shown as mean ± SD; ∗ P < 0.01 vs. leptin (0 ng/ml). (b) The knockdown efficiencies of MTA1 and WNT1 were analyzed by Western blot analysis and qRT-PCR. ∗ P < 0.05 vs. control. (c) HTR-8/SVneo cells were transfected with MTA1 siRNA or scramble siRNA (Scr) in the presence or absence of 200 ng/ml leptin for 24 h, and Western blot analysis was performed to detect the expression of MTA1, WNT1, p-GSK3 β (Ser9), and nuclear β -catenin. ∗ P < 0.01 vs. control and # P < 0.01 vs. leptin. (d) HTR-8/SVneo cells were transfected with WNT1 siRNA or scramble siRNA (Scr) in the presence or absence of 200 ng/ml leptin for 24 h, and Western blot analysis was performed to detect the expression of WNT1, p-GSK3 β (Ser9), and nuclear β -catenin. ∗ P < 0.01 vs. control and # P < 0.01 vs. leptin. (e) The knockdown efficiencies of AKT and β -catenin were analyzed by Western blot analysis and qRT-PCR. ∗ P < 0.05 vs. control. (f) HTR-8/SVneo cells were transfected with AKT siRNA or scramble siRNA (Scr) in the presence or absence of 200 ng/ml leptin for 24 h, and Western blot analysis was performed to detect the expression of AKT, p-GSK3 β (Ser9), and nuclear β -catenin. ∗ P < 0.01 vs. control and # P < 0.01 vs. leptin. All experiments were performed in triplicate.
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    1) Product Images from "Leptin Promotes HTR-8/SVneo Cell Invasion via the Crosstalk between MTA1/WNT and PI3K/AKT Pathways"

    Article Title: Leptin Promotes HTR-8/SVneo Cell Invasion via the Crosstalk between MTA1/WNT and PI3K/AKT Pathways

    Journal: Disease Markers

    doi: 10.1155/2022/7052176

    Leptin mediates β -catenin activation through the crosstalk between MTA1/WNT and PI3K/AKT pathways in HTR-8/SVneo cells. (a) HTR-8/SVneo cells were treated with exogenous leptin (0 and 200 ng/ml) for 24 h, and MTA1, WNT1, p-GSK3 β (Ser9), and p-AKT (Ser473) levels were detected by Western blot. Data are shown as mean ± SD; ∗ P < 0.01 vs. leptin (0 ng/ml). (b) The knockdown efficiencies of MTA1 and WNT1 were analyzed by Western blot analysis and qRT-PCR. ∗ P < 0.05 vs. control. (c) HTR-8/SVneo cells were transfected with MTA1 siRNA or scramble siRNA (Scr) in the presence or absence of 200 ng/ml leptin for 24 h, and Western blot analysis was performed to detect the expression of MTA1, WNT1, p-GSK3 β (Ser9), and nuclear β -catenin. ∗ P < 0.01 vs. control and # P < 0.01 vs. leptin. (d) HTR-8/SVneo cells were transfected with WNT1 siRNA or scramble siRNA (Scr) in the presence or absence of 200 ng/ml leptin for 24 h, and Western blot analysis was performed to detect the expression of WNT1, p-GSK3 β (Ser9), and nuclear β -catenin. ∗ P < 0.01 vs. control and # P < 0.01 vs. leptin. (e) The knockdown efficiencies of AKT and β -catenin were analyzed by Western blot analysis and qRT-PCR. ∗ P < 0.05 vs. control. (f) HTR-8/SVneo cells were transfected with AKT siRNA or scramble siRNA (Scr) in the presence or absence of 200 ng/ml leptin for 24 h, and Western blot analysis was performed to detect the expression of AKT, p-GSK3 β (Ser9), and nuclear β -catenin. ∗ P < 0.01 vs. control and # P < 0.01 vs. leptin. All experiments were performed in triplicate.
    Figure Legend Snippet: Leptin mediates β -catenin activation through the crosstalk between MTA1/WNT and PI3K/AKT pathways in HTR-8/SVneo cells. (a) HTR-8/SVneo cells were treated with exogenous leptin (0 and 200 ng/ml) for 24 h, and MTA1, WNT1, p-GSK3 β (Ser9), and p-AKT (Ser473) levels were detected by Western blot. Data are shown as mean ± SD; ∗ P < 0.01 vs. leptin (0 ng/ml). (b) The knockdown efficiencies of MTA1 and WNT1 were analyzed by Western blot analysis and qRT-PCR. ∗ P < 0.05 vs. control. (c) HTR-8/SVneo cells were transfected with MTA1 siRNA or scramble siRNA (Scr) in the presence or absence of 200 ng/ml leptin for 24 h, and Western blot analysis was performed to detect the expression of MTA1, WNT1, p-GSK3 β (Ser9), and nuclear β -catenin. ∗ P < 0.01 vs. control and # P < 0.01 vs. leptin. (d) HTR-8/SVneo cells were transfected with WNT1 siRNA or scramble siRNA (Scr) in the presence or absence of 200 ng/ml leptin for 24 h, and Western blot analysis was performed to detect the expression of WNT1, p-GSK3 β (Ser9), and nuclear β -catenin. ∗ P < 0.01 vs. control and # P < 0.01 vs. leptin. (e) The knockdown efficiencies of AKT and β -catenin were analyzed by Western blot analysis and qRT-PCR. ∗ P < 0.05 vs. control. (f) HTR-8/SVneo cells were transfected with AKT siRNA or scramble siRNA (Scr) in the presence or absence of 200 ng/ml leptin for 24 h, and Western blot analysis was performed to detect the expression of AKT, p-GSK3 β (Ser9), and nuclear β -catenin. ∗ P < 0.01 vs. control and # P < 0.01 vs. leptin. All experiments were performed in triplicate.

    Techniques Used: Activation Assay, Western Blot, Quantitative RT-PCR, Transfection, Expressing

    p gsk3β ser9  (Cell Signaling Technology Inc)


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    Cell Signaling Technology Inc p gsk3β ser9
    A , B The activation level of <t>AKT/GSK3β</t> pathway was detected by western blot in vitro and in vivo. C , D The expression levels of EMT marker molecules (N-cadherin, E-cadherin and TGFβ1), inflammatory pathway protein molecules (NLRP3, Cleaved Caspase1/Caspase1) and fibrosis marker molecules (COL-1, COL-3 and α-SMA) was detected by western blot. E Inflammatory factor IL-1β and inflammatory chemokine CXCL2 the supernatant of alveolar epithelial cells were detected by ELISA. Data were expressed as the mean ± SD, n = 3. ** P < 0.01 and *** P < 0.001. F The migration and invasion abilities of alveolar epithelial cells were detected by scratch healing assay and transwell assay.
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    1) Product Images from "Coal dust nanoparticles induced pulmonary fibrosis by promoting inflammation and epithelial-mesenchymal transition via the NF-κB/NLRP3 pathway driven by IGF1/ROS-mediated AKT/GSK3β signals"

    Article Title: Coal dust nanoparticles induced pulmonary fibrosis by promoting inflammation and epithelial-mesenchymal transition via the NF-κB/NLRP3 pathway driven by IGF1/ROS-mediated AKT/GSK3β signals

    Journal: Cell Death Discovery

    doi: 10.1038/s41420-022-01291-z

    A , B The activation level of AKT/GSK3β pathway was detected by western blot in vitro and in vivo. C , D The expression levels of EMT marker molecules (N-cadherin, E-cadherin and TGFβ1), inflammatory pathway protein molecules (NLRP3, Cleaved Caspase1/Caspase1) and fibrosis marker molecules (COL-1, COL-3 and α-SMA) was detected by western blot. E Inflammatory factor IL-1β and inflammatory chemokine CXCL2 the supernatant of alveolar epithelial cells were detected by ELISA. Data were expressed as the mean ± SD, n = 3. ** P < 0.01 and *** P < 0.001. F The migration and invasion abilities of alveolar epithelial cells were detected by scratch healing assay and transwell assay.
    Figure Legend Snippet: A , B The activation level of AKT/GSK3β pathway was detected by western blot in vitro and in vivo. C , D The expression levels of EMT marker molecules (N-cadherin, E-cadherin and TGFβ1), inflammatory pathway protein molecules (NLRP3, Cleaved Caspase1/Caspase1) and fibrosis marker molecules (COL-1, COL-3 and α-SMA) was detected by western blot. E Inflammatory factor IL-1β and inflammatory chemokine CXCL2 the supernatant of alveolar epithelial cells were detected by ELISA. Data were expressed as the mean ± SD, n = 3. ** P < 0.01 and *** P < 0.001. F The migration and invasion abilities of alveolar epithelial cells were detected by scratch healing assay and transwell assay.

