a fumigatus  (ATCC)

Journal: Scandinavian Journal of Immunology

Article Title: Inhibition of Alternative and Terminal Complement Pathway Components Modulate the Immune Response Against Bacteria and Fungi in Whole Blood

doi: 10.1111/sji.70030

Figure Lengend Snippet: Complement activation in E. coli and A. fumigatus –stimulated whole blood. Analysis of complement activation in whole blood, as assessed by activation products C4c (A, B), C3bc (C, D), and sC5b‐9 (E, F), utilising either E. coli (A, C, E) or A. fumigatus conidia (B, D, F) as a stimulating agent. Multiple controls, including a baseline control (Tb; no incubation, no stimulation), an incubation control (T30; incubation, no stimulation), and a stimulation control (T30stim; incubation, stimulation) are included to assess the model‐dependent complement activation progression. Individually targeted components of the complement system include FD, C3, C5, and C5aR1, with an IgG1 control for reference. The presented data are based on six individual repeats featuring a different healthy donor per repeat. Data are presented as mean with one‐sided SD for better visibility.

Article Snippet: A. fumigatus cultivation was conducted on Sabouraud glucose agar with chloramphenicol (Merck, Darmstadt, Germany, cat. no.: 89579), which was prepared according to the manufacturer's instructions.

Techniques: Activation Assay, Control, Incubation

Journal: Scandinavian Journal of Immunology

Article Title: Inhibition of Alternative and Terminal Complement Pathway Components Modulate the Immune Response Against Bacteria and Fungi in Whole Blood

doi: 10.1111/sji.70030

Figure Lengend Snippet: Granulocyte receptors and phagocytosis in A. fumigatus conidia‐stimulated whole blood. Investigation of whole blood activation markers (CD11b and CD64), as well as anaphylatoxin receptor expression (C3aR, C5aR1, and C5aR2) on granulocytes, as well as phagocytosis (Phagocytic Index), after whole blood stimulation with FITC‐labelled A. fumigatus conidia (A–F). Several controls, including a baseline control (Tb; no incubation, no stimulation), an incubation control (T30; incubation, no stimulation), and a stimulation control (T30stim; incubation, stimulation) are included to assess the model‐dependent marker progression. Individually targeted components of the complement system include FD, C3, C5, and C5aR1, with an IgG1 control for reference. The presented data are based on six individual repeats featuring a different healthy donor per repeat. Data are presented as mean with one‐sided SD for better visibility.

Article Snippet: A. fumigatus cultivation was conducted on Sabouraud glucose agar with chloramphenicol (Merck, Darmstadt, Germany, cat. no.: 89579), which was prepared according to the manufacturer's instructions.

Techniques: Activation Assay, Expressing, Control, Incubation, Marker

Journal: Scandinavian Journal of Immunology

Article Title: Inhibition of Alternative and Terminal Complement Pathway Components Modulate the Immune Response Against Bacteria and Fungi in Whole Blood

doi: 10.1111/sji.70030

Figure Lengend Snippet: Monocyte receptors and phagocytosis in A. fumigatus conidia‐stimulated whole blood. Investigation of whole blood activation markers (CD11b and CD64), as well as anaphylatoxin receptor expression (C3aR, C5aR1, and C5aR2) on monocytes, as well as phagocytosis (Phagocytic Index), after whole blood stimulation with FITC‐labelled A. fumigatus conidia (A–F). Several controls, including a baseline control (Tb; no incubation, no stimulation), an incubation control (T30; incubation, no stimulation), and a stimulation control (T30stim; incubation, stimulation) are included to assess the model‐dependent marker progression. Individually targeted components of the complement system include FD, C3, C5, and C5aR1, with an IgG1 control for reference. The presented data are based on six individual repeats featuring a different healthy donor per repeat. Data are presented as mean with one‐sided SD for better visibility.

Article Snippet: A. fumigatus cultivation was conducted on Sabouraud glucose agar with chloramphenicol (Merck, Darmstadt, Germany, cat. no.: 89579), which was prepared according to the manufacturer's instructions.

Techniques: Activation Assay, Expressing, Control, Incubation, Marker

Journal: Scandinavian Journal of Immunology

Article Title: Inhibition of Alternative and Terminal Complement Pathway Components Modulate the Immune Response Against Bacteria and Fungi in Whole Blood

doi: 10.1111/sji.70030

Figure Lengend Snippet: MPO release in E. coli and A. fumigatus ‐stimulated whole blood. Assessment of MPO release in whole blood stimulated by either E. coli (A) or A. fumigatus conidia (B). Multiple controls, including a baseline control (Tb; no incubation, no stimulation), an incubation control (T30; incubation, no stimulation), and a stimulation control (T30stim; incubation, stimulation) are included to assess the model‐dependent MPO release. Individually targeted components of the complement system include FD, C3, C5, and C5aR1, with an IgG1 control for reference. The presented data are based on six individual repeats featuring a different healthy donor per repeat. Data are presented as mean with one‐sided SD for better visibility.

Article Snippet: A. fumigatus cultivation was conducted on Sabouraud glucose agar with chloramphenicol (Merck, Darmstadt, Germany, cat. no.: 89579), which was prepared according to the manufacturer's instructions.

