Journal: Frontiers in Immunology

Article Title: Clara cell 16 kDa protein: an important marker for COVID-19 severity

doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2025.1527377

Figure Lengend Snippet: Serum concentrations in coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) negative patients, and in COVID-19 positive patients without or with intensive care unit (ICU) admission during hospitalization. COVID-19 positivity was proven by a real-time polymerase chain reaction. Patients were categorized according to disease severity. Non ICU was defined as no admission to the ICU at any time during their hospital stay; ICU as ICU admission at any time (early, middle or late during COVID-19 disease activity). Samples were collected prior or around the time of ICU admission. Thymus- and activation-regulated chemokine (TARC/CCL17) concentrations were measured by ELISA, and values are displayed in pg/mL (median) (A) . Clara cell 16 kDa protein (CC16) concentrations were also measured by ELISA, and values are displayed in ng/mL (median) (B) . Differences in serum concentrations between groups were analyzed with an unpaired t-test (two-tailed). Correlation between serum concentrations of CC16 and TARC (C) was assessed with a Pearson R test (r 2 = 0.002, p=0.5085).

Article Snippet: Serum levels of the following markers were determined by ELISA according to the manufacturer’s instructions: 1) human cytochrome C (Elabscience, Texas, USA); 2) SCGB1A1/Uteroglobin (alternative name CC16) (Boster Bio, California, USA); 3) human FasL (Thermo Fisher Scietific, Massachusetts, USA); 4) CCL17/TARC (R&D systems, Minneapolis, USA).

Techniques: Real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction, Activity Assay, Activation Assay, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay, Two Tailed Test