    Techniques Used: Activation Assay, Western Blot, In Vitro, In Vivo, Expressing, Marker, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay, Migration, Transwell Assay

    gsk3β  (Cell Signaling Technology Inc)


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    Cell Signaling Technology Inc gsk3β
    A , B The activation level of <t>AKT/GSK3β</t> pathway was detected by western blot in vitro and in vivo. C , D The expression levels of EMT marker molecules (N-cadherin, E-cadherin and TGFβ1), inflammatory pathway protein molecules (NLRP3, Cleaved Caspase1/Caspase1) and fibrosis marker molecules (COL-1, COL-3 and α-SMA) was detected by western blot. E Inflammatory factor IL-1β and inflammatory chemokine CXCL2 the supernatant of alveolar epithelial cells were detected by ELISA. Data were expressed as the mean ± SD, n = 3. ** P < 0.01 and *** P < 0.001. F The migration and invasion abilities of alveolar epithelial cells were detected by scratch healing assay and transwell assay.
    Gsk3β, supplied by Cell Signaling Technology Inc, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 93/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
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    Images

    1) Product Images from "Coal dust nanoparticles induced pulmonary fibrosis by promoting inflammation and epithelial-mesenchymal transition via the NF-κB/NLRP3 pathway driven by IGF1/ROS-mediated AKT/GSK3β signals"

    Article Title: Coal dust nanoparticles induced pulmonary fibrosis by promoting inflammation and epithelial-mesenchymal transition via the NF-κB/NLRP3 pathway driven by IGF1/ROS-mediated AKT/GSK3β signals

    Journal: Cell Death Discovery

    doi: 10.1038/s41420-022-01291-z

    A , B The activation level of AKT/GSK3β pathway was detected by western blot in vitro and in vivo. C , D The expression levels of EMT marker molecules (N-cadherin, E-cadherin and TGFβ1), inflammatory pathway protein molecules (NLRP3, Cleaved Caspase1/Caspase1) and fibrosis marker molecules (COL-1, COL-3 and α-SMA) was detected by western blot. E Inflammatory factor IL-1β and inflammatory chemokine CXCL2 the supernatant of alveolar epithelial cells were detected by ELISA. Data were expressed as the mean ± SD, n = 3. ** P < 0.01 and *** P < 0.001. F The migration and invasion abilities of alveolar epithelial cells were detected by scratch healing assay and transwell assay.
    Figure Legend Snippet: A , B The activation level of AKT/GSK3β pathway was detected by western blot in vitro and in vivo. C , D The expression levels of EMT marker molecules (N-cadherin, E-cadherin and TGFβ1), inflammatory pathway protein molecules (NLRP3, Cleaved Caspase1/Caspase1) and fibrosis marker molecules (COL-1, COL-3 and α-SMA) was detected by western blot. E Inflammatory factor IL-1β and inflammatory chemokine CXCL2 the supernatant of alveolar epithelial cells were detected by ELISA. Data were expressed as the mean ± SD, n = 3. ** P < 0.01 and *** P < 0.001. F The migration and invasion abilities of alveolar epithelial cells were detected by scratch healing assay and transwell assay.

    Techniques Used: Activation Assay, Western Blot, In Vitro, In Vivo, Expressing, Marker, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay, Migration, Transwell Assay

    rabbit anti phospho ser9  (Cell Signaling Technology Inc)


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    Cell Signaling Technology Inc rabbit anti phospho ser9
    Effect of repeated intranasal LPS challenge and treatment with the selective <t>GSK-3</t> inhibitor SB216763 on extracellular matrix deposition in the lung. (A) Expression of fibronectin was evaluated in whole lung homogenates 24 hours after the last challenge by immunoblotting using specific antibodies. Equal protein loading was verified by the analysis of GAPDH. Effects of repeated LPS challenge and SB216763 treatment on fibronectin expression were quantified by densitometry, representing mean ± s.e.m. of 9 animals per group. (B) Histological staining of the extracellular matrix protein collagen using Sirius Red. The non-cartilaginous airways were digitally photographed (100-200 × magnification) and analysed by using ImageJ software. Effects of repeated LPS challenge and SB216763 treatment on airway collagen expression were quantified, representing mean ± s.e.m. of 9 animals per group. (C) The mean linear intercept (LMI), a measure for alveolar airspace size, was determined by staining the tissue-sections with haematoxylin and eosin. Data represent means ± s.e.m. of 9 animals per group. **p < 0.01 compared to control group and # p < 0.05 compared to LPS treated animals. Scale bar = 200 μm.
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    1) Product Images from "Pharmacological inhibition of GSK-3 in a guinea pig model of LPS-induced pulmonary inflammation: I. Effects on lung remodeling and pathology"

    Article Title: Pharmacological inhibition of GSK-3 in a guinea pig model of LPS-induced pulmonary inflammation: I. Effects on lung remodeling and pathology

    Journal: Respiratory Research

    doi: 10.1186/1465-9921-14-113

    Effect of repeated intranasal LPS challenge and treatment with the selective GSK-3 inhibitor SB216763 on extracellular matrix deposition in the lung. (A) Expression of fibronectin was evaluated in whole lung homogenates 24 hours after the last challenge by immunoblotting using specific antibodies. Equal protein loading was verified by the analysis of GAPDH. Effects of repeated LPS challenge and SB216763 treatment on fibronectin expression were quantified by densitometry, representing mean ± s.e.m. of 9 animals per group. (B) Histological staining of the extracellular matrix protein collagen using Sirius Red. The non-cartilaginous airways were digitally photographed (100-200 × magnification) and analysed by using ImageJ software. Effects of repeated LPS challenge and SB216763 treatment on airway collagen expression were quantified, representing mean ± s.e.m. of 9 animals per group. (C) The mean linear intercept (LMI), a measure for alveolar airspace size, was determined by staining the tissue-sections with haematoxylin and eosin. Data represent means ± s.e.m. of 9 animals per group. **p < 0.01 compared to control group and # p < 0.05 compared to LPS treated animals. Scale bar = 200 μm.
    Figure Legend Snippet: Effect of repeated intranasal LPS challenge and treatment with the selective GSK-3 inhibitor SB216763 on extracellular matrix deposition in the lung. (A) Expression of fibronectin was evaluated in whole lung homogenates 24 hours after the last challenge by immunoblotting using specific antibodies. Equal protein loading was verified by the analysis of GAPDH. Effects of repeated LPS challenge and SB216763 treatment on fibronectin expression were quantified by densitometry, representing mean ± s.e.m. of 9 animals per group. (B) Histological staining of the extracellular matrix protein collagen using Sirius Red. The non-cartilaginous airways were digitally photographed (100-200 × magnification) and analysed by using ImageJ software. Effects of repeated LPS challenge and SB216763 treatment on airway collagen expression were quantified, representing mean ± s.e.m. of 9 animals per group. (C) The mean linear intercept (LMI), a measure for alveolar airspace size, was determined by staining the tissue-sections with haematoxylin and eosin. Data represent means ± s.e.m. of 9 animals per group. **p < 0.01 compared to control group and # p < 0.05 compared to LPS treated animals. Scale bar = 200 μm.

    Techniques Used: Expressing, Western Blot, Staining, Software

    Repeated LPS instillation and pharmacological inhibition of GSK-3 by SB216763 do not affect airway smooth muscle content. Immunohistological analysis of sm-MHC positive area in (A) large (cartilaginous) and (B) small (non-cartilaginous) airways. Effects of repeated LPS challenge and SB216763 treatment on airway smooth muscle sm-MHC expression were quantified. Data represent means ± s.e.m. of 9 animals per group. Scale bar = 200 μm.
    Figure Legend Snippet: Repeated LPS instillation and pharmacological inhibition of GSK-3 by SB216763 do not affect airway smooth muscle content. Immunohistological analysis of sm-MHC positive area in (A) large (cartilaginous) and (B) small (non-cartilaginous) airways. Effects of repeated LPS challenge and SB216763 treatment on airway smooth muscle sm-MHC expression were quantified. Data represent means ± s.e.m. of 9 animals per group. Scale bar = 200 μm.

    Techniques Used: Inhibition, Expressing

    Right ventricle hypertrophy after repeated intranasal LPS instillation is attenuated by GSK-3 inhibition. Effect of repeated LPS instillation and GSK-3 inhibition by SB216763 on right ventricle hypertrophy. Effects of repeated LPS challenge and SB216763 treatment on size of right ventricle were quantified as right ventricle weight over total heart weight, representing mean ± s.e.m. of 9 animals per group. **p < 0.01 compared to control group and # p < 0.05 compared to LPS treated animals.
    Figure Legend Snippet: Right ventricle hypertrophy after repeated intranasal LPS instillation is attenuated by GSK-3 inhibition. Effect of repeated LPS instillation and GSK-3 inhibition by SB216763 on right ventricle hypertrophy. Effects of repeated LPS challenge and SB216763 treatment on size of right ventricle were quantified as right ventricle weight over total heart weight, representing mean ± s.e.m. of 9 animals per group. **p < 0.01 compared to control group and # p < 0.05 compared to LPS treated animals.

    Techniques Used: Inhibition

    GSK-3 inhibition does not inhibit LPS-induced pulmonary inflammation. Effect of repeated LPS instillation and GSK-3 inhibition by SB216763 on inflammatory cell infiltration in the airways. Cells within 50 μm of the basement membrane were quantified and expressed relative to basement membrane length, representing mean ± s.e.m. of 9 animals per group. *p < 0.05 compared to control group. Scale bar = 200 μm.
    Figure Legend Snippet: GSK-3 inhibition does not inhibit LPS-induced pulmonary inflammation. Effect of repeated LPS instillation and GSK-3 inhibition by SB216763 on inflammatory cell infiltration in the airways. Cells within 50 μm of the basement membrane were quantified and expressed relative to basement membrane length, representing mean ± s.e.m. of 9 animals per group. *p < 0.05 compared to control group. Scale bar = 200 μm.

    Techniques Used: Inhibition

    Activation of β-catenin in response to repeated intranasal LPS challenge is prevented by treatment with the selective GSK-3 inhibitor SB216763. (A) Expression of active β-catenin, phosphorylated GSK-3 (ser9/21 GSK-3) and total GSK-3 was evaluated in whole lung homogenates 24 hours after the last challenge by immunoblotting using specific antibodies. Equal protein loading was verified by the analysis of GAPDH. (B,C) Responses of repeated LPS challenge and SB216763 treatment on active β-catenin expression (B) and GSK-3 phosphorylation (C) were quantified by densitometry, representing mean ± s.e.m. of 9 animals per group. (D) Correlation between pulmonary expression of fibronectin (data from Figure ) and active β-catenin in all guinea pigs. R = 0.552; p < 0.001. (E) Immunofluorescence analysis of active β-catenin (red) in large airways counterstained with Hoechst 3342 to stain nuclei (blue). *p < 0.05 compared to control group and # p < 0.05 compared to LPS treated animals.
    Figure Legend Snippet: Activation of β-catenin in response to repeated intranasal LPS challenge is prevented by treatment with the selective GSK-3 inhibitor SB216763. (A) Expression of active β-catenin, phosphorylated GSK-3 (ser9/21 GSK-3) and total GSK-3 was evaluated in whole lung homogenates 24 hours after the last challenge by immunoblotting using specific antibodies. Equal protein loading was verified by the analysis of GAPDH. (B,C) Responses of repeated LPS challenge and SB216763 treatment on active β-catenin expression (B) and GSK-3 phosphorylation (C) were quantified by densitometry, representing mean ± s.e.m. of 9 animals per group. (D) Correlation between pulmonary expression of fibronectin (data from Figure ) and active β-catenin in all guinea pigs. R = 0.552; p < 0.001. (E) Immunofluorescence analysis of active β-catenin (red) in large airways counterstained with Hoechst 3342 to stain nuclei (blue). *p < 0.05 compared to control group and # p < 0.05 compared to LPS treated animals.

    Techniques Used: Activation Assay, Expressing, Western Blot, Immunofluorescence, Staining

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    Cell Signaling Technology Inc rabbit anti glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta
    Experimental scheme for this study. After gene identification at 1 month of age, 3-month-old male WT and 3×Tg-AD mice were randomly assigned to four groups with 10 animals each and then intragastrically administered either ICA or vehicle for 5 months (WT + vehicle, WT + ICA, 3×Tg-AD + vehicle, 3×Tg-AD + ICA groups). After performing behavior tests, the mice were euthanized. The cerebral cortexes were evaluated using HE and Nissl staining, immunofluorescent staining, and western blot assays to determine the above disease indicators. 3×Tg-AD: A triple-transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease; Aβ: beta-amyloid protein; AKT: protein kinase B; APP: amyloid precursor protein; GLUT: glucose transporter; <t>GSK3β:</t> glycogen synthase <t>kinase</t> <t>3</t> beta; HE: hematoxylin and eosin; ICA: icariin; IR: insulin receptor; IRS1: insulin receptor substrate 1; NeuN: neuronal nuclear antigen; p: phosphorylation; PI3K: phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; PSD95: postsynaptic density protein 95; WT: wild-type.
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    Cell Signaling Technology Inc rabbit anti gsk3 β
    Experimental scheme for this study. After gene identification at 1 month of age, 3-month-old male WT and 3×Tg-AD mice were randomly assigned to four groups with 10 animals each and then intragastrically administered either ICA or vehicle for 5 months (WT + vehicle, WT + ICA, 3×Tg-AD + vehicle, 3×Tg-AD + ICA groups). After performing behavior tests, the mice were euthanized. The cerebral cortexes were evaluated using HE and Nissl staining, immunofluorescent staining, and western blot assays to determine the above disease indicators. 3×Tg-AD: A triple-transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease; Aβ: beta-amyloid protein; AKT: protein kinase B; APP: amyloid precursor protein; GLUT: glucose transporter; <t>GSK3β:</t> glycogen synthase <t>kinase</t> <t>3</t> beta; HE: hematoxylin and eosin; ICA: icariin; IR: insulin receptor; IRS1: insulin receptor substrate 1; NeuN: neuronal nuclear antigen; p: phosphorylation; PI3K: phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; PSD95: postsynaptic density protein 95; WT: wild-type.
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    Experimental scheme for this study. After gene identification at 1 month of age, 3-month-old male WT and 3×Tg-AD mice were randomly assigned to four groups with 10 animals each and then intragastrically administered either ICA or vehicle for 5 months (WT + vehicle, WT + ICA, 3×Tg-AD + vehicle, 3×Tg-AD + ICA groups). After performing behavior tests, the mice were euthanized. The cerebral cortexes were evaluated using HE and Nissl staining, immunofluorescent staining, and western blot assays to determine the above disease indicators. 3×Tg-AD: A triple-transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease; Aβ: beta-amyloid protein; AKT: protein kinase B; APP: amyloid precursor protein; GLUT: glucose transporter; <t>GSK3β:</t> glycogen synthase <t>kinase</t> <t>3</t> beta; HE: hematoxylin and eosin; ICA: icariin; IR: insulin receptor; IRS1: insulin receptor substrate 1; NeuN: neuronal nuclear antigen; p: phosphorylation; PI3K: phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; PSD95: postsynaptic density protein 95; WT: wild-type.
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    Cell Signaling Technology Inc phospho gsk 3 α
    Experimental scheme for this study. After gene identification at 1 month of age, 3-month-old male WT and 3×Tg-AD mice were randomly assigned to four groups with 10 animals each and then intragastrically administered either ICA or vehicle for 5 months (WT + vehicle, WT + ICA, 3×Tg-AD + vehicle, 3×Tg-AD + ICA groups). After performing behavior tests, the mice were euthanized. The cerebral cortexes were evaluated using HE and Nissl staining, immunofluorescent staining, and western blot assays to determine the above disease indicators. 3×Tg-AD: A triple-transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease; Aβ: beta-amyloid protein; AKT: protein kinase B; APP: amyloid precursor protein; GLUT: glucose transporter; <t>GSK3β:</t> glycogen synthase <t>kinase</t> <t>3</t> beta; HE: hematoxylin and eosin; ICA: icariin; IR: insulin receptor; IRS1: insulin receptor substrate 1; NeuN: neuronal nuclear antigen; p: phosphorylation; PI3K: phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; PSD95: postsynaptic density protein 95; WT: wild-type.
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    Cell Signaling Technology Inc gsk3 β d5c5z
    Results of biological activity assays. ( A ) The morphology of the U251-APP cells treated with or without compounds (5 μM or 20 μM), gemfibrozil (Gem, 50 μM, a positive control), or Dinacilib (Dina, 2.5 μM, a positive control) for 24 h. ( B ) Level of extracellular Aβ42 in the culture medium of U251-APP cells treated with compounds, Gem, or DMSO (control), determined by ELISA. ( C – E ) Levels of pTau217, pTau396 and pTau181 in the U251-APP cells treated with compounds, Dina, or DMSO (control) determined by ELISA. ( F – K ) Western blot assays showing the protein levels of CDK5, pCDK5, and <t>GSK3</t> β in the U251-APP cells treated with or without compounds. A representative Western blot result ( F , H , J ) and quantification of protein levels ( G , I , K ) based on three independent experiments. ( L – Q ) Western blot assays showing the protein levels of BACE1, NCSTN, PSEN2, and PSEN1 in the U251-APP cells treated with or without compounds. A representative Western blot result ( L , N , P ) and quantification of protein levels ( M , O , Q ) based on three independent experiments. ( R ) A proposed potential role of 1 against AD by downregulating BACE1, NCSTN, CDK5, and GSK3 β -mediated pathways, resulting in A β 42 reduction and decreased pTau217. Data are presented as the means ± SD; ns, not significant; ***, p < 0.001; **, p < 0.01; and *, p < 0.05; one-way ANOVA with Bonferroni’s post hoc test.
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    Image Search Results