Techniques: Control, Incubation

Journal: Scandinavian Journal of Immunology

Article Title: Inhibition of Alternative and Terminal Complement Pathway Components Modulate the Immune Response Against Bacteria and Fungi in Whole Blood

doi: 10.1111/sji.70030

Figure Lengend Snippet: Analysis of cytokine release in whole blood. Whole blood was stimulated with either E. coli (A, C, E, and G) or A. fumigatus conidia (B, D, F, and H), featuring TNF, IL‐1β, IL‐6, and IFNγ. Multiple controls, including an incubation control (T120; incubation, no stimulation), and a stimulation control (T120stim; incubation, stimulation) are included to assess the model‐dependent cytokine release. Individually targeted components of the complement system include FD, C3, C5, and C5aR1, with an IgG1 control for reference. The presented data are based on six individual repeats featuring a different healthy donor per repeat. Data are presented as mean with one‐sided SD for better visibility.

Article Snippet: A. fumigatus cultivation was conducted on Sabouraud glucose agar with chloramphenicol (Merck, Darmstadt, Germany, cat. no.: 89579), which was prepared according to the manufacturer's instructions.

Techniques: Incubation, Control

Journal: Scandinavian Journal of Immunology

Article Title: Inhibition of Alternative and Terminal Complement Pathway Components Modulate the Immune Response Against Bacteria and Fungi in Whole Blood

doi: 10.1111/sji.70030

Figure Lengend Snippet: Analysis of cytokine release in whole blood. Whole blood was stimulated with either E. coli (A, C and E) or A. fumigatus conidia (B, D and F), featuring IL‐1RA, IL‐4, and IL‐17A. Multiple controls, including an incubation control (T120; incubation, no stimulation), and a stimulation control (T120stim; incubation, stimulation) are included to assess the model‐dependent cytokine release. Individually targeted components of the complement system include FD, C3, C5, and C5aR1, with an IgG1 control for reference. The presented data are based on six individual repeats featuring a different healthy donor per repeat. Data are presented as mean with one‐sided SD for better visibility.

Article Snippet: A. fumigatus cultivation was conducted on Sabouraud glucose agar with chloramphenicol (Merck, Darmstadt, Germany, cat. no.: 89579), which was prepared according to the manufacturer's instructions.

Techniques: Incubation, Control

Journal: Scandinavian Journal of Immunology

Article Title: Inhibition of Alternative and Terminal Complement Pathway Components Modulate the Immune Response Against Bacteria and Fungi in Whole Blood

doi: 10.1111/sji.70030

Figure Lengend Snippet: Analysis of cytokine release in whole blood. Whole blood was stimulated with either E. coli (A, C, E, and G) or A. fumigatus conidia (B, D, F, and H), featuring IL‐8/CXCL8, MCP‐1/CCL2, MIP‐1α/CCL3, and MIP‐1β/CCL4. Multiple controls, including an incubation control (T120; incubation, no stimulation), and a stimulation control (T120stim; incubation, stimulation) are included to assess the model‐dependent cytokine release. Individually targeted components of the complement system include FD, C3, C5, and C5aR1, with an IgG1 control for reference. The presented data are based on six individual repeats featuring a different healthy donor per repeat. Data are presented as mean with one‐sided SD for better visibility.

Article Snippet: A. fumigatus cultivation was conducted on Sabouraud glucose agar with chloramphenicol (Merck, Darmstadt, Germany, cat. no.: 89579), which was prepared according to the manufacturer's instructions.

Techniques: Incubation, Control

Journal: Scandinavian Journal of Immunology

Article Title: Inhibition of Alternative and Terminal Complement Pathway Components Modulate the Immune Response Against Bacteria and Fungi in Whole Blood

doi: 10.1111/sji.70030

Figure Lengend Snippet: Complement activation in E. coli and A. fumigatus –stimulated whole blood. Analysis of complement activation in whole blood, as assessed by activation products C4c (A, B), C3bc (C, D), and sC5b‐9 (E, F), utilising either E. coli (A, C, E) or A. fumigatus conidia (B, D, F) as a stimulating agent. Multiple controls, including a baseline control (Tb; no incubation, no stimulation), an incubation control (T30; incubation, no stimulation), and a stimulation control (T30stim; incubation, stimulation) are included to assess the model‐dependent complement activation progression. Individually targeted components of the complement system include FD, C3, C5, and C5aR1, with an IgG1 control for reference. The presented data are based on six individual repeats featuring a different healthy donor per repeat. Data are presented as mean with one‐sided SD for better visibility.

Article Snippet: A. fumigatus conidia were harvested subsequently with 10 mL of PBS (Region H Apoteket, Copenhagen, Denmark, cat. no.: 864485), with added 0.01% Tween 20 (Merck, cat. no.: 8221840050) (PBS/0.01% Tween 20) per Petri dish.

Techniques: Activation Assay, Control, Incubation

Journal: Scandinavian Journal of Immunology

Article Title: Inhibition of Alternative and Terminal Complement Pathway Components Modulate the Immune Response Against Bacteria and Fungi in Whole Blood

doi: 10.1111/sji.70030

Figure Lengend Snippet: Granulocyte receptors and phagocytosis in A. fumigatus conidia‐stimulated whole blood. Investigation of whole blood activation markers (CD11b and CD64), as well as anaphylatoxin receptor expression (C3aR, C5aR1, and C5aR2) on granulocytes, as well as phagocytosis (Phagocytic Index), after whole blood stimulation with FITC‐labelled A. fumigatus conidia (A–F). Several controls, including a baseline control (Tb; no incubation, no stimulation), an incubation control (T30; incubation, no stimulation), and a stimulation control (T30stim; incubation, stimulation) are included to assess the model‐dependent marker progression. Individually targeted components of the complement system include FD, C3, C5, and C5aR1, with an IgG1 control for reference. The presented data are based on six individual repeats featuring a different healthy donor per repeat. Data are presented as mean with one‐sided SD for better visibility.

