bovine hmgb 1  (Chondrex Inc)

Journal: Frontiers in Immunology

Article Title: Propionic Acid, Induced in Gut by an Inulin Diet, Suppresses Inflammation and Ameliorates Liver Ischemia and Reperfusion Injury in Mice

doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.862503

Figure Lengend Snippet: Intraperitoneal pretreatment with propionic acid ameliorates liver IRI in mice. (A) WT mice were divided into two groups. Mice in the PA group were intraperitoneally pretreated with PA (5 mmol/kg in saline) 2 h prior to liver ischemia, whereas mice in the saline group were pretreated with saline. Then, mice in both groups were performed liver IRI model. (B) The sALT level after 6 h of reperfusion (n = 8 mice/group; ****P < .0001) (Power calculation: 1.000). (C) Macroscopic findings after 6 h of reperfusion in saline- and PA -pretreated mice. Regions (bleeding and swelling) of macroscopic changes induced by IR insult are circled by dotted lines. (D) Representative liver histology (H&E staining) after IR insult (magnification ×400). Congestion area was shown in circle by yellow dot. (E) Suzuki’s histological grading in each group (n = 8 mice/group; ****P < .0001) (Power calculation: 1.000). (F) Quantitative RT-PCR detection of inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, CXCL-1, CXCL-2, IL-1β, and IL-10) at 6 h of reperfusion. Data were normalized to β-actin gene expression (n = 6 mice/group; *P < .05, **P < .01) (Power calculation: TNF-α; 0.998, IL-6; 0.980, CXCL-2; 1.000, IL-1β; 0.996). The reduction of CXCL-1 and IL-10 in PA-treated group compared to saline-treated group was not significant. (G) The levels of serum HMGB-1 at 6 h after reperfusion in saline- and PA -pretreated mice (n = 8 mice/group; **P < .01) (Power calculation: 1.000).

Article Snippet: Then, bovine HMGB-1 (Chondrex, Redmond, WA, USA) (1 µg/mL) was added to the macrophages.

Techniques: Staining, Quantitative RT-PCR, Expressing

Journal: Frontiers in Immunology

Article Title: Propionic Acid, Induced in Gut by an Inulin Diet, Suppresses Inflammation and Ameliorates Liver Ischemia and Reperfusion Injury in Mice

doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.862503

Figure Lengend Snippet: PA suppressed HMGB-1-mediated activation of peritoneal macrophages. Peritoneal macrophages from WT mice stimulated by HMGB-1 (1 µg/mL) were cultured with or without the pretreatment with PA (1, 2, 5, and 10 mM, respectively) for 48 h. (A) TNF-α release was measured by ELISA (n = 3 samples/group; ****P < .0001) (Power calculation: 1.000). (B) Western blot assisted analyses of NF-κB signaling and MAPK signaling molecules in the macrophages stimulated by HMGB-1 (1 µg/mL) 30 min after the pretreatment with PA (5 mM). β-actin was used as the internal control.

Article Snippet: Then, bovine HMGB-1 (Chondrex, Redmond, WA, USA) (1 µg/mL) was added to the macrophages.

Techniques: Activation Assay, Cell Culture, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay, Western Blot