    Experimental scheme for this study. After gene identification at 1 month of age, 3-month-old male WT and 3×Tg-AD mice were randomly assigned to four groups with 10 animals each and then intragastrically administered either ICA or vehicle for 5 months (WT + vehicle, WT + ICA, 3×Tg-AD + vehicle, 3×Tg-AD + ICA groups). After performing behavior tests, the mice were euthanized. The cerebral cortexes were evaluated using HE and Nissl staining, immunofluorescent staining, and western blot assays to determine the above disease indicators. 3×Tg-AD: A triple-transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease; Aβ: beta-amyloid protein; AKT: protein kinase B; APP: amyloid precursor protein; GLUT: glucose transporter; GSK3β: glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta; HE: hematoxylin and eosin; ICA: icariin; IR: insulin receptor; IRS1: insulin receptor substrate 1; NeuN: neuronal nuclear antigen; p: phosphorylation; PI3K: phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; PSD95: postsynaptic density protein 95; WT: wild-type.

    Journal: Neural Regeneration Research

    Article Title: Icariin ameliorates memory deficits through regulating brain insulin signaling and glucose transporters in 3×Tg-AD mice

    doi: 10.4103/1673-5374.344840

    Figure Lengend Snippet: Experimental scheme for this study. After gene identification at 1 month of age, 3-month-old male WT and 3×Tg-AD mice were randomly assigned to four groups with 10 animals each and then intragastrically administered either ICA or vehicle for 5 months (WT + vehicle, WT + ICA, 3×Tg-AD + vehicle, 3×Tg-AD + ICA groups). After performing behavior tests, the mice were euthanized. The cerebral cortexes were evaluated using HE and Nissl staining, immunofluorescent staining, and western blot assays to determine the above disease indicators. 3×Tg-AD: A triple-transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease; Aβ: beta-amyloid protein; AKT: protein kinase B; APP: amyloid precursor protein; GLUT: glucose transporter; GSK3β: glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta; HE: hematoxylin and eosin; ICA: icariin; IR: insulin receptor; IRS1: insulin receptor substrate 1; NeuN: neuronal nuclear antigen; p: phosphorylation; PI3K: phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; PSD95: postsynaptic density protein 95; WT: wild-type.

    Article Snippet: The primary antibodies used in this study were as follows: rabbit anti-insulin (1:1000; Proteintech, Cat# 15848-1-AP, RRID: AB_10597100), rabbit anti-insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS1; 1:1000; Proteintech Cat# 17509-1-AP, RRID: AB_10596914), mouse anti-GLUT1 (1:1000; Proteintech, Cat# 66290-1-Ig, RRID: AB_2881673), mouse anti-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (1:50,000; Proteintech, Cat# 60004-1-Ig, RRID: AB_2107436), mouse anti-NeuN (1:1000, described above), rabbit anti-insulin receptor (IR) beta-subunit (1:1000; Cell Signaling Technology, Cat# 3025S, RRID: AB_2280448), rabbit anti-p-IRS1 Ser307 (1:1000; Cell Signaling Technology, Cat# 2381, RRID: AB_330342), rabbit anti-phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K; 1:1000; Cell Signaling Technology, Cat# 4257, RRID: AB_659889), rabbit anti-phospho (p)-PI3K (1:1000; Cell Signaling Technology, Cat# 4228S, RRID: AB_659940), rabbit anti-protein kinase B (AKT; 1:1000; Cell Signaling Technology, Cat# 9272S, RRID: AB_329827), rabbit anti-glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta (GSK3β; 1:1000; Cell Signaling Technology, Cat# 9315, RRID: AB_490890), rabbit anti-p-GSK3β Ser9 (1:1000; Cell Signaling Technology, Cat# 9323, RRID: AB_2115201), rabbit anti-postsynaptic density protein 95 (PSD95; 1:1000; Abcam, Cat# ab18258, RRID: AB_444362), rabbit anti-APP (1:2000; Abcam, Cat# ab32136, RRID: AB_2289606), rabbit anti-Aβ 1–42 (1:1000; Abcam, Cat# ab201060, RRID: AB_2818982), rabbit anti-Aβ 1–40 (1:1000; Abcam, Cat# ab110888, RRID: AB_10890827), rabbit anti-PHF1 antibody (recognizing p-tau Ser396/404; 1:5000; Abcam, Cat# ab184951, RRID: AB_2861270), rabbit anti-p-tau Thr231 (1:5000; Abcam, Cat# ab151559, RRID: AB_2893278), rabbit anti-p-tau Ser199/202 (1:1000; Innovative Research, Cat# 44-768G, RRID: AB_1502103; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA), rabbit anti-p-tau Thr217 (1:1000; Innovative Research, Cat# 44-744, RRID: AB_1502121), rabbit anti-p-IR Tyr1361 (1:1000; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Cat# PA5-38283, RRID: AB_2554884), rabbit anti-p-IRS1 Ser616 (1:1000, Innovative Research, Cat# 44-550G, RRID: AB_1501245), rabbit anti-p-AKT Ser473 (1:1000; Affinity Biosciences, Zhenjiang, China, Cat# AF0016, RRID: AB_2810275), and rabbit anti-GLUT3 (1:1000; Affinity Biosciences, Cat# AF5463, RRID: AB_2837947).

    Techniques: Staining, Western Blot, Transgenic Assay

    Effects of ICA on impaired insulin signaling in the cerebral cortex of 3×Tg-AD mice. (A) Insulin signaling: IR tyrosine autophosphorylation is stimulated by insulin and triggers IRS1 phosphorylation at tyrosine residues, which represents a positive regulatory mechanism that activates the PI3K/AKT pathway and results in the inhibition of GSK3β. However, serine phosphorylation of IRS1 at specific sites is a negative regulatory mechanism. (B) Representative expression patterns of molecules related to the insulin signaling pathway. (C) Quantification of proteins related to the insulin signaling pathway shown in (B). Protein levels were normalized to those in the WT + vehicle group. The data are presented as the means ± SEM ( n = 4–6). * P < 0.05, vs . WT + vehicle group; # P < 0.05, vs . 3×Tg-AD + vehicle group (one-way analysis of variance followed by the least significant difference test). 3×Tg-AD: A triple-transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease; AKT: protein kinase B; GAPDH: glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase; GSK3β: glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta; ICA: icariin; IR: insulin receptor; IRS1: insulin receptor substrate 1; p: phosphorylation; PI3K: phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; PIP2: phosphatidylinositol (4,5) bisphosphate; PIP3: phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5) trisphosphate; PTEN: phosphatase and tensin homolog; WT: wild-type.