Article Snippet: A. fumigatus conidia were harvested subsequently with 10 mL of PBS (Region H Apoteket, Copenhagen, Denmark, cat. no.: 864485), with added 0.01% Tween 20 (Merck, cat. no.: 8221840050) (PBS/0.01% Tween 20) per Petri dish.

Techniques: Activation Assay, Expressing, Control, Incubation, Marker

Journal: Scandinavian Journal of Immunology

Article Title: Inhibition of Alternative and Terminal Complement Pathway Components Modulate the Immune Response Against Bacteria and Fungi in Whole Blood

doi: 10.1111/sji.70030

Figure Lengend Snippet: Monocyte receptors and phagocytosis in A. fumigatus conidia‐stimulated whole blood. Investigation of whole blood activation markers (CD11b and CD64), as well as anaphylatoxin receptor expression (C3aR, C5aR1, and C5aR2) on monocytes, as well as phagocytosis (Phagocytic Index), after whole blood stimulation with FITC‐labelled A. fumigatus conidia (A–F). Several controls, including a baseline control (Tb; no incubation, no stimulation), an incubation control (T30; incubation, no stimulation), and a stimulation control (T30stim; incubation, stimulation) are included to assess the model‐dependent marker progression. Individually targeted components of the complement system include FD, C3, C5, and C5aR1, with an IgG1 control for reference. The presented data are based on six individual repeats featuring a different healthy donor per repeat. Data are presented as mean with one‐sided SD for better visibility.

Article Snippet: A. fumigatus conidia were harvested subsequently with 10 mL of PBS (Region H Apoteket, Copenhagen, Denmark, cat. no.: 864485), with added 0.01% Tween 20 (Merck, cat. no.: 8221840050) (PBS/0.01% Tween 20) per Petri dish.

Techniques: Activation Assay, Expressing, Control, Incubation, Marker

Journal: Scandinavian Journal of Immunology

Article Title: Inhibition of Alternative and Terminal Complement Pathway Components Modulate the Immune Response Against Bacteria and Fungi in Whole Blood

doi: 10.1111/sji.70030

Figure Lengend Snippet: MPO release in E. coli and A. fumigatus ‐stimulated whole blood. Assessment of MPO release in whole blood stimulated by either E. coli (A) or A. fumigatus conidia (B). Multiple controls, including a baseline control (Tb; no incubation, no stimulation), an incubation control (T30; incubation, no stimulation), and a stimulation control (T30stim; incubation, stimulation) are included to assess the model‐dependent MPO release. Individually targeted components of the complement system include FD, C3, C5, and C5aR1, with an IgG1 control for reference. The presented data are based on six individual repeats featuring a different healthy donor per repeat. Data are presented as mean with one‐sided SD for better visibility.

Article Snippet: A. fumigatus conidia were harvested subsequently with 10 mL of PBS (Region H Apoteket, Copenhagen, Denmark, cat. no.: 864485), with added 0.01% Tween 20 (Merck, cat. no.: 8221840050) (PBS/0.01% Tween 20) per Petri dish.

Techniques: Control, Incubation

Journal: Scandinavian Journal of Immunology

Article Title: Inhibition of Alternative and Terminal Complement Pathway Components Modulate the Immune Response Against Bacteria and Fungi in Whole Blood

doi: 10.1111/sji.70030

Figure Lengend Snippet: Analysis of cytokine release in whole blood. Whole blood was stimulated with either E. coli (A, C, E, and G) or A. fumigatus conidia (B, D, F, and H), featuring TNF, IL‐1β, IL‐6, and IFNγ. Multiple controls, including an incubation control (T120; incubation, no stimulation), and a stimulation control (T120stim; incubation, stimulation) are included to assess the model‐dependent cytokine release. Individually targeted components of the complement system include FD, C3, C5, and C5aR1, with an IgG1 control for reference. The presented data are based on six individual repeats featuring a different healthy donor per repeat. Data are presented as mean with one‐sided SD for better visibility.

Article Snippet: A. fumigatus conidia were harvested subsequently with 10 mL of PBS (Region H Apoteket, Copenhagen, Denmark, cat. no.: 864485), with added 0.01% Tween 20 (Merck, cat. no.: 8221840050) (PBS/0.01% Tween 20) per Petri dish.

Techniques: Incubation, Control

Journal: Scandinavian Journal of Immunology

Article Title: Inhibition of Alternative and Terminal Complement Pathway Components Modulate the Immune Response Against Bacteria and Fungi in Whole Blood

doi: 10.1111/sji.70030

Figure Lengend Snippet: Analysis of cytokine release in whole blood. Whole blood was stimulated with either E. coli (A, C and E) or A. fumigatus conidia (B, D and F), featuring IL‐1RA, IL‐4, and IL‐17A. Multiple controls, including an incubation control (T120; incubation, no stimulation), and a stimulation control (T120stim; incubation, stimulation) are included to assess the model‐dependent cytokine release. Individually targeted components of the complement system include FD, C3, C5, and C5aR1, with an IgG1 control for reference. The presented data are based on six individual repeats featuring a different healthy donor per repeat. Data are presented as mean with one‐sided SD for better visibility.

Article Snippet: A. fumigatus conidia were harvested subsequently with 10 mL of PBS (Region H Apoteket, Copenhagen, Denmark, cat. no.: 864485), with added 0.01% Tween 20 (Merck, cat. no.: 8221840050) (PBS/0.01% Tween 20) per Petri dish.

