Journal: Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience

Article Title: Dopamine D1/D5 Receptors in the Retrosplenial Cortex Are Necessary to Consolidate Object Recognition Memory

doi: 10.3389/fnbeh.2022.922971

Figure Lengend Snippet: aRSC requires D1/D5 activity for object recognition memory consolidation. Saline (Vehicle, Veh, white bar) or D1/D5 antagonist (SCH23390, SCH, gray bar) was infused into aRSC immediately after training. Graphics show the discrimination index from animals tested (A) 24 h or (B) 3 h after the training session. Data are expressed as mean ± SEM. ** p < 0.01, Veh vs. SCH, two-tailed Student's t -test; ## p < 0.01, ### p < 0.001, Group vs. 0, two-tailed Student's t -test. (A) n = 7, (B) n = 7–8.

Article Snippet: To study the dopaminergic input we infused into the aRSC, the D1/D5 dopamine receptor antagonist SCH23390 hydrochloride (Sigma Aldrich, Germany) and the agonist SKF38393 hydrochloride (Sigma Aldrich, Germany) at a dose of 0.75 μg per side and 12.5 μg per side, respectively.

Techniques: Activity Assay, Two Tailed Test

Journal: Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience

Article Title: Role of Anterior Cingulate Cortex in Instrumental Learning: Blockade of Dopamine D1 Receptors Suppresses Overt but Not Covert Learning

doi: 10.3389/fnbeh.2017.00082

Figure Lengend Snippet: Testing apparatus and behavioral procedures. (A) Testing apparatus . (B) Behavioral procedure: daily session . After habituation and surgical implantation of the cannulas in ACC, rats received bilateral microinfusions of saline or SCH23390 before each testing session. Immediately after microinfusions, the rats were tested directly (TE, trial-and-error) for 20 min, or put in the observer compartment (Obs) for observation of a demonstrator for 20 min (LeO, learning by observation), then tested in the actor compartment. (C) Treatment and post-treatment testing . All rats received microinfusions before testing for 30 days of testing, during sessions 1–30. From session 31–58, rats in the experimental groups, LeO-SCH and TE-SCH, were tested for an additional 18 and 28 days, respectively, but without any treatment.

Article Snippet: TE and LeO rats were divided into 2 groups: control groups (TE-C, LeO-C) received bilateral microinfusions of Saline in ACC (0.25 μl per side); experimental groups (TE-SCH, LeO-SCH) were infused with dopamine D1 receptors antagonist SCH23390 hydrochloride (Abcam®, Cambridge, UK).

Techniques:

Journal: Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience

Article Title: Role of Anterior Cingulate Cortex in Instrumental Learning: Blockade of Dopamine D1 Receptors Suppresses Overt but Not Covert Learning

doi: 10.3389/fnbeh.2017.00082

Figure Lengend Snippet: Histology. (A) Example section taken from Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) scans. L and R refer to left and right hemispheres, respectively. The dashed lines indicate the border of ACC (Cg1/Cg2). The stars depict the trace of the cannulas as revealed by MRI. (B) Example of a cresyl violet stained section from rat AU51's brain showing the trace of the cannula ( * ). Dashed line indicates the border of ACC. (C) Reconstructions of the tips of the cannulas for all the rats included in this study, shown on two coronal sections taken from rat AU41. The numbers indicate the AP levels relative to bregma. Squares and circles indicate injection sites for TE and LeO rats, respectively; Open and filled (black) symbols are used for saline and SCH23390 injections, respectively. cc, corpus callosum; v, ventricle.

Article Snippet: TE and LeO rats were divided into 2 groups: control groups (TE-C, LeO-C) received bilateral microinfusions of Saline in ACC (0.25 μl per side); experimental groups (TE-SCH, LeO-SCH) were infused with dopamine D1 receptors antagonist SCH23390 hydrochloride (Abcam®, Cambridge, UK).