    Journal: Neural Regeneration Research

    Article Title: Icariin ameliorates memory deficits through regulating brain insulin signaling and glucose transporters in 3×Tg-AD mice

    doi: 10.4103/1673-5374.344840

    Figure Lengend Snippet: Effects of ICA on impaired insulin signaling in the cerebral cortex of 3×Tg-AD mice. (A) Insulin signaling: IR tyrosine autophosphorylation is stimulated by insulin and triggers IRS1 phosphorylation at tyrosine residues, which represents a positive regulatory mechanism that activates the PI3K/AKT pathway and results in the inhibition of GSK3β. However, serine phosphorylation of IRS1 at specific sites is a negative regulatory mechanism. (B) Representative expression patterns of molecules related to the insulin signaling pathway. (C) Quantification of proteins related to the insulin signaling pathway shown in (B). Protein levels were normalized to those in the WT + vehicle group. The data are presented as the means ± SEM ( n = 4–6). * P < 0.05, vs . WT + vehicle group; # P < 0.05, vs . 3×Tg-AD + vehicle group (one-way analysis of variance followed by the least significant difference test). 3×Tg-AD: A triple-transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease; AKT: protein kinase B; GAPDH: glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase; GSK3β: glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta; ICA: icariin; IR: insulin receptor; IRS1: insulin receptor substrate 1; p: phosphorylation; PI3K: phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; PIP2: phosphatidylinositol (4,5) bisphosphate; PIP3: phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5) trisphosphate; PTEN: phosphatase and tensin homolog; WT: wild-type.

    Article Snippet: The primary antibodies used in this study were as follows: rabbit anti-insulin (1:1000; Proteintech, Cat# 15848-1-AP, RRID: AB_10597100), rabbit anti-insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS1; 1:1000; Proteintech Cat# 17509-1-AP, RRID: AB_10596914), mouse anti-GLUT1 (1:1000; Proteintech, Cat# 66290-1-Ig, RRID: AB_2881673), mouse anti-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (1:50,000; Proteintech, Cat# 60004-1-Ig, RRID: AB_2107436), mouse anti-NeuN (1:1000, described above), rabbit anti-insulin receptor (IR) beta-subunit (1:1000; Cell Signaling Technology, Cat# 3025S, RRID: AB_2280448), rabbit anti-p-IRS1 Ser307 (1:1000; Cell Signaling Technology, Cat# 2381, RRID: AB_330342), rabbit anti-phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K; 1:1000; Cell Signaling Technology, Cat# 4257, RRID: AB_659889), rabbit anti-phospho (p)-PI3K (1:1000; Cell Signaling Technology, Cat# 4228S, RRID: AB_659940), rabbit anti-protein kinase B (AKT; 1:1000; Cell Signaling Technology, Cat# 9272S, RRID: AB_329827), rabbit anti-glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta (GSK3β; 1:1000; Cell Signaling Technology, Cat# 9315, RRID: AB_490890), rabbit anti-p-GSK3β Ser9 (1:1000; Cell Signaling Technology, Cat# 9323, RRID: AB_2115201), rabbit anti-postsynaptic density protein 95 (PSD95; 1:1000; Abcam, Cat# ab18258, RRID: AB_444362), rabbit anti-APP (1:2000; Abcam, Cat# ab32136, RRID: AB_2289606), rabbit anti-Aβ 1–42 (1:1000; Abcam, Cat# ab201060, RRID: AB_2818982), rabbit anti-Aβ 1–40 (1:1000; Abcam, Cat# ab110888, RRID: AB_10890827), rabbit anti-PHF1 antibody (recognizing p-tau Ser396/404; 1:5000; Abcam, Cat# ab184951, RRID: AB_2861270), rabbit anti-p-tau Thr231 (1:5000; Abcam, Cat# ab151559, RRID: AB_2893278), rabbit anti-p-tau Ser199/202 (1:1000; Innovative Research, Cat# 44-768G, RRID: AB_1502103; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA), rabbit anti-p-tau Thr217 (1:1000; Innovative Research, Cat# 44-744, RRID: AB_1502121), rabbit anti-p-IR Tyr1361 (1:1000; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Cat# PA5-38283, RRID: AB_2554884), rabbit anti-p-IRS1 Ser616 (1:1000, Innovative Research, Cat# 44-550G, RRID: AB_1501245), rabbit anti-p-AKT Ser473 (1:1000; Affinity Biosciences, Zhenjiang, China, Cat# AF0016, RRID: AB_2810275), and rabbit anti-GLUT3 (1:1000; Affinity Biosciences, Cat# AF5463, RRID: AB_2837947).

    Techniques: Inhibition, Expressing, Transgenic Assay

    Schematic diagram of the mechanism by which ICA regulates GLUTs and brain insulin signaling to ameliorate memory impairment in AD. Aβ: Amyloid-beta protein; AD: Alzheimer’s disease; AKT: protein kinase B; APP: amyloid precursor protein; GLUT: glucose transporter; GSK3β: glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta; G-tau: the attachment of O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) on tau; ICA: icariin; IR: insulin receptor; IRS1: insulin receptor substrate 1; p: phosphorylation; PI3K: phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; PIP2: phosphatidylinositol (4,5) bisphosphate; PIP3: phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5) trisphosphate; PTEN: phosphatase and tensin homolog.

    Journal: Neural Regeneration Research

    Article Title: Icariin ameliorates memory deficits through regulating brain insulin signaling and glucose transporters in 3×Tg-AD mice

    doi: 10.4103/1673-5374.344840

    Figure Lengend Snippet: Schematic diagram of the mechanism by which ICA regulates GLUTs and brain insulin signaling to ameliorate memory impairment in AD. Aβ: Amyloid-beta protein; AD: Alzheimer’s disease; AKT: protein kinase B; APP: amyloid precursor protein; GLUT: glucose transporter; GSK3β: glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta; G-tau: the attachment of O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) on tau; ICA: icariin; IR: insulin receptor; IRS1: insulin receptor substrate 1; p: phosphorylation; PI3K: phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; PIP2: phosphatidylinositol (4,5) bisphosphate; PIP3: phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5) trisphosphate; PTEN: phosphatase and tensin homolog.

    Article Snippet: The primary antibodies used in this study were as follows: rabbit anti-insulin (1:1000; Proteintech, Cat# 15848-1-AP, RRID: AB_10597100), rabbit anti-insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS1; 1:1000; Proteintech Cat# 17509-1-AP, RRID: AB_10596914), mouse anti-GLUT1 (1:1000; Proteintech, Cat# 66290-1-Ig, RRID: AB_2881673), mouse anti-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (1:50,000; Proteintech, Cat# 60004-1-Ig, RRID: AB_2107436), mouse anti-NeuN (1:1000, described above), rabbit anti-insulin receptor (IR) beta-subunit (1:1000; Cell Signaling Technology, Cat# 3025S, RRID: AB_2280448), rabbit anti-p-IRS1 Ser307 (1:1000; Cell Signaling Technology, Cat# 2381, RRID: AB_330342), rabbit anti-phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K; 1:1000; Cell Signaling Technology, Cat# 4257, RRID: AB_659889), rabbit anti-phospho (p)-PI3K (1:1000; Cell Signaling Technology, Cat# 4228S, RRID: AB_659940), rabbit anti-protein kinase B (AKT; 1:1000; Cell Signaling Technology, Cat# 9272S, RRID: AB_329827), rabbit anti-glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta (GSK3β; 1:1000; Cell Signaling Technology, Cat# 9315, RRID: AB_490890), rabbit anti-p-GSK3β Ser9 (1:1000; Cell Signaling Technology, Cat# 9323, RRID: AB_2115201), rabbit anti-postsynaptic density protein 95 (PSD95; 1:1000; Abcam, Cat# ab18258, RRID: AB_444362), rabbit anti-APP (1:2000; Abcam, Cat# ab32136, RRID: AB_2289606), rabbit anti-Aβ 1–42 (1:1000; Abcam, Cat# ab201060, RRID: AB_2818982), rabbit anti-Aβ 1–40 (1:1000; Abcam, Cat# ab110888, RRID: AB_10890827), rabbit anti-PHF1 antibody (recognizing p-tau Ser396/404; 1:5000; Abcam, Cat# ab184951, RRID: AB_2861270), rabbit anti-p-tau Thr231 (1:5000; Abcam, Cat# ab151559, RRID: AB_2893278), rabbit anti-p-tau Ser199/202 (1:1000; Innovative Research, Cat# 44-768G, RRID: AB_1502103; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA), rabbit anti-p-tau Thr217 (1:1000; Innovative Research, Cat# 44-744, RRID: AB_1502121), rabbit anti-p-IR Tyr1361 (1:1000; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Cat# PA5-38283, RRID: AB_2554884), rabbit anti-p-IRS1 Ser616 (1:1000, Innovative Research, Cat# 44-550G, RRID: AB_1501245), rabbit anti-p-AKT Ser473 (1:1000; Affinity Biosciences, Zhenjiang, China, Cat# AF0016, RRID: AB_2810275), and rabbit anti-GLUT3 (1:1000; Affinity Biosciences, Cat# AF5463, RRID: AB_2837947).