Techniques: Incubation, Control

Journal: Scandinavian Journal of Immunology

Article Title: Inhibition of Alternative and Terminal Complement Pathway Components Modulate the Immune Response Against Bacteria and Fungi in Whole Blood

doi: 10.1111/sji.70030

Figure Lengend Snippet: Analysis of cytokine release in whole blood. Whole blood was stimulated with either E. coli (A, C, E, and G) or A. fumigatus conidia (B, D, F, and H), featuring IL‐8/CXCL8, MCP‐1/CCL2, MIP‐1α/CCL3, and MIP‐1β/CCL4. Multiple controls, including an incubation control (T120; incubation, no stimulation), and a stimulation control (T120stim; incubation, stimulation) are included to assess the model‐dependent cytokine release. Individually targeted components of the complement system include FD, C3, C5, and C5aR1, with an IgG1 control for reference. The presented data are based on six individual repeats featuring a different healthy donor per repeat. Data are presented as mean with one‐sided SD for better visibility.

Article Snippet: A. fumigatus conidia were harvested subsequently with 10 mL of PBS (Region H Apoteket, Copenhagen, Denmark, cat. no.: 864485), with added 0.01% Tween 20 (Merck, cat. no.: 8221840050) (PBS/0.01% Tween 20) per Petri dish.

Techniques: Incubation, Control

Journal: Scandinavian Journal of Immunology

Article Title: Inhibition of Alternative and Terminal Complement Pathway Components Modulate the Immune Response Against Bacteria and Fungi in Whole Blood

doi: 10.1111/sji.70030

Figure Lengend Snippet: Complement activation in E. coli and A. fumigatus –stimulated whole blood. Analysis of complement activation in whole blood, as assessed by activation products C4c (A, B), C3bc (C, D), and sC5b‐9 (E, F), utilising either E. coli (A, C, E) or A. fumigatus conidia (B, D, F) as a stimulating agent. Multiple controls, including a baseline control (Tb; no incubation, no stimulation), an incubation control (T30; incubation, no stimulation), and a stimulation control (T30stim; incubation, stimulation) are included to assess the model‐dependent complement activation progression. Individually targeted components of the complement system include FD, C3, C5, and C5aR1, with an IgG1 control for reference. The presented data are based on six individual repeats featuring a different healthy donor per repeat. Data are presented as mean with one‐sided SD for better visibility.

Article Snippet: HI A. fumigatus conidia and HI E. coli were added to 15 mL sterile falcon tubes (Sarstedt, Nümbrecht, Germany, cat. no.: 62.554.502), containing 5 mL of 1 M sodium bicarbonate buffer (Merck, cat. no.: S5761; in‐house adjusted to pH 9.0).

Techniques: Activation Assay, Control, Incubation

Journal: Scandinavian Journal of Immunology

Article Title: Inhibition of Alternative and Terminal Complement Pathway Components Modulate the Immune Response Against Bacteria and Fungi in Whole Blood

doi: 10.1111/sji.70030

Figure Lengend Snippet: Granulocyte receptors and phagocytosis in A. fumigatus conidia‐stimulated whole blood. Investigation of whole blood activation markers (CD11b and CD64), as well as anaphylatoxin receptor expression (C3aR, C5aR1, and C5aR2) on granulocytes, as well as phagocytosis (Phagocytic Index), after whole blood stimulation with FITC‐labelled A. fumigatus conidia (A–F). Several controls, including a baseline control (Tb; no incubation, no stimulation), an incubation control (T30; incubation, no stimulation), and a stimulation control (T30stim; incubation, stimulation) are included to assess the model‐dependent marker progression. Individually targeted components of the complement system include FD, C3, C5, and C5aR1, with an IgG1 control for reference. The presented data are based on six individual repeats featuring a different healthy donor per repeat. Data are presented as mean with one‐sided SD for better visibility.

Article Snippet: HI A. fumigatus conidia and HI E. coli were added to 15 mL sterile falcon tubes (Sarstedt, Nümbrecht, Germany, cat. no.: 62.554.502), containing 5 mL of 1 M sodium bicarbonate buffer (Merck, cat. no.: S5761; in‐house adjusted to pH 9.0).

Techniques: Activation Assay, Expressing, Control, Incubation, Marker

Journal: Scandinavian Journal of Immunology

Article Title: Inhibition of Alternative and Terminal Complement Pathway Components Modulate the Immune Response Against Bacteria and Fungi in Whole Blood

doi: 10.1111/sji.70030

Figure Lengend Snippet: Monocyte receptors and phagocytosis in A. fumigatus conidia‐stimulated whole blood. Investigation of whole blood activation markers (CD11b and CD64), as well as anaphylatoxin receptor expression (C3aR, C5aR1, and C5aR2) on monocytes, as well as phagocytosis (Phagocytic Index), after whole blood stimulation with FITC‐labelled A. fumigatus conidia (A–F). Several controls, including a baseline control (Tb; no incubation, no stimulation), an incubation control (T30; incubation, no stimulation), and a stimulation control (T30stim; incubation, stimulation) are included to assess the model‐dependent marker progression. Individually targeted components of the complement system include FD, C3, C5, and C5aR1, with an IgG1 control for reference. The presented data are based on six individual repeats featuring a different healthy donor per repeat. Data are presented as mean with one‐sided SD for better visibility.