Techniques: Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Staining, Injection

Journal: Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience

Article Title: Role of Anterior Cingulate Cortex in Instrumental Learning: Blockade of Dopamine D1 Receptors Suppresses Overt but Not Covert Learning

doi: 10.3389/fnbeh.2017.00082

Figure Lengend Snippet: Learning profiles in controls and experimental rats . Learning is represented as the change in the percentage correct responses (PCR). (A) Evolution of the PCR in control groups (saline injections) . The symbols represent mean PCR for 6 rats, and the bars represent the standard error of the mean (sem). Triangles, trial-and-error (TE) group; Squares, observational learning (LeO) group. The dashed horizontal line represents the learning criterion (75%). Horizontal arrow points to the 1st session at which differences between groups start to be significant (Tukey HSD post-hoc test, P < 0.05). (B) Evolution of the PCR in rats infused with SCH23390 . Same conventions as in (A) . The black triangle (indicated by the vertical arrow) represents the PCR for injections of SCH23390 at session 49, i.e., after learning. (C) Treatment × learning type interaction, F (2, 599) = 108.14, P < 0001. The plot shows the mean number of lever pushes (LPs) plotted for each learning type (LeO vs. TE), as a function of treatment (Saline vs. SCH23390).

Article Snippet: TE and LeO rats were divided into 2 groups: control groups (TE-C, LeO-C) received bilateral microinfusions of Saline in ACC (0.25 μl per side); experimental groups (TE-SCH, LeO-SCH) were infused with dopamine D1 receptors antagonist SCH23390 hydrochloride (Abcam®, Cambridge, UK).

Techniques:

Journal: Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience

Article Title: Role of Anterior Cingulate Cortex in Instrumental Learning: Blockade of Dopamine D1 Receptors Suppresses Overt but Not Covert Learning

doi: 10.3389/fnbeh.2017.00082

Figure Lengend Snippet: Post-treatment learning: comparison with controls. (A) The PCR values are plotted as a function of sessions , superimposed for the experimental groups TE-SCH (dark blue), LeO-SCH (red; sessions 31–58), and control groups TE-C (light blue) and LeO-C (orange; sessions 1–30). The vertical dotted lines depict the sessions at which learning criterion was reached by LeO-SCH (session 9) and LeO-C (session 16), and the horizontal arrow depicts the difference between the curves in terms of numbers of sessions (covert learning). (B) Comparison of numbers of sessions to criterion . Same color code as in (A) The mean numbers of sessions required to reach criterion (75% correct responses) are represented for controls (Saline; light blue and orange bars), and experimental groups (SCH23390; red and dark blue bars) for TE and LeO. Note that the y-axis for Saline groups is aligned with session 30 of the experimental groups. *** P < 0.001.

Article Snippet: TE and LeO rats were divided into 2 groups: control groups (TE-C, LeO-C) received bilateral microinfusions of Saline in ACC (0.25 μl per side); experimental groups (TE-SCH, LeO-SCH) were infused with dopamine D1 receptors antagonist SCH23390 hydrochloride (Abcam®, Cambridge, UK).

Techniques:

Journal: Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience

Article Title: Role of Anterior Cingulate Cortex in Instrumental Learning: Blockade of Dopamine D1 Receptors Suppresses Overt but Not Covert Learning

doi: 10.3389/fnbeh.2017.00082

Figure Lengend Snippet: Long-term effect of SCH23390 . The graph represents the mean numbers of correct lever presses (LPs) performed by each group after the learning criterion was reached (number of sessions = 6). *** P < 0.001.

Article Snippet: TE and LeO rats were divided into 2 groups: control groups (TE-C, LeO-C) received bilateral microinfusions of Saline in ACC (0.25 μl per side); experimental groups (TE-SCH, LeO-SCH) were infused with dopamine D1 receptors antagonist SCH23390 hydrochloride (Abcam®, Cambridge, UK).

Techniques: