Journal: Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine

Article Title: Large-conductance Ca 2 + -activated K + channel β1-subunit maintains the contractile phenotype of vascular smooth muscle cells

doi: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.1062695

Figure Lengend Snippet: BK Ca -β1 expression is reduced in the carotid arteries of rat balloon-injured model. Representative images of H&E (A) and immunohistochemical staining of BK Ca −α and BK ca −β1 (B) in injured and sham-operated carotid arteries of rat balloon-injured model at 14 days post injury. Scale bar = 100 μm. (C) Quantified mRNA levels of BK ca −α and BK ca −β1 analyzed by qRT-PCR. Western blot images (D) and quantification (E) for indicated proteins. Eukaryotic initiation factor 5 (eIF5) was used as an internal control. Data are presented as means ± SEM ( n = 4∼6 for each group, ns, not significant, * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01 vs. sham).

Article Snippet: An antibody against BK Ca -β1 (APC-036) used for immunohistochemical staining and western blot was purchased from Alomone labs (Jerusalem, Israel).

Techniques: Expressing, Immunohistochemical staining, Staining, Quantitative RT-PCR, Western Blot

Journal: Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine

Article Title: Large-conductance Ca 2 + -activated K + channel β1-subunit maintains the contractile phenotype of vascular smooth muscle cells

doi: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.1062695

Figure Lengend Snippet: BK Ca -β1 expression is positively associated with VSMC differentiation markers in vitro . Western blot images (A) and quantification (B) of BK ca −α, BK ca −β1, and VSMC differentiation markers expression in VSMCs of passage 1 and passage 6. Western blot images (C) and quantification (D) of BK ca −α, BK ca −β1, and VSMC differentiation markers expression in VSMCs after PDGF-BB treatment (25 μg/L). Western blot images (E) and quantification (F) of BK ca −α, BK ca −β1, and VSMC differentiation markers expression in VSMCs treated with TGF-β (2.5 μg/L). VSMCs were subjected to serum-starvation for 24 h and then treated with the indicated stimulation for 48 h. Passages 3-5 of VSMCs were used in (C) through (F) . Eukaryotic initiation factor 5 (eIF5) was used as an internal control. Data are presented as means ± SEM ( n = 5 for each group, ns, not significant, * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01, and *** P < 0.001 vs. control).

Article Snippet: An antibody against BK Ca -β1 (APC-036) used for immunohistochemical staining and western blot was purchased from Alomone labs (Jerusalem, Israel).

Techniques: Expressing, In Vitro, Western Blot

Journal: Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine

Article Title: Large-conductance Ca 2 + -activated K + channel β1-subunit maintains the contractile phenotype of vascular smooth muscle cells

doi: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.1062695

Figure Lengend Snippet: Decreased BK ca −β1 expression is mediated by elevated PDGF-BB in vivo . (A) Quantified mRNA levels of PDGF-B and TGF-β analyzed by qRT-PCR in injured and sham-operated carotid arteries. Western blot images (B) and quantification (C) of BK ca −α and BK ca −β1 in the carotid arteries of mice injected with saline or PDGF-BB via tail vein. Data are presented as means ± SEM ( n = 6 for each group, ns, not significant, ** P < 0.01, *** P < 0.001, and **** P < 0.0001 vs. control).

Article Snippet: An antibody against BK Ca -β1 (APC-036) used for immunohistochemical staining and western blot was purchased from Alomone labs (Jerusalem, Israel).

Techniques: Expressing, In Vivo, Quantitative RT-PCR, Western Blot, Injection

Journal: Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine

Article Title: Large-conductance Ca 2 + -activated K + channel β1-subunit maintains the contractile phenotype of vascular smooth muscle cells

doi: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.1062695

Figure Lengend Snippet: BK Ca -β1 is essential for VSMCs to maintain a differentiated phenotype. (A) Representative micrographs of VSMCs treated with BK ca −β1 siRNA or scramble siRNA transfection. (B) Representative immunofluorescent images of F-actin of VSMCs stained with phalloidin (red). Nuclei were stained with DAPI (blue). Scale bar = 25 μm. (C) The percentage of spindle-like or polygonal-like cells in each group. Western blot images (D) and quantification (E) of BK ca −β1, α-SMA, and SM22α. Representative images (F) and quantification (G) of the areas of collagen gel in each group. The size of the collagen gel in each well was calculated compared to the total area of the well. Data are presented as means ± SEM ( n = 5∼6 for each group, *** P < 0.001 vs. scramble).

Article Snippet: An antibody against BK Ca -β1 (APC-036) used for immunohistochemical staining and western blot was purchased from Alomone labs (Jerusalem, Israel).

Techniques: Transfection, Staining, Western Blot

Journal: Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine

Article Title: Large-conductance Ca 2 + -activated K + channel β1-subunit maintains the contractile phenotype of vascular smooth muscle cells

doi: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.1062695

Figure Lengend Snippet: BK Ca -β1 knockdown induces proliferative, migratory, and synthetic phenotype of VSMCs. (A) Proliferation curves of VSMCs transfected with BK ca −β1 or scrambled siRNA. Representative images (B) and quantification (C) of migration assay. (D) Quantified mRNA levels of inflammatory factors analyzed by qRT-PCR. Representative images (E) and quantification (F) of activities of MMP-9 and MMP-2 tested using gelatin zymography. Data are presented as means ± SEM ( n = 5∼6 for each group, * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01, *** P < 0.001, and **** P < 0.0001 vs. scramble).

Article Snippet: An antibody against BK Ca -β1 (APC-036) used for immunohistochemical staining and western blot was purchased from Alomone labs (Jerusalem, Israel).

Techniques: Transfection, Migration, Quantitative RT-PCR, Zymography

Journal: Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine

Article Title: Large-conductance Ca 2 + -activated K + channel β1-subunit maintains the contractile phenotype of vascular smooth muscle cells

doi: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.1062695

Figure Lengend Snippet: Decreased BK ca −β1 expression is correlated with VSMC dedifferentiation and atherosclerosis in human. Western blot images (A) and quantification (B) of BK ca −α and BK ca −β1 expression in human primary aortic VSMCs after PDGF-BB treatment (25 μg/L). Western blot images (C) and quantification (D) of BK ca −α and BK ca −β1 expression in human primary aortic VSMCs treated with TGF-β (2.5 μg/L). VSMCs were subjected to serum-starvation for 24 h and then treated with the indicated stimulation for 48 h. Passages 3–5 of VSMCs were used. (E) Representative western blot images of the protein levels of BK ca −α and BK ca −β1 in lysates of human carotid endarterectomy artery (CEA) and control internal mammary arteries (IMA). (F) Quantification was performed by calculating the ratio between the levels of BK ca −β1 and BK ca −α. Eukaryotic initiation factor 5 (eIF5) was used as an internal control. Data are presented as means ± SEM (n = 3∼5 for each group, ns, not significant, * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01 vs. control).

Article Snippet: An antibody against BK Ca -β1 (APC-036) used for immunohistochemical staining and western blot was purchased from Alomone labs (Jerusalem, Israel).

Techniques: Expressing, Western Blot

Journal: PLoS ONE

Article Title: Abnormal Ca 2+ Spark/STOC Coupling in Cerebral Artery Smooth Muscle Cells of Obese Type 2 Diabetic Mice

doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0053321

Figure Lengend Snippet: A . Representative Western Blots of BK α and β1 subunits obtained from control and db/db vascular tissues. Samples containing 30 µg of protein from aorta whole homogenates were run on 15% acrylamide gels and probed with anti-BK α subunit antibody (1∶1000), anti-BK β1 subunit antibody (1∶500) and anti-actin (1∶8000). B . Bar graph represents normalized BKβ1/α densitometric ratios (n = 7 for each group). * P <0.05.

Article Snippet: Supernatants were fractionated on 15% SDS-PAGE gels, transferred onto nitrocellulose membranes (1 h at 100 V, Hybond-ECL, GE Healthcare Bio-Sciences Corp, NJ, USA) and probed with anti-BK α antibody (1∶1000; Alomone Labs, Jerusalem Israel), anti BK β1 antibody (1∶500; Alomone Labs, Jerusalem Israel), anti RyR (1∶5000; Thermo Scientific) and anti-actin antibody (1∶8000, Sigma-Aldrich) in phosphate-buffered saline solution containing Tween-20 (PBS-T; in mmol/L: 3 KH 2 PO 4 , 10 Na 2 HPO 4 , 150 NaCl, 0.1% Tween-20, pH 7.2–7.4).