Article Snippet: HI A. fumigatus conidia and HI E. coli were added to 15 mL sterile falcon tubes (Sarstedt, Nümbrecht, Germany, cat. no.: 62.554.502), containing 5 mL of 1 M sodium bicarbonate buffer (Merck, cat. no.: S5761; in‐house adjusted to pH 9.0).

Techniques: Activation Assay, Expressing, Control, Incubation, Marker

Journal: Scandinavian Journal of Immunology

Article Title: Inhibition of Alternative and Terminal Complement Pathway Components Modulate the Immune Response Against Bacteria and Fungi in Whole Blood

doi: 10.1111/sji.70030

Figure Lengend Snippet: MPO release in E. coli and A. fumigatus ‐stimulated whole blood. Assessment of MPO release in whole blood stimulated by either E. coli (A) or A. fumigatus conidia (B). Multiple controls, including a baseline control (Tb; no incubation, no stimulation), an incubation control (T30; incubation, no stimulation), and a stimulation control (T30stim; incubation, stimulation) are included to assess the model‐dependent MPO release. Individually targeted components of the complement system include FD, C3, C5, and C5aR1, with an IgG1 control for reference. The presented data are based on six individual repeats featuring a different healthy donor per repeat. Data are presented as mean with one‐sided SD for better visibility.

Article Snippet: HI A. fumigatus conidia and HI E. coli were added to 15 mL sterile falcon tubes (Sarstedt, Nümbrecht, Germany, cat. no.: 62.554.502), containing 5 mL of 1 M sodium bicarbonate buffer (Merck, cat. no.: S5761; in‐house adjusted to pH 9.0).

Techniques: Control, Incubation

Journal: Scandinavian Journal of Immunology

Article Title: Inhibition of Alternative and Terminal Complement Pathway Components Modulate the Immune Response Against Bacteria and Fungi in Whole Blood

doi: 10.1111/sji.70030

Figure Lengend Snippet: Analysis of cytokine release in whole blood. Whole blood was stimulated with either E. coli (A, C, E, and G) or A. fumigatus conidia (B, D, F, and H), featuring TNF, IL‐1β, IL‐6, and IFNγ. Multiple controls, including an incubation control (T120; incubation, no stimulation), and a stimulation control (T120stim; incubation, stimulation) are included to assess the model‐dependent cytokine release. Individually targeted components of the complement system include FD, C3, C5, and C5aR1, with an IgG1 control for reference. The presented data are based on six individual repeats featuring a different healthy donor per repeat. Data are presented as mean with one‐sided SD for better visibility.

Article Snippet: HI A. fumigatus conidia and HI E. coli were added to 15 mL sterile falcon tubes (Sarstedt, Nümbrecht, Germany, cat. no.: 62.554.502), containing 5 mL of 1 M sodium bicarbonate buffer (Merck, cat. no.: S5761; in‐house adjusted to pH 9.0).

Techniques: Incubation, Control

Journal: Scandinavian Journal of Immunology

Article Title: Inhibition of Alternative and Terminal Complement Pathway Components Modulate the Immune Response Against Bacteria and Fungi in Whole Blood

doi: 10.1111/sji.70030

Figure Lengend Snippet: Analysis of cytokine release in whole blood. Whole blood was stimulated with either E. coli (A, C and E) or A. fumigatus conidia (B, D and F), featuring IL‐1RA, IL‐4, and IL‐17A. Multiple controls, including an incubation control (T120; incubation, no stimulation), and a stimulation control (T120stim; incubation, stimulation) are included to assess the model‐dependent cytokine release. Individually targeted components of the complement system include FD, C3, C5, and C5aR1, with an IgG1 control for reference. The presented data are based on six individual repeats featuring a different healthy donor per repeat. Data are presented as mean with one‐sided SD for better visibility.

Article Snippet: HI A. fumigatus conidia and HI E. coli were added to 15 mL sterile falcon tubes (Sarstedt, Nümbrecht, Germany, cat. no.: 62.554.502), containing 5 mL of 1 M sodium bicarbonate buffer (Merck, cat. no.: S5761; in‐house adjusted to pH 9.0).

Techniques: Incubation, Control

Journal: Scandinavian Journal of Immunology

Article Title: Inhibition of Alternative and Terminal Complement Pathway Components Modulate the Immune Response Against Bacteria and Fungi in Whole Blood

doi: 10.1111/sji.70030

Figure Lengend Snippet: Analysis of cytokine release in whole blood. Whole blood was stimulated with either E. coli (A, C, E, and G) or A. fumigatus conidia (B, D, F, and H), featuring IL‐8/CXCL8, MCP‐1/CCL2, MIP‐1α/CCL3, and MIP‐1β/CCL4. Multiple controls, including an incubation control (T120; incubation, no stimulation), and a stimulation control (T120stim; incubation, stimulation) are included to assess the model‐dependent cytokine release. Individually targeted components of the complement system include FD, C3, C5, and C5aR1, with an IgG1 control for reference. The presented data are based on six individual repeats featuring a different healthy donor per repeat. Data are presented as mean with one‐sided SD for better visibility.

Article Snippet: HI A. fumigatus conidia and HI E. coli were added to 15 mL sterile falcon tubes (Sarstedt, Nümbrecht, Germany, cat. no.: 62.554.502), containing 5 mL of 1 M sodium bicarbonate buffer (Merck, cat. no.: S5761; in‐house adjusted to pH 9.0).