    Techniques:

    Results of biological activity assays. ( A ) The morphology of the U251-APP cells treated with or without compounds (5 μM or 20 μM), gemfibrozil (Gem, 50 μM, a positive control), or Dinacilib (Dina, 2.5 μM, a positive control) for 24 h. ( B ) Level of extracellular Aβ42 in the culture medium of U251-APP cells treated with compounds, Gem, or DMSO (control), determined by ELISA. ( C – E ) Levels of pTau217, pTau396 and pTau181 in the U251-APP cells treated with compounds, Dina, or DMSO (control) determined by ELISA. ( F – K ) Western blot assays showing the protein levels of CDK5, pCDK5, and GSK3 β in the U251-APP cells treated with or without compounds. A representative Western blot result ( F , H , J ) and quantification of protein levels ( G , I , K ) based on three independent experiments. ( L – Q ) Western blot assays showing the protein levels of BACE1, NCSTN, PSEN2, and PSEN1 in the U251-APP cells treated with or without compounds. A representative Western blot result ( L , N , P ) and quantification of protein levels ( M , O , Q ) based on three independent experiments. ( R ) A proposed potential role of 1 against AD by downregulating BACE1, NCSTN, CDK5, and GSK3 β -mediated pathways, resulting in A β 42 reduction and decreased pTau217. Data are presented as the means ± SD; ns, not significant; ***, p < 0.001; **, p < 0.01; and *, p < 0.05; one-way ANOVA with Bonferroni’s post hoc test.

    Journal: International Journal of Molecular Sciences

    Article Title: New Monoterpenoid Indole Alkaloids from Tabernaemontana crassa Inhibit β -Amyloid42 Production and Phospho-Tau (Thr217)

    doi: 10.3390/ijms24021487

    Figure Lengend Snippet: Results of biological activity assays. ( A ) The morphology of the U251-APP cells treated with or without compounds (5 μM or 20 μM), gemfibrozil (Gem, 50 μM, a positive control), or Dinacilib (Dina, 2.5 μM, a positive control) for 24 h. ( B ) Level of extracellular Aβ42 in the culture medium of U251-APP cells treated with compounds, Gem, or DMSO (control), determined by ELISA. ( C – E ) Levels of pTau217, pTau396 and pTau181 in the U251-APP cells treated with compounds, Dina, or DMSO (control) determined by ELISA. ( F – K ) Western blot assays showing the protein levels of CDK5, pCDK5, and GSK3 β in the U251-APP cells treated with or without compounds. A representative Western blot result ( F , H , J ) and quantification of protein levels ( G , I , K ) based on three independent experiments. ( L – Q ) Western blot assays showing the protein levels of BACE1, NCSTN, PSEN2, and PSEN1 in the U251-APP cells treated with or without compounds. A representative Western blot result ( L , N , P ) and quantification of protein levels ( M , O , Q ) based on three independent experiments. ( R ) A proposed potential role of 1 against AD by downregulating BACE1, NCSTN, CDK5, and GSK3 β -mediated pathways, resulting in A β 42 reduction and decreased pTau217. Data are presented as the means ± SD; ns, not significant; ***, p < 0.001; **, p < 0.01; and *, p < 0.05; one-way ANOVA with Bonferroni’s post hoc test.

    Article Snippet: The primary antibodies were BACE1 (Cell Signaling Technology, 5606, Danvers, MA, USA), CDK5 (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, sc-6247, Dallas, TX, USA), GSK3 β (D5C5Z) (Cell Signaling Technology, 12456), GAPDH (glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, Proteintech, 60004-1-Ig), NICSTN (Cell Signaling Technology, 5665), PSEN1 (Cell Signaling Technology, 5643), PSEN2 (Cell Signaling Technology, 9979), phospho-CDK5 (Tyr15) (pCDK5) (Absin, abs130996).

    Techniques: Activity Assay, Positive Control, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay, Western Blot

    Effects of CS-Li on tau phosphorylation in the hippocampi of mice. Western blotting of GSK-3 β , p-GSK-3 β (Ser9), p-tau (Ser396), p-tau (Ser404), and tau, GAPDH was used as the internal control; Western blotting of PP2A, β -actin was used as the internal control. # p < 0.05, ## p < 0.01, and ### p < 0.001 vs. the control group; ∗ p < 0.05, ∗∗ p < 0.01, and ∗∗∗ p < 0.001 vs. the model group.

    Journal: Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity

    Article Title: Preparation and Multitarget Anti-AD Activity Study of Chondroitin Sulfate Lithium in AD Mice Induced by Combination of D-Gal/AlCl 3

    doi: 10.1155/2022/9466166

    Figure Lengend Snippet: Effects of CS-Li on tau phosphorylation in the hippocampi of mice. Western blotting of GSK-3 β , p-GSK-3 β (Ser9), p-tau (Ser396), p-tau (Ser404), and tau, GAPDH was used as the internal control; Western blotting of PP2A, β -actin was used as the internal control. # p < 0.05, ## p < 0.01, and ### p < 0.001 vs. the control group; ∗ p < 0.05, ∗∗ p < 0.01, and ∗∗∗ p < 0.001 vs. the model group.

    Article Snippet: Rabbit anti-TNF- α , anti-IL-6, anti-IL-1 β , anti-p-p38MAPK, anti-p-Erk1/2, anti-p-NF- κ B, anti-p-GSK3 β (Ser9), and anti-PP2A antibodies were purchased from Cell Signaling Technology Inc. (Danvers, MA).

    Techniques: Western Blot

    Leptin mediates β -catenin activation through the crosstalk between MTA1/WNT and PI3K/AKT pathways in HTR-8/SVneo cells. (a) HTR-8/SVneo cells were treated with exogenous leptin (0 and 200 ng/ml) for 24 h, and MTA1, WNT1, p-GSK3 β (Ser9), and p-AKT (Ser473) levels were detected by Western blot. Data are shown as mean ± SD; ∗ P < 0.01 vs. leptin (0 ng/ml). (b) The knockdown efficiencies of MTA1 and WNT1 were analyzed by Western blot analysis and qRT-PCR. ∗ P < 0.05 vs. control. (c) HTR-8/SVneo cells were transfected with MTA1 siRNA or scramble siRNA (Scr) in the presence or absence of 200 ng/ml leptin for 24 h, and Western blot analysis was performed to detect the expression of MTA1, WNT1, p-GSK3 β (Ser9), and nuclear β -catenin. ∗ P < 0.01 vs. control and # P < 0.01 vs. leptin. (d) HTR-8/SVneo cells were transfected with WNT1 siRNA or scramble siRNA (Scr) in the presence or absence of 200 ng/ml leptin for 24 h, and Western blot analysis was performed to detect the expression of WNT1, p-GSK3 β (Ser9), and nuclear β -catenin. ∗ P < 0.01 vs. control and # P < 0.01 vs. leptin. (e) The knockdown efficiencies of AKT and β -catenin were analyzed by Western blot analysis and qRT-PCR. ∗ P < 0.05 vs. control. (f) HTR-8/SVneo cells were transfected with AKT siRNA or scramble siRNA (Scr) in the presence or absence of 200 ng/ml leptin for 24 h, and Western blot analysis was performed to detect the expression of AKT, p-GSK3 β (Ser9), and nuclear β -catenin. ∗ P < 0.01 vs. control and # P < 0.01 vs. leptin. All experiments were performed in triplicate.

    Journal: Disease Markers

    Article Title: Leptin Promotes HTR-8/SVneo Cell Invasion via the Crosstalk between MTA1/WNT and PI3K/AKT Pathways

    doi: 10.1155/2022/7052176

    Figure Lengend Snippet: Leptin mediates β -catenin activation through the crosstalk between MTA1/WNT and PI3K/AKT pathways in HTR-8/SVneo cells. (a) HTR-8/SVneo cells were treated with exogenous leptin (0 and 200 ng/ml) for 24 h, and MTA1, WNT1, p-GSK3 β (Ser9), and p-AKT (Ser473) levels were detected by Western blot. Data are shown as mean ± SD; ∗ P < 0.01 vs. leptin (0 ng/ml). (b) The knockdown efficiencies of MTA1 and WNT1 were analyzed by Western blot analysis and qRT-PCR. ∗ P < 0.05 vs. control. (c) HTR-8/SVneo cells were transfected with MTA1 siRNA or scramble siRNA (Scr) in the presence or absence of 200 ng/ml leptin for 24 h, and Western blot analysis was performed to detect the expression of MTA1, WNT1, p-GSK3 β (Ser9), and nuclear β -catenin. ∗ P < 0.01 vs. control and # P < 0.01 vs. leptin. (d) HTR-8/SVneo cells were transfected with WNT1 siRNA or scramble siRNA (Scr) in the presence or absence of 200 ng/ml leptin for 24 h, and Western blot analysis was performed to detect the expression of WNT1, p-GSK3 β (Ser9), and nuclear β -catenin. ∗ P < 0.01 vs. control and # P < 0.01 vs. leptin. (e) The knockdown efficiencies of AKT and β -catenin were analyzed by Western blot analysis and qRT-PCR. ∗ P < 0.05 vs. control. (f) HTR-8/SVneo cells were transfected with AKT siRNA or scramble siRNA (Scr) in the presence or absence of 200 ng/ml leptin for 24 h, and Western blot analysis was performed to detect the expression of AKT, p-GSK3 β (Ser9), and nuclear β -catenin. ∗ P < 0.01 vs. control and # P < 0.01 vs. leptin. All experiments were performed in triplicate.

    Article Snippet: The following primary antibodies were used: MMP9 (ab76003), MTA1 (ab71153), WNT1 (ab15251), AKT (ab179463), GSK3 β (ab32391), β -catenin (ab32572), histone 3 (ab1791), β -actin (ab6276) (Abcam, USA); p-AKT (Ser473) (#4060), p-GSK3 β (Ser9) (#9322) (Cell Signaling Technology, USA).

    Techniques: Activation Assay, Western Blot, Quantitative RT-PCR, Transfection, Expressing

    A , B The activation level of AKT/GSK3β pathway was detected by western blot in vitro and in vivo. C , D The expression levels of EMT marker molecules (N-cadherin, E-cadherin and TGFβ1), inflammatory pathway protein molecules (NLRP3, Cleaved Caspase1/Caspase1) and fibrosis marker molecules (COL-1, COL-3 and α-SMA) was detected by western blot. E Inflammatory factor IL-1β and inflammatory chemokine CXCL2 the supernatant of alveolar epithelial cells were detected by ELISA. Data were expressed as the mean ± SD, n = 3. ** P < 0.01 and *** P < 0.001. F The migration and invasion abilities of alveolar epithelial cells were detected by scratch healing assay and transwell assay.

    Journal: Cell Death Discovery

    Article Title: Coal dust nanoparticles induced pulmonary fibrosis by promoting inflammation and epithelial-mesenchymal transition via the NF-κB/NLRP3 pathway driven by IGF1/ROS-mediated AKT/GSK3β signals

    doi: 10.1038/s41420-022-01291-z

    Figure Lengend Snippet: A , B The activation level of AKT/GSK3β pathway was detected by western blot in vitro and in vivo. C , D The expression levels of EMT marker molecules (N-cadherin, E-cadherin and TGFβ1), inflammatory pathway protein molecules (NLRP3, Cleaved Caspase1/Caspase1) and fibrosis marker molecules (COL-1, COL-3 and α-SMA) was detected by western blot. E Inflammatory factor IL-1β and inflammatory chemokine CXCL2 the supernatant of alveolar epithelial cells were detected by ELISA. Data were expressed as the mean ± SD, n = 3. ** P < 0.01 and *** P < 0.001. F The migration and invasion abilities of alveolar epithelial cells were detected by scratch healing assay and transwell assay.

    Article Snippet: The information of antibodies is as follows: IGF1 (1: 1000, Abclonal, #A11985, China), IGF1R (1: 1000, CST, #9750, USA), p-IGF1R(Tyr1135/1136) (1: 1000, CST, #3024, USA), COL-1 (1: 2000, Abcam, ab260043, UK), COL-3 (1: 1000, Abcam, ab184993, UK), α-SMA (1:1000, CST, #19425, USA), heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1, 1: 1000, CST, #5853, USA), N-cadherin (1: 1000, CST, #49398, USA), E-cadherin (1: 1000, CST, #49398, USA), TGFβ1 (1: 1000, abclonal, #A2124, China), p-NF-kB p65(Ser536) (1: 1000, CST, #3033, USA), NF-kB p65 (1: 1000, CST, #8242, USA), NLRP3 (1: 1000, CST, #15101, USA), Cleaved Caspase1(Asp297) (1: 1000, CST, #4199, USA), Caspase1 (1: 1000, CST, #2225, USA), p-Akt(Ser473) (1: 1000, CST, #4060, USA), Akt (1: 1000, CST, #4691, USA), p-GSK3β(Ser9) (1: 1000, CST, #9322, USA), GSK3β (1: 1000, CST, #9369, USA) and β-actin (1: 1000, CST, #4970, USA).

    Techniques: Activation Assay, Western Blot, In Vitro, In Vivo, Expressing, Marker, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay, Migration, Transwell Assay

    A , B The activation level of AKT/GSK3β pathway was detected by western blot in vitro and in vivo. C , D The expression levels of EMT marker molecules (N-cadherin, E-cadherin and TGFβ1), inflammatory pathway protein molecules (NLRP3, Cleaved Caspase1/Caspase1) and fibrosis marker molecules (COL-1, COL-3 and α-SMA) was detected by western blot. E Inflammatory factor IL-1β and inflammatory chemokine CXCL2 the supernatant of alveolar epithelial cells were detected by ELISA. Data were expressed as the mean ± SD, n = 3. ** P < 0.01 and *** P < 0.001. F The migration and invasion abilities of alveolar epithelial cells were detected by scratch healing assay and transwell assay.

    Journal: Cell Death Discovery

    Article Title: Coal dust nanoparticles induced pulmonary fibrosis by promoting inflammation and epithelial-mesenchymal transition via the NF-κB/NLRP3 pathway driven by IGF1/ROS-mediated AKT/GSK3β signals

    doi: 10.1038/s41420-022-01291-z

    Figure Lengend Snippet: A , B The activation level of AKT/GSK3β pathway was detected by western blot in vitro and in vivo. C , D The expression levels of EMT marker molecules (N-cadherin, E-cadherin and TGFβ1), inflammatory pathway protein molecules (NLRP3, Cleaved Caspase1/Caspase1) and fibrosis marker molecules (COL-1, COL-3 and α-SMA) was detected by western blot. E Inflammatory factor IL-1β and inflammatory chemokine CXCL2 the supernatant of alveolar epithelial cells were detected by ELISA. Data were expressed as the mean ± SD, n = 3. ** P < 0.01 and *** P < 0.001. F The migration and invasion abilities of alveolar epithelial cells were detected by scratch healing assay and transwell assay.

    Article Snippet: The information of antibodies is as follows: IGF1 (1: 1000, Abclonal, #A11985, China), IGF1R (1: 1000, CST, #9750, USA), p-IGF1R(Tyr1135/1136) (1: 1000, CST, #3024, USA), COL-1 (1: 2000, Abcam, ab260043, UK), COL-3 (1: 1000, Abcam, ab184993, UK), α-SMA (1:1000, CST, #19425, USA), heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1, 1: 1000, CST, #5853, USA), N-cadherin (1: 1000, CST, #49398, USA), E-cadherin (1: 1000, CST, #49398, USA), TGFβ1 (1: 1000, abclonal, #A2124, China), p-NF-kB p65(Ser536) (1: 1000, CST, #3033, USA), NF-kB p65 (1: 1000, CST, #8242, USA), NLRP3 (1: 1000, CST, #15101, USA), Cleaved Caspase1(Asp297) (1: 1000, CST, #4199, USA), Caspase1 (1: 1000, CST, #2225, USA), p-Akt(Ser473) (1: 1000, CST, #4060, USA), Akt (1: 1000, CST, #4691, USA), p-GSK3β(Ser9) (1: 1000, CST, #9322, USA), GSK3β (1: 1000, CST, #9369, USA) and β-actin (1: 1000, CST, #4970, USA).

    Techniques: Activation Assay, Western Blot, In Vitro, In Vivo, Expressing, Marker, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay, Migration, Transwell Assay

    Effect of repeated intranasal LPS challenge and treatment with the selective GSK-3 inhibitor SB216763 on extracellular matrix deposition in the lung. (A) Expression of fibronectin was evaluated in whole lung homogenates 24 hours after the last challenge by immunoblotting using specific antibodies. Equal protein loading was verified by the analysis of GAPDH. Effects of repeated LPS challenge and SB216763 treatment on fibronectin expression were quantified by densitometry, representing mean ± s.e.m. of 9 animals per group. (B) Histological staining of the extracellular matrix protein collagen using Sirius Red. The non-cartilaginous airways were digitally photographed (100-200 × magnification) and analysed by using ImageJ software. Effects of repeated LPS challenge and SB216763 treatment on airway collagen expression were quantified, representing mean ± s.e.m. of 9 animals per group. (C) The mean linear intercept (LMI), a measure for alveolar airspace size, was determined by staining the tissue-sections with haematoxylin and eosin. Data represent means ± s.e.m. of 9 animals per group. **p < 0.01 compared to control group and # p < 0.05 compared to LPS treated animals. Scale bar = 200 μm.

