Journal: PLoS ONE

Article Title: Retigeric Acid B Attenuates the Virulence of Candida albicans via Inhibiting Adenylyl Cyclase Activity Targeted by Enhanced Farnesol Production

doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0041624

Figure Lengend Snippet: (A) Nematodes were infected with C. albicans YEM30 for 2 h and then moved to pathogen-free liquid media in the presence of PBS (negative control), RAB (4 or 16 µg/ml) or 2 µg/ml of FLC (positive control). Each day the worms were monitored and the survival rate was calculated. p <0.001 for 4RAB, 16RAB and FLC treated groups compared to PBS-treated group. (B) Nematodes were infected with the indicated C. albicans strains and then treated by a series of doses of RAB. After 5 days of therapy, the survival ratio in each group was calculated. (C) The nematodes were infected by C. albicans strain CASA1 with GFP tagged CDR1 for 2 h and then moved into pathogen-free liquid media containing drugs or the vehicle for 5 days. And then they were observed in 4× objective magnification. Most nematodes in control group did not demonstrate any movement and developed filaments outside the body. However, the majority of the drug-treated were alive and not invaded by the hyphae (scale bars: 200 µm). Insert shows the images of nematodes captured at 200× magnification (scale bars: 100 µm). The representative worm was selected for confocal microscopic observation. Green fluorescence of hyphae cells and yeast cells was seen within the intestine of the dead nematode under the vehicle treatment. And no C. albicans cells were observed in the live worm challenged by RAB (about 60 nematodes in each group). (D) Enlarged view of the rectangle frame.

Article Snippet: Subsequently, the fixed cells were washed three times with PBS and incubated with mouse anti-GFP monoclonal antibody (Cell Signaling Technology, Beverly, MA) diluted 1∶200 in PBS with 1% BSA for 1 h at room temperature.

Techniques: Infection, Negative Control, Positive Control, Fluorescence

Journal: PLoS ONE

Article Title: E1-Like Activating Enzyme Atg7 Is Preferentially Sequestered into p62 Aggregates via Its Interaction with LC3-I

doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0073229

Figure Lengend Snippet: (A) Expression plasmids were transfected into HEK293 cells for 24 h. Cell lysates were used to detect the fusion genes’ expression by Western blot using antibodies as indicated. (B) Flag-LC3 or Flag-LC3 A120 was transfected into HEK293 cells for 24 h. 50 µM of Chloroquine (CQ) was used to induce Flag- LC3-II accumulation for 2 h before harvesting the cells. Flag-LC3 is normally lipidated as demonstrated by Flag-LC3-II accumulation after CQ treatment. No such accumulation was seen in Flag-LC3 A120 mutant after CQ treatment demonstrating that this mutant does not pass through the lipidation process. (C) MEFwt cells were transfected with indicated expression plasmids for 24 h before they were recorded by fluorescence microscopy. GFP-Atg4B, GFP-Atg7 and GFP-Atg3 were mainly distributed in the cytosol. No puncta was observed at any given time. Scale bar = 25micron.

Article Snippet: The following antibodies were used: rabbit polyclonal anti-LC3B, Atg4B, Atg3, and Atg7 antibodies (Cell Signaling); mouse monoclonal anti-GFP and p62 antibodies (Santa Cruz biotech); mouse monoclonal anti-Flag M2 and β-actin antibodies (Sigma); GFP-Trap (Allele Biotechnology); anti-rabbit IgG (Alexa Fluor 488 conjugate) and anti-mouse IgG (Alexa Fluor 555 conjugate) (Cell signaling); anti-mouse IgG(AMCA-conjugate) (Jackson ImmunoResearch).

Techniques: Expressing, Transfection, Western Blot, Mutagenesis, Fluorescence, Microscopy

Journal: PLoS ONE

Article Title: E1-Like Activating Enzyme Atg7 Is Preferentially Sequestered into p62 Aggregates via Its Interaction with LC3-I

doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0073229

Figure Lengend Snippet: GFP-Atg4B and mRFP-p62 expression plasmids (A) or with Flag-LC3 (B) were co-transfected into MEFwt cells for 24h. GFP-Atg4B C74A and mRFP-p62 with Flag-LC3 vectors (C) or with Flag-LC3 A120 vector (D) were co-transfected into MEFwt cells for 24 h. GFP-Atg4B or GFP-Atg4B C74A expression vector was co-transfected with Flag-LC3 (E) or Flag-LC3 A120 (F) into HEK293 cells for 48 h. Immunoprecipitation (IP) was performed using total cell lysates. Immunoblotting was conducted using the antibodies as indicated. (G) mRFP-p62, GFP-Atg4B C74A and Flag-LC3 expression vectors were co-transfected into MEFwt cells for 24 h. Colocalization of Flag-LC3 within mRFP-p62 aggregates were detected by immunofluorescence staining (IF) using Flag M2 antibody. Fluorescence images presented in this study were representative of at least three independent experiments. Scale bar = 25micron.