Techniques: Incubation, Control

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: Unveiling immune interference: How the dendritic cell response to co-infection with Aspergillus fumigatus is modulated by human cytomegalovirus and its virokine CMVIL-10

doi: 10.1101/2025.05.15.654194

Figure Lengend Snippet: Study design illustrating experimental setup of CMV IL-10 pretreatment and A. fumigatus (AF) infection. In addition, single (BAC4, Δ UL111A , AF) and co-infection (AF+ BAC4, AF + Δ UL111A ) experimental setups are displayed.

Article Snippet: To test the immunomodulatory capacity of HCMV on the direct antifungal response of moDCs, A. fumigatus FLARE conidia were suspended in CellGenix medium (4×10 3 conidia/mL).

Techniques: Infection

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: Unveiling immune interference: How the dendritic cell response to co-infection with Aspergillus fumigatus is modulated by human cytomegalovirus and its virokine CMVIL-10

doi: 10.1101/2025.05.15.654194

Figure Lengend Snippet: (A) Principal component analysis (PCA) comparing transcriptomes of unchallenged moDCs (CTRL) with expression profiles of moDCs exposed to CMV IL-10, A. fumigatus (AF), or both (AF + CMV IL-10). (B) Venn diagram summarizing shared and condition-specific differentially expressed genes (DEGs) across multiple comparisons. (C) Heatmap displaying DEGs in response to single infections with CMV IL-10 or AF, and co-stimulation. Left: DEGs associated with infection response. Right: Selected immune-related DEGs. Significant differential expression against “CTRL” (symbol: +) or “AF” (symbol: ⭘) according to DESeq2 analysis (adjusted p ≤ 0.05, log2(|FC|)≥1). N = 3 independent donors.

Article Snippet: To test the immunomodulatory capacity of HCMV on the direct antifungal response of moDCs, A. fumigatus FLARE conidia were suspended in CellGenix medium (4×10 3 conidia/mL).

Techniques: Expressing, Infection, Quantitative Proteomics

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: Unveiling immune interference: How the dendritic cell response to co-infection with Aspergillus fumigatus is modulated by human cytomegalovirus and its virokine CMVIL-10

doi: 10.1101/2025.05.15.654194

Figure Lengend Snippet: (A) Principal component analysis (PCA) comparing transcriptomes of moDCs (CTRL) with expression profiles of moDCs infected with A. fumigatus (AF), HCMV BAC4 or Δ UL111A , or both HCMV and AF (AF + BAC4, AF + Δ UL111A ). (B) Venn diagrams summarizing shared and condition-specific differentially expressed genes (DEGs) across multiple comparisons. (A-B) N=3 independent donors.

Article Snippet: To test the immunomodulatory capacity of HCMV on the direct antifungal response of moDCs, A. fumigatus FLARE conidia were suspended in CellGenix medium (4×10 3 conidia/mL).

Techniques: Expressing, Infection

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: Unveiling immune interference: How the dendritic cell response to co-infection with Aspergillus fumigatus is modulated by human cytomegalovirus and its virokine CMVIL-10

doi: 10.1101/2025.05.15.654194

Figure Lengend Snippet: (A) Heatmap displaying differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in response to single infections with HCMV BAC4, Δ UL111A , or A. fumigatus (AF), as well as co-infection with both pathogens. Left: DEGs associated with infection response. Right: Selected immune-related DEGs across 6 tested conditions. Significance of pairwise comparison against “CTRL” (symbol: +) or “AF” (symbol: ⭘) is indicated. (B) Comparison of cytokine and chemokine release of uninfected moDCs (CTRL) and those challenged with single infection (BAC4, Δ UL111A , AF) or co-infection (AF+ BAC4, AF + Δ UL111A ) for 9 h. (A-B) N = 3 independent donors. (A) Statistical significance according to DESeq2 analysis (adjusted p ≤ 0.05, log2(|FC|)≥1). (B) Columns and error bars indicate means and standard deviations, respectively. Friedman test with Dunn’s multiple comparisons test versus CTRL (asterisks). In addition, single A. fumigatus infection (AF) was compared to co-infection (AF + BAC4, AF + Δ UL111A ) using Friedman test with Dunn’s multiple comparisons test versus AF (hash signs). */# p < 0.05, **/## p < 0.01.

Article Snippet: To test the immunomodulatory capacity of HCMV on the direct antifungal response of moDCs, A. fumigatus FLARE conidia were suspended in CellGenix medium (4×10 3 conidia/mL).

Techniques: Infection, Comparison

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: Unveiling immune interference: How the dendritic cell response to co-infection with Aspergillus fumigatus is modulated by human cytomegalovirus and its virokine CMVIL-10

doi: 10.1101/2025.05.15.654194

Figure Lengend Snippet: Relative mRNA expression (A) and cytokine secretion (B) of moDCs (CTRL) (pre)-exposed (0 h, 24 h, 72 h) to BAC4, Δ UL111A , and/or A. fumigatus (AF), either individually (BAC4, Δ UL111A , AF) or in combination (AF + BAC4, AF + Δ UL111A ). N = 4 independent donors. Columns and error bars indicate means and standard deviations, respectively. Repeated-measures (RM) one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with Dunnett’s post-hoc test (A) and Friedman test with Dunn’s multiple comparisons (B) versus “CTRL”, i.e., uninfected moDCs (asterisks). In addition, single AF infection was compared to co-infection (AF + BAC4, AF + Δ UL111A ) using RM 1-way ANOVA and Dunnett’s post-hoc test (A) and Friedman test with Dunn’s multiple comparisons test (B) versus “AF” (hash signs). */# p < 0.05, **/## p < 0.01, ***/### p < 0.001.