    Journal: Respiratory Research

    Article Title: Pharmacological inhibition of GSK-3 in a guinea pig model of LPS-induced pulmonary inflammation: I. Effects on lung remodeling and pathology

    doi: 10.1186/1465-9921-14-113

    Figure Lengend Snippet: Effect of repeated intranasal LPS challenge and treatment with the selective GSK-3 inhibitor SB216763 on extracellular matrix deposition in the lung. (A) Expression of fibronectin was evaluated in whole lung homogenates 24 hours after the last challenge by immunoblotting using specific antibodies. Equal protein loading was verified by the analysis of GAPDH. Effects of repeated LPS challenge and SB216763 treatment on fibronectin expression were quantified by densitometry, representing mean ± s.e.m. of 9 animals per group. (B) Histological staining of the extracellular matrix protein collagen using Sirius Red. The non-cartilaginous airways were digitally photographed (100-200 × magnification) and analysed by using ImageJ software. Effects of repeated LPS challenge and SB216763 treatment on airway collagen expression were quantified, representing mean ± s.e.m. of 9 animals per group. (C) The mean linear intercept (LMI), a measure for alveolar airspace size, was determined by staining the tissue-sections with haematoxylin and eosin. Data represent means ± s.e.m. of 9 animals per group. **p < 0.01 compared to control group and # p < 0.05 compared to LPS treated animals. Scale bar = 200 μm.

    Article Snippet: Rabbit anti-phospho-Ser9/21-GSK-3 antibody was from Cell Signaling Technology (Beverly, MA, USA).

    Techniques: Expressing, Western Blot, Staining, Software

    Repeated LPS instillation and pharmacological inhibition of GSK-3 by SB216763 do not affect airway smooth muscle content. Immunohistological analysis of sm-MHC positive area in (A) large (cartilaginous) and (B) small (non-cartilaginous) airways. Effects of repeated LPS challenge and SB216763 treatment on airway smooth muscle sm-MHC expression were quantified. Data represent means ± s.e.m. of 9 animals per group. Scale bar = 200 μm.

    Journal: Respiratory Research

    Article Title: Pharmacological inhibition of GSK-3 in a guinea pig model of LPS-induced pulmonary inflammation: I. Effects on lung remodeling and pathology

    doi: 10.1186/1465-9921-14-113

    Figure Lengend Snippet: Repeated LPS instillation and pharmacological inhibition of GSK-3 by SB216763 do not affect airway smooth muscle content. Immunohistological analysis of sm-MHC positive area in (A) large (cartilaginous) and (B) small (non-cartilaginous) airways. Effects of repeated LPS challenge and SB216763 treatment on airway smooth muscle sm-MHC expression were quantified. Data represent means ± s.e.m. of 9 animals per group. Scale bar = 200 μm.

    Article Snippet: Rabbit anti-phospho-Ser9/21-GSK-3 antibody was from Cell Signaling Technology (Beverly, MA, USA).

    Techniques: Inhibition, Expressing

    Right ventricle hypertrophy after repeated intranasal LPS instillation is attenuated by GSK-3 inhibition. Effect of repeated LPS instillation and GSK-3 inhibition by SB216763 on right ventricle hypertrophy. Effects of repeated LPS challenge and SB216763 treatment on size of right ventricle were quantified as right ventricle weight over total heart weight, representing mean ± s.e.m. of 9 animals per group. **p < 0.01 compared to control group and # p < 0.05 compared to LPS treated animals.

    Journal: Respiratory Research

    Article Title: Pharmacological inhibition of GSK-3 in a guinea pig model of LPS-induced pulmonary inflammation: I. Effects on lung remodeling and pathology

    doi: 10.1186/1465-9921-14-113

    Figure Lengend Snippet: Right ventricle hypertrophy after repeated intranasal LPS instillation is attenuated by GSK-3 inhibition. Effect of repeated LPS instillation and GSK-3 inhibition by SB216763 on right ventricle hypertrophy. Effects of repeated LPS challenge and SB216763 treatment on size of right ventricle were quantified as right ventricle weight over total heart weight, representing mean ± s.e.m. of 9 animals per group. **p < 0.01 compared to control group and # p < 0.05 compared to LPS treated animals.

    Article Snippet: Rabbit anti-phospho-Ser9/21-GSK-3 antibody was from Cell Signaling Technology (Beverly, MA, USA).

    Techniques: Inhibition

    GSK-3 inhibition does not inhibit LPS-induced pulmonary inflammation. Effect of repeated LPS instillation and GSK-3 inhibition by SB216763 on inflammatory cell infiltration in the airways. Cells within 50 μm of the basement membrane were quantified and expressed relative to basement membrane length, representing mean ± s.e.m. of 9 animals per group. *p < 0.05 compared to control group. Scale bar = 200 μm.

    Journal: Respiratory Research

    Article Title: Pharmacological inhibition of GSK-3 in a guinea pig model of LPS-induced pulmonary inflammation: I. Effects on lung remodeling and pathology

    doi: 10.1186/1465-9921-14-113

    Figure Lengend Snippet: GSK-3 inhibition does not inhibit LPS-induced pulmonary inflammation. Effect of repeated LPS instillation and GSK-3 inhibition by SB216763 on inflammatory cell infiltration in the airways. Cells within 50 μm of the basement membrane were quantified and expressed relative to basement membrane length, representing mean ± s.e.m. of 9 animals per group. *p < 0.05 compared to control group. Scale bar = 200 μm.

    Article Snippet: Rabbit anti-phospho-Ser9/21-GSK-3 antibody was from Cell Signaling Technology (Beverly, MA, USA).

    Techniques: Inhibition

    Activation of β-catenin in response to repeated intranasal LPS challenge is prevented by treatment with the selective GSK-3 inhibitor SB216763. (A) Expression of active β-catenin, phosphorylated GSK-3 (ser9/21 GSK-3) and total GSK-3 was evaluated in whole lung homogenates 24 hours after the last challenge by immunoblotting using specific antibodies. Equal protein loading was verified by the analysis of GAPDH. (B,C) Responses of repeated LPS challenge and SB216763 treatment on active β-catenin expression (B) and GSK-3 phosphorylation (C) were quantified by densitometry, representing mean ± s.e.m. of 9 animals per group. (D) Correlation between pulmonary expression of fibronectin (data from Figure ) and active β-catenin in all guinea pigs. R = 0.552; p < 0.001. (E) Immunofluorescence analysis of active β-catenin (red) in large airways counterstained with Hoechst 3342 to stain nuclei (blue). *p < 0.05 compared to control group and # p < 0.05 compared to LPS treated animals.

    Journal: Respiratory Research

    Article Title: Pharmacological inhibition of GSK-3 in a guinea pig model of LPS-induced pulmonary inflammation: I. Effects on lung remodeling and pathology

    doi: 10.1186/1465-9921-14-113

    Figure Lengend Snippet: Activation of β-catenin in response to repeated intranasal LPS challenge is prevented by treatment with the selective GSK-3 inhibitor SB216763. (A) Expression of active β-catenin, phosphorylated GSK-3 (ser9/21 GSK-3) and total GSK-3 was evaluated in whole lung homogenates 24 hours after the last challenge by immunoblotting using specific antibodies. Equal protein loading was verified by the analysis of GAPDH. (B,C) Responses of repeated LPS challenge and SB216763 treatment on active β-catenin expression (B) and GSK-3 phosphorylation (C) were quantified by densitometry, representing mean ± s.e.m. of 9 animals per group. (D) Correlation between pulmonary expression of fibronectin (data from Figure ) and active β-catenin in all guinea pigs. R = 0.552; p < 0.001. (E) Immunofluorescence analysis of active β-catenin (red) in large airways counterstained with Hoechst 3342 to stain nuclei (blue). *p < 0.05 compared to control group and # p < 0.05 compared to LPS treated animals.

    Article Snippet: Rabbit anti-phospho-Ser9/21-GSK-3 antibody was from Cell Signaling Technology (Beverly, MA, USA).

    Techniques: Activation Assay, Expressing, Western Blot, Immunofluorescence, Staining