Article Snippet: The following antibodies were used: rabbit polyclonal anti-LC3B, Atg4B, Atg3, and Atg7 antibodies (Cell Signaling); mouse monoclonal anti-GFP and p62 antibodies (Santa Cruz biotech); mouse monoclonal anti-Flag M2 and β-actin antibodies (Sigma); GFP-Trap (Allele Biotechnology); anti-rabbit IgG (Alexa Fluor 488 conjugate) and anti-mouse IgG (Alexa Fluor 555 conjugate) (Cell signaling); anti-mouse IgG(AMCA-conjugate) (Jackson ImmunoResearch).

Techniques: Expressing, Transfection, Plasmid Preparation, Immunoprecipitation, Western Blot, Immunofluorescence, Staining, Fluorescence

Journal: PLoS ONE

Article Title: E1-Like Activating Enzyme Atg7 Is Preferentially Sequestered into p62 Aggregates via Its Interaction with LC3-I

doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0073229

Figure Lengend Snippet: Vectors expressing mRFP-p62, GFP-LC3, or GFP-LC3 A120 were transfected into MEFatg5 −/− cells as indicated (A and B). Images were taken at 48 h time point. The same sets of plasmids were transfected into MEFwt cells as indicated for 72 h. Images were recorded at 20 h and 72 h post transfection (C–F). Scale bar = 25micro. Arrows point to mRFP-p62 only punctae. The inserts were enlarged to show the puncta in detail.

Article Snippet: The following antibodies were used: rabbit polyclonal anti-LC3B, Atg4B, Atg3, and Atg7 antibodies (Cell Signaling); mouse monoclonal anti-GFP and p62 antibodies (Santa Cruz biotech); mouse monoclonal anti-Flag M2 and β-actin antibodies (Sigma); GFP-Trap (Allele Biotechnology); anti-rabbit IgG (Alexa Fluor 488 conjugate) and anti-mouse IgG (Alexa Fluor 555 conjugate) (Cell signaling); anti-mouse IgG(AMCA-conjugate) (Jackson ImmunoResearch).

Techniques: Expressing, Transfection

Journal: PLoS ONE

Article Title: E1-Like Activating Enzyme Atg7 Is Preferentially Sequestered into p62 Aggregates via Its Interaction with LC3-I

doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0073229

Figure Lengend Snippet: GFP-Atg7 (Aa), GFP-Atg7/Flag-LC3 (Ab), or GFP-Atg7 C572A /Flag-LC3 (Ac) vectors were co-transfected with mRFP-p62 into MEFwt cells for 48 h. GFP-Atg7 punctae were shown; mRFP-p62 and Flag-LC3 with GFP-Atg7 vectors (B) or with GFP-Atg7 C572A (C) were co-transfected into MEFwt cells for 48 h; mRFP-p62 and Flag-LC3A 120 with GFP-Atg7 vectors (D) or with GFP-Atg7 C572A (E) were co-transfected into MEFwt cells for 48 h. Flag-LC3, GFP-Atg7, or GFP-Atg7 C572A expression vectors were co-transfected into HEK293 cells as indicated for 48 h. Total cell lysates were used for IP by the Flag M2 antibody. Immunoblotting was conducted using the antibodies as indicated (F and G). Expressing vectors of GFP-Atg12 and mRFP-p62 were co-transfected into MEFwt cells for 48 h (H). All images were recorded at 48 h post-transfection. Scale bar = 25 micron. The inserts were enlarged to show the puncta in detail.

Article Snippet: The following antibodies were used: rabbit polyclonal anti-LC3B, Atg4B, Atg3, and Atg7 antibodies (Cell Signaling); mouse monoclonal anti-GFP and p62 antibodies (Santa Cruz biotech); mouse monoclonal anti-Flag M2 and β-actin antibodies (Sigma); GFP-Trap (Allele Biotechnology); anti-rabbit IgG (Alexa Fluor 488 conjugate) and anti-mouse IgG (Alexa Fluor 555 conjugate) (Cell signaling); anti-mouse IgG(AMCA-conjugate) (Jackson ImmunoResearch).