Article Snippet: To test the immunomodulatory capacity of HCMV on the direct antifungal response of moDCs, A. fumigatus FLARE conidia were suspended in CellGenix medium (4×10 3 conidia/mL).

Techniques: Expressing, Infection

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: Unveiling immune interference: How the dendritic cell response to co-infection with Aspergillus fumigatus is modulated by human cytomegalovirus and its virokine CMVIL-10

doi: 10.1101/2025.05.15.654194

Figure Lengend Snippet: (A) Pathway enrichment analysis to assess the viral single infection-adjusted effect of HCMV on transcriptional responses against A. fumigatus during co-infection. Immune-related pathways with absolute z-scores ≥ 1 and Benjamini-Hochberg-adjusted p-values <0.05 are shown. (B) Viral single infection-adjusted expression data for selected individual genes associated with pathogen sensing, cytokine and chemokine production, and moDC maturation to assess the effect of HCMV on antifungal responses during co-infection. (A-B) Three separate analyses were performed, considering data for both HCMV strains on aggregate (left column), WT (BAC4) HCMV only (center column), and the Δ UL111A mutant only (right column).

Article Snippet: To test the immunomodulatory capacity of HCMV on the direct antifungal response of moDCs, A. fumigatus FLARE conidia were suspended in CellGenix medium (4×10 3 conidia/mL).

Techniques: Infection, Expressing, Mutagenesis

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: Unveiling immune interference: How the dendritic cell response to co-infection with Aspergillus fumigatus is modulated by human cytomegalovirus and its virokine CMVIL-10

doi: 10.1101/2025.05.15.654194

Figure Lengend Snippet: (A) Left panel: Study design illustrating experimental setup for IncuCyte-based monitoring of fungal growth and branching of co-infection experiments. Right panel: Representative kinetics of A. fumigatus (AF) hyphal elongation during transition from germ tubes to hyphae (7–18 h of culture) when cultured alone (AF only) or in the presence of moDCs (AF + moDCs, CTRL), including moDCs pre-exposed for 72 h to BAC4, Δ UL111A , or CMV IL-10. In addition, images from a representative donor are shown. Green overlays indicate hyphal detection by the NeuroTrack algorithm. (B) Growth and morphogenesis of AF during co-culture with unchallenged moDCs (CTRL) or moDCs pre-exposed for different periods (0 h, 24 h, and 72 h) to moDCs to BAC4, UL111A , or CMV IL-10. Results are normalized to AF only (= 100%). N = 4 independent donors. Columns and error bars indicate means and standard deviations, respectively. Repeated-measures one-way analysis of variance with Dunnett’s post-hoc test versus “AF + CTRL” (asterisks). * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001.

Article Snippet: To test the immunomodulatory capacity of HCMV on the direct antifungal response of moDCs, A. fumigatus FLARE conidia were suspended in CellGenix medium (4×10 3 conidia/mL).

Techniques: Infection, Cell Culture, Co-Culture Assay

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: Unveiling immune interference: How the dendritic cell response to co-infection with Aspergillus fumigatus is modulated by human cytomegalovirus and its virokine CMVIL-10

doi: 10.1101/2025.05.15.654194

Figure Lengend Snippet: A. fumigatus -induced moDC effector responses in a largely CMV IL-10-independent manner. Left part: Orange arrowheads indicate CMV IL-10 effects on A. fumigatus -induced moDC responses. Right part: Blue and green arrowheads indicate BAC4 and Δ UL111A effects on A. fumigatus -induced moDC responses. Abbreviations: CCL, CD, Cluster of Differentiation; CCL, C-C motif chemokine ligand; NF-κB, nuclear factor ‘kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells’; PMN, polymorphonuclear leukocytes; T, T lymphocyte; Th, T-helper cell; LILRB, leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor subfamily B; PRR, pattern recognition receptor; IL, interleukin; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor alpha.

Article Snippet: To test the immunomodulatory capacity of HCMV on the direct antifungal response of moDCs, A. fumigatus FLARE conidia were suspended in CellGenix medium (4×10 3 conidia/mL).

Techniques:

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: Unveiling immune interference: How the dendritic cell response to co-infection with Aspergillus fumigatus is modulated by human cytomegalovirus and its virokine CMVIL-10

doi: 10.1101/2025.05.15.654194

Figure Lengend Snippet: Study design illustrating experimental setup of CMV IL-10 pretreatment and A. fumigatus (AF) infection. In addition, single (BAC4, Δ UL111A , AF) and co-infection (AF+ BAC4, AF + Δ UL111A ) experimental setups are displayed.

Article Snippet: A. fumigatus strain American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) 46645 or Aspergillus reporter (FLARE) conidia ( ) were cultured on beer wort agar at 35 °C until conidiophore formation.

Techniques: Infection

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: Unveiling immune interference: How the dendritic cell response to co-infection with Aspergillus fumigatus is modulated by human cytomegalovirus and its virokine CMVIL-10

doi: 10.1101/2025.05.15.654194

Figure Lengend Snippet: (A) Principal component analysis (PCA) comparing transcriptomes of unchallenged moDCs (CTRL) with expression profiles of moDCs exposed to CMV IL-10, A. fumigatus (AF), or both (AF + CMV IL-10). (B) Venn diagram summarizing shared and condition-specific differentially expressed genes (DEGs) across multiple comparisons. (C) Heatmap displaying DEGs in response to single infections with CMV IL-10 or AF, and co-stimulation. Left: DEGs associated with infection response. Right: Selected immune-related DEGs. Significant differential expression against “CTRL” (symbol: +) or “AF” (symbol: ⭘) according to DESeq2 analysis (adjusted p ≤ 0.05, log2(|FC|)≥1). N = 3 independent donors.