Techniques: Western Blot

Journal: PLoS ONE

Article Title: Abnormal Ca 2+ Spark/STOC Coupling in Cerebral Artery Smooth Muscle Cells of Obese Type 2 Diabetic Mice

doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0053321

Figure Lengend Snippet: A . Representative Western Blots of BK α and β1 subunits obtained from control and db/db vascular tissues. Samples containing 30 µg of protein from aorta whole homogenates were run on 15% acrylamide gels and probed with anti-BK α subunit antibody (1∶1000), anti-BK β1 subunit antibody (1∶500) and anti-actin (1∶8000). B . Bar graph represents normalized BKβ1/α densitometric ratios (n = 7 for each group). * P <0.05.

Article Snippet: Supernatants were fractionated on 15% SDS-PAGE gels, transferred onto nitrocellulose membranes (1 h at 100 V, Hybond-ECL, GE Healthcare Bio-Sciences Corp, NJ, USA) and probed with anti-BK α antibody (1∶1000; Alomone Labs, Jerusalem Israel), anti BK β1 antibody (1∶500; Alomone Labs, Jerusalem Israel), anti RyR (1∶5000; Thermo Scientific) and anti-actin antibody (1∶8000, Sigma-Aldrich) in phosphate-buffered saline solution containing Tween-20 (PBS-T; in mmol/L: 3 KH 2 PO 4 , 10 Na 2 HPO 4 , 150 NaCl, 0.1% Tween-20, pH 7.2–7.4).

Techniques: Western Blot

Journal: PLoS ONE

Article Title: Putative Structural and Functional Coupling of the Mitochondrial BK Ca Channel to the Respiratory Chain

doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0068125

Figure Lengend Snippet: A. Detection of mitoBK Ca channel regulatory β4 subunit mRNA in astrocytoma cells. The BK Ca subunit β4 mRNA was detected at a size of 405 bp. No products were obtained for the BK Ca subunits β1, β2 and β3. GAPDH served as a positive control and was detected at a size of 496 bp. The negative control without reverse transcriptase (−RT) and samples without cDNA (−A) had no signals. The results presented are representative of seven independent experiments. B. Immunoblot of astrocytoma mitochondria, astrocytoma cell homogenate and brain homogenate fractions labeled with the anti-BK Ca channel β4 subunit antibody. A control antigen (BK Ca β4+ peptide) was used as a positive control for the specificity of the antibody. An anti-cytochrome c oxidase subunit IV antibody (COX IV) was used as a mitochondrial marker (n = 3). C. Immuno-gold electron microscopy localization of the BK Ca channel β4 regulatory subunit in mitochondria of cultured human astrocytoma cells. The β4 subunit molecules were labeled using 10 nm colloidal-gold particles (arrows). D. High-power confocal image of cultured astrocytoma cells immunolabeled to detect OxPhos (red) and β4-GFP-transfected cells (green). The superimposition of the two signals revealed the mitochondrial localization of BK Ca β4 in human astrocytoma cells (yellow). The DNA-binding dye DAPI was used to stain the cell nuclei (blue). For details concerning the astrocytoma cells, see the .

Article Snippet: The membranes were exposed to polyclonal antibodies that recognize BK Ca channel β subunit 4 (anti-β4, 1∶200, Alomone Labs) and cytochrome c oxidase subunit IV (COX IV, 1∶1000, Cell Signaling).

Techniques: Positive Control, Negative Control, Western Blot, Labeling, Marker, Electron Microscopy, Cell Culture, Immunolabeling, Transfection, Binding Assay, Staining

Journal: PLoS ONE

Article Title: Putative Structural and Functional Coupling of the Mitochondrial BK Ca Channel to the Respiratory Chain

doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0068125

Figure Lengend Snippet: Two-dimensional separation was performed as described in the , and the PVDF membrane was first immunoblotted for the BK Ca channel β4 subunit (below, Coomassie staining panel). Next, the PVDF membrane was immunoblotted for the subunits of individual respiratory chain complexes (below the BK Ca β4 panel). The BN-PAGE was calibrated based on the location of mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes that were isolated from rat heart mitochondria (above the panel for the blue native PAGE of mitochondria from astrocytoma cells). In the native astrocytoma lysate, mitochondria BK Ca β4 co-localized with subunit I of cytochrome c oxidase. M, the monomeric form of cytochrome c oxidase; D, the dimeric form of cytochrome c oxidase; Sc 1 and Sc 2 , complexes with higher molecular weights containing cytochrome c oxidase. A typical immunoblot from three separate experiments is shown.