Techniques: Transfection, Expressing, Western Blot

Journal: PLoS ONE

Article Title: E1-Like Activating Enzyme Atg7 Is Preferentially Sequestered into p62 Aggregates via Its Interaction with LC3-I

doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0073229

Figure Lengend Snippet: GFP-Atg3 and mRFP-p62 (A) or with Flag-LC3 vectors (B) were co-transfected into MEFwt cells for 48 h. GFP-Atg3 C264S , mRFP-p62 and Flag-LC3 vectors were co-transfected into MEFwt cells for 48 h (C). Flag-LC3, GFP-Atg3, GFP-Atg3 C264S , or GFP-Atg3 C264A expression vectors were co-transfected into HEK293 cells for 48 h. Immunoprecipitation was conducted using total cell lysates. Immunoblotting was conducted as indicated. Images were recorded at 48 h post-transfection. Scale bar = 25 micron.

Article Snippet: The following antibodies were used: rabbit polyclonal anti-LC3B, Atg4B, Atg3, and Atg7 antibodies (Cell Signaling); mouse monoclonal anti-GFP and p62 antibodies (Santa Cruz biotech); mouse monoclonal anti-Flag M2 and β-actin antibodies (Sigma); GFP-Trap (Allele Biotechnology); anti-rabbit IgG (Alexa Fluor 488 conjugate) and anti-mouse IgG (Alexa Fluor 555 conjugate) (Cell signaling); anti-mouse IgG(AMCA-conjugate) (Jackson ImmunoResearch).

Techniques: Transfection, Expressing, Immunoprecipitation, Western Blot

Journal: PLoS ONE

Article Title: E1-Like Activating Enzyme Atg7 Is Preferentially Sequestered into p62 Aggregates via Its Interaction with LC3-I

doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0073229

Figure Lengend Snippet: HEK293 cells were co-transfected with mRFP-p62/GFP-Atg3/Flag-LC3 or mRFP-p62/GFP-Atg4B/Flag-LC3 for 48 h. Total cell lysates were used to conduct IP using correspondent antibodies. Immunoblottings were then applied using antibodies as indicated (A and B). HEK293 cells were transfected with GFP-Atg4B or GFP-Atg4B C74A alone or with mRFP-p62 for 48 h (C). HEK293 cells were transfected with GFP-Atg3 alone or with mRFP-p62 for 48 h (D). Total cell lysates were used to detect LC3 species as indicated. Relative band intensity of protein of interest was divided by correspondent band intensity of β-actin loading control. Fold of increase or decrease was then determined by setting the control sample as 1.

Article Snippet: The following antibodies were used: rabbit polyclonal anti-LC3B, Atg4B, Atg3, and Atg7 antibodies (Cell Signaling); mouse monoclonal anti-GFP and p62 antibodies (Santa Cruz biotech); mouse monoclonal anti-Flag M2 and β-actin antibodies (Sigma); GFP-Trap (Allele Biotechnology); anti-rabbit IgG (Alexa Fluor 488 conjugate) and anti-mouse IgG (Alexa Fluor 555 conjugate) (Cell signaling); anti-mouse IgG(AMCA-conjugate) (Jackson ImmunoResearch).

Techniques: Transfection

Journal: PLoS ONE

Article Title: E1-Like Activating Enzyme Atg7 Is Preferentially Sequestered into p62 Aggregates via Its Interaction with LC3-I

doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0073229

Figure Lengend Snippet: HEK293-GFP-LC3 cells were cultured in nutrient-rich media (Aa) or treated with CPP for 2 h (Ab) to induce large GFP-LC3 positive vesicles. HEK293-GFP-LC3 A120 cells were used as a control (Ac); (B) HEK293-GFP-LC3 cells were transfected with mRFP-p62 for 24 h, and then treated with CPP for 2 h to induce large GFP-LC3/mRFP-p62 positive vesicles. (C) HEK293-GFP-LC3 cells were transfected with mRFP-p62-LRS-mut.2 for 24 h, and then treated with CPP for 2 h. HEK293-GFP-LC3 cell line was cultured in regular media (D) or treated with CPP for 2 h (E) before fixed and immunostained for the endogenous LC3 and p62. (F) HEK293-GFP-LC3 cells were cultured in regular media or treated with CPP for 2 h. Total cell lysates were used for immunoprecipitation of endogenous p62. Western blot analysis was conducted to detect p62 bound GFP-LC3 species. Arrow points to GFP-LC3 positive vesicle. Arrow head points to p62 aggregate. Scale bar = 25 micron.