Article Snippet: A. fumigatus strain American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) 46645 or Aspergillus reporter (FLARE) conidia ( ) were cultured on beer wort agar at 35 °C until conidiophore formation.

Techniques: Expressing, Infection, Quantitative Proteomics

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: Unveiling immune interference: How the dendritic cell response to co-infection with Aspergillus fumigatus is modulated by human cytomegalovirus and its virokine CMVIL-10

doi: 10.1101/2025.05.15.654194

Figure Lengend Snippet: (A) Principal component analysis (PCA) comparing transcriptomes of moDCs (CTRL) with expression profiles of moDCs infected with A. fumigatus (AF), HCMV BAC4 or Δ UL111A , or both HCMV and AF (AF + BAC4, AF + Δ UL111A ). (B) Venn diagrams summarizing shared and condition-specific differentially expressed genes (DEGs) across multiple comparisons. (A-B) N=3 independent donors.

Article Snippet: A. fumigatus strain American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) 46645 or Aspergillus reporter (FLARE) conidia ( ) were cultured on beer wort agar at 35 °C until conidiophore formation.

Techniques: Expressing, Infection

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: Unveiling immune interference: How the dendritic cell response to co-infection with Aspergillus fumigatus is modulated by human cytomegalovirus and its virokine CMVIL-10

doi: 10.1101/2025.05.15.654194

Figure Lengend Snippet: (A) Heatmap displaying differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in response to single infections with HCMV BAC4, Δ UL111A , or A. fumigatus (AF), as well as co-infection with both pathogens. Left: DEGs associated with infection response. Right: Selected immune-related DEGs across 6 tested conditions. Significance of pairwise comparison against “CTRL” (symbol: +) or “AF” (symbol: ⭘) is indicated. (B) Comparison of cytokine and chemokine release of uninfected moDCs (CTRL) and those challenged with single infection (BAC4, Δ UL111A , AF) or co-infection (AF+ BAC4, AF + Δ UL111A ) for 9 h. (A-B) N = 3 independent donors. (A) Statistical significance according to DESeq2 analysis (adjusted p ≤ 0.05, log2(|FC|)≥1). (B) Columns and error bars indicate means and standard deviations, respectively. Friedman test with Dunn’s multiple comparisons test versus CTRL (asterisks). In addition, single A. fumigatus infection (AF) was compared to co-infection (AF + BAC4, AF + Δ UL111A ) using Friedman test with Dunn’s multiple comparisons test versus AF (hash signs). */# p < 0.05, **/## p < 0.01.

Article Snippet: A. fumigatus strain American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) 46645 or Aspergillus reporter (FLARE) conidia ( ) were cultured on beer wort agar at 35 °C until conidiophore formation.

Techniques: Infection, Comparison

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: Unveiling immune interference: How the dendritic cell response to co-infection with Aspergillus fumigatus is modulated by human cytomegalovirus and its virokine CMVIL-10

doi: 10.1101/2025.05.15.654194

Figure Lengend Snippet: Relative mRNA expression (A) and cytokine secretion (B) of moDCs (CTRL) (pre)-exposed (0 h, 24 h, 72 h) to BAC4, Δ UL111A , and/or A. fumigatus (AF), either individually (BAC4, Δ UL111A , AF) or in combination (AF + BAC4, AF + Δ UL111A ). N = 4 independent donors. Columns and error bars indicate means and standard deviations, respectively. Repeated-measures (RM) one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with Dunnett’s post-hoc test (A) and Friedman test with Dunn’s multiple comparisons (B) versus “CTRL”, i.e., uninfected moDCs (asterisks). In addition, single AF infection was compared to co-infection (AF + BAC4, AF + Δ UL111A ) using RM 1-way ANOVA and Dunnett’s post-hoc test (A) and Friedman test with Dunn’s multiple comparisons test (B) versus “AF” (hash signs). */# p < 0.05, **/## p < 0.01, ***/### p < 0.001.

Article Snippet: A. fumigatus strain American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) 46645 or Aspergillus reporter (FLARE) conidia ( ) were cultured on beer wort agar at 35 °C until conidiophore formation.

Techniques: Expressing, Infection

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: Unveiling immune interference: How the dendritic cell response to co-infection with Aspergillus fumigatus is modulated by human cytomegalovirus and its virokine CMVIL-10

doi: 10.1101/2025.05.15.654194

Figure Lengend Snippet: (A) Pathway enrichment analysis to assess the viral single infection-adjusted effect of HCMV on transcriptional responses against A. fumigatus during co-infection. Immune-related pathways with absolute z-scores ≥ 1 and Benjamini-Hochberg-adjusted p-values <0.05 are shown. (B) Viral single infection-adjusted expression data for selected individual genes associated with pathogen sensing, cytokine and chemokine production, and moDC maturation to assess the effect of HCMV on antifungal responses during co-infection. (A-B) Three separate analyses were performed, considering data for both HCMV strains on aggregate (left column), WT (BAC4) HCMV only (center column), and the Δ UL111A mutant only (right column).

Article Snippet: A. fumigatus strain American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) 46645 or Aspergillus reporter (FLARE) conidia ( ) were cultured on beer wort agar at 35 °C until conidiophore formation.

Techniques: Infection, Expressing, Mutagenesis

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: Unveiling immune interference: How the dendritic cell response to co-infection with Aspergillus fumigatus is modulated