Article Snippet: The membranes were exposed to polyclonal antibodies that recognize BK Ca channel β subunit 4 (anti-β4, 1∶200, Alomone Labs) and cytochrome c oxidase subunit IV (COX IV, 1∶1000, Cell Signaling).

Techniques: Staining, Isolation, Blue Native PAGE, Western Blot

Journal: PLoS ONE

Article Title: Putative Structural and Functional Coupling of the Mitochondrial BK Ca Channel to the Respiratory Chain

doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0068125

Figure Lengend Snippet: A. Detection of mitoBK Ca channel regulatory β4 subunit mRNA in astrocytoma cells. The BK Ca subunit β4 mRNA was detected at a size of 405 bp. No products were obtained for the BK Ca subunits β1, β2 and β3. GAPDH served as a positive control and was detected at a size of 496 bp. The negative control without reverse transcriptase (−RT) and samples without cDNA (−A) had no signals. The results presented are representative of seven independent experiments. B. Immunoblot of astrocytoma mitochondria, astrocytoma cell homogenate and brain homogenate fractions labeled with the anti-BK Ca channel β4 subunit antibody. A control antigen (BK Ca β4+ peptide) was used as a positive control for the specificity of the antibody. An anti-cytochrome c oxidase subunit IV antibody (COX IV) was used as a mitochondrial marker (n = 3). C. Immuno-gold electron microscopy localization of the BK Ca channel β4 regulatory subunit in mitochondria of cultured human astrocytoma cells. The β4 subunit molecules were labeled using 10 nm colloidal-gold particles (arrows). D. High-power confocal image of cultured astrocytoma cells immunolabeled to detect OxPhos (red) and β4-GFP-transfected cells (green). The superimposition of the two signals revealed the mitochondrial localization of BK Ca β4 in human astrocytoma cells (yellow). The DNA-binding dye DAPI was used to stain the cell nuclei (blue). For details concerning the astrocytoma cells, see the .

Article Snippet: The immunoreactions consisted of sequential incubations with a rabbit polyclonal anti-BK Ca channel β subunit 4 antibody (anti-β4, 1∶20, Alomone Labs) followed by species-specific donkey secondary antibodies coupled to 10 nm gold particles (Electron Microscopy Sciences).

Techniques: Positive Control, Negative Control, Western Blot, Labeling, Marker, Electron Microscopy, Cell Culture, Immunolabeling, Transfection, Binding Assay, Staining

Journal: PLoS ONE

Article Title: Putative Structural and Functional Coupling of the Mitochondrial BK Ca Channel to the Respiratory Chain

doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0068125

Figure Lengend Snippet: Two-dimensional separation was performed as described in the , and the PVDF membrane was first immunoblotted for the BK Ca channel β4 subunit (below, Coomassie staining panel). Next, the PVDF membrane was immunoblotted for the subunits of individual respiratory chain complexes (below the BK Ca β4 panel). The BN-PAGE was calibrated based on the location of mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes that were isolated from rat heart mitochondria (above the panel for the blue native PAGE of mitochondria from astrocytoma cells). In the native astrocytoma lysate, mitochondria BK Ca β4 co-localized with subunit I of cytochrome c oxidase. M, the monomeric form of cytochrome c oxidase; D, the dimeric form of cytochrome c oxidase; Sc 1 and Sc 2 , complexes with higher molecular weights containing cytochrome c oxidase. A typical immunoblot from three separate experiments is shown.

Article Snippet: The immunoreactions consisted of sequential incubations with a rabbit polyclonal anti-BK Ca channel β subunit 4 antibody (anti-β4, 1∶20, Alomone Labs) followed by species-specific donkey secondary antibodies coupled to 10 nm gold particles (Electron Microscopy Sciences).

Techniques: Staining, Isolation, Blue Native PAGE, Western Blot