Article Snippet: The following antibodies were used: rabbit polyclonal anti-LC3B, Atg4B, Atg3, and Atg7 antibodies (Cell Signaling); mouse monoclonal anti-GFP and p62 antibodies (Santa Cruz biotech); mouse monoclonal anti-Flag M2 and β-actin antibodies (Sigma); GFP-Trap (Allele Biotechnology); anti-rabbit IgG (Alexa Fluor 488 conjugate) and anti-mouse IgG (Alexa Fluor 555 conjugate) (Cell signaling); anti-mouse IgG(AMCA-conjugate) (Jackson ImmunoResearch).

Techniques: Cell Culture, Transfection, Immunoprecipitation, Western Blot

Journal: The Journal of Biological Chemistry

Article Title: A novel site on dual-specificity phosphatase MKP7/DUSP16 is required for catalysis and MAPK binding

doi: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102617

Figure Lengend Snippet: Effect of MKP7 Y271 on MAPK binding interactions. Full-length FLAG-tagged MKP7 WT, Y271 mutants, and C244S were transiently transfected with p38α MAPK-HA, JNK1-β-GFP, or ERK2-HA into COS-7 cells for 48 h. Cells were harvested and lysed, followed by immunoprecipitation with anti-FLAG antibodies. A , anti-FLAG immune complexes and whole cell lysates were immunoblotted with anti-HA and anti-FLAG antibodies. B , anti-FLAG immune complexes and whole cell lysates were immunoblotted with anti-GFP and anti-FLAG antibodies. C , anti-FLAG immune complexes and whole cell lysates were immunoblotted with anti-HA and anti-FLAG antibodies. Graphs shown to the right represent quantitation of A , p38α MAPK-HA/FLAG-MKP7, B , JNK1-GFP/FLAG-MKP7 and C , ERK2-HA/FLAG-MKP7. Data represent the mean ± SEM of three to four independent experiments. Statistical significance shown was generated using a two-way ANOVA. ERK, extracellular signal-regulated kinase; MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase; MKP, MAPK phosphatase.

Article Snippet: Lysates were then incubated with protein-G beads for 1 h followed by boiling of samples in 1× sample buffer for immunoblotting detection of p38α MAPK-HA or ERK2-HA using anti-HA (12CA5) monoclonal antibody (Roche cat#11583816001), JNK-GFP using anti-GFP monoclonal antibody (Cell Signaling Technologies # 2955), and anti-FLAG polyclonal antibody (Sigma cat#7425).

Techniques: Binding Assay, Transfection, Immunoprecipitation, Quantitation Assay, Generated

Journal: The Journal of Biological Chemistry

Article Title: A novel site on dual-specificity phosphatase MKP7/DUSP16 is required for catalysis and MAPK binding

doi: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102617

Figure Lengend Snippet: Role of MKP7 Y271 on MKP7-MAPK binding at the catalytic cysteine residue. Full-length FLAG-tagged MKP7 WT, Y271S, C244S, and the double Y271S/C244S mutant were transiently transfected with p38α MAPK-HA or JNK1-β-GFP into COS-7 cells for 48 h. Cells were harvested and lysed, followed by immunoprecipitation with anti-FLAG antibodies. A , anti-FLAG immune complexes and whole cell lysates were immunoblotted with anti-HA and anti-FLAG antibodies. B , anti-FLAG immune complexes and whole cell lysates were immunoblotted with anti-GFP and anti-FLAG antibodies. Graphs shown to the right represent quantitation of A , p38α MAPK-HA/FLAG-MKP7 and B , JNK1-GFP/FLAG-MKP7. Data represents the mean ± SEM of three to four independent experiments. Statistical significance shown was generated using a two-way ANOVA. MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase; MKP, MAPK phosphatase.

Article Snippet: Lysates were then incubated with protein-G beads for 1 h followed by boiling of samples in 1× sample buffer for immunoblotting detection of p38α MAPK-HA or ERK2-HA using anti-HA (12CA5) monoclonal antibody (Roche cat#11583816001), JNK-GFP using anti-GFP monoclonal antibody (Cell Signaling Technologies # 2955), and anti-FLAG polyclonal antibody (Sigma cat#7425).

Techniques: Binding Assay, Mutagenesis, Transfection, Immunoprecipitation, Quantitation Assay, Generated