Journal: Frontiers in Veterinary Science

Article Title: Flow cytometric profiling of water buffalo milk EVs: how lactation stage drives phenotypic evolution and macrophage modulation

doi: 10.3389/fvets.2026.1922591

Figure Lengend Snippet: (A) Size distribution and concentration profiles across the three different samples by NTA: Colo, EM and MM; (B) Representative FC dot plots demonstrating instrument calibration and population gating strategies utilizing standardized Rosetta Beads; (C) Dimensional gating encompassing a region of 100–200 nm was drawn on a diameter (nm) histogram (FCS files transformed by the Rosetta Calibration system) representing Colo, EM, and MM-EVs; (D) Characterization of EV morphology by TEM (scale bars: 100 nm).

Article Snippet: To evaluate the effect of MM-EVs on bacterial interaction, primary buffalo macrophages were pre-treated with or without mEVs before being challenged with FITC-labeled heat-killed E. coli (ATCC 35218).

Techniques: Concentration Assay, Transformation Assay, Morphology

Journal: Frontiers in Veterinary Science

Article Title: Flow cytometric profiling of water buffalo milk EVs: how lactation stage drives phenotypic evolution and macrophage modulation

doi: 10.3389/fvets.2026.1922591

Figure Lengend Snippet: Colo-EVs, EM-EVs and MM-EVs exhibit distinct BoMac uptake and reduce basal mitochondrial ROS. (A) Quantitative analysis of cellular uptake after 4 h of incubation in Colo, EM and MM EV-treated cell line. (B) Representative fluorescence microscopy images showing the uptake distribution after 4 h, in detached BoMac cells. Scale bar: 20 μm. (C) Quantitative analysis of cellular uptake after 24 h of incubation in the same cell line. (D) Representative fluorescence microscopy images showing the uptake distribution after 24 h. Scale bar: 20 μm. Data are expressed as mean ± SD of n = 3 independent biological replicates. Statistical significance: **** p < 0.0001.

Article Snippet: To evaluate the effect of MM-EVs on bacterial interaction, primary buffalo macrophages were pre-treated with or without mEVs before being challenged with FITC-labeled heat-killed E. coli (ATCC 35218).

Techniques: Analysis, Incubation, Fluorescence, Microscopy

Journal: Frontiers in Veterinary Science

Article Title: Flow cytometric profiling of water buffalo milk EVs: how lactation stage drives phenotypic evolution and macrophage modulation

doi: 10.3389/fvets.2026.1922591

Figure Lengend Snippet: Lysosomes are more successfully reached by MM-EVs than Colo-EVs. (A) Representative CM images: Intracellular uptake of green-fluorescent labeled EVs derived from Colo and MM. Scale bars represent 20 μm; (B) Pearson’s correlation coefficient analysis: MM-EVs show a significantly higher Pearson’s coefficient compared to Colo-EVs; (C) Comparative Manders’ co-localization coefficients: M1 represents the fraction of EV signal overlapping with the cell channel. M2 represents the fraction of cell signal overlapping with EVs.

Article Snippet: To evaluate the effect of MM-EVs on bacterial interaction, primary buffalo macrophages were pre-treated with or without mEVs before being challenged with FITC-labeled heat-killed E. coli (ATCC 35218).

Techniques: Labeling, Derivative Assay, Analysis

Journal: International Journal of Biological Sciences

Article Title: Extracellular Vesicles from Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Reduce Lung Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury via Cytoprotective Mechanisms in both 2D Cultures and a Human Airway Organoid Model

doi: 10.7150/ijbs.134686

Figure Lengend Snippet: hiPSC-EV characterization. (A) NTA histogram showing size distribution profile of particles released by hiPSCs (n=3). (B) Histograms showing signal intensity (arbitrary units) of surface protein markers on hiPSC-EV (n = 3), as detected by the MACSPlex Exosome Kit and analyzed via flow cytometry. Data reported in the graph are mean ±SEM of n=3 independent experiments.

Article Snippet: As previously described , EV immunophenotyping was performed with the Human MACSPlex exosome kit (130-108-813; Miltenyi Biotec, Germany), following the manufacturer's instructions.

Techniques: Flow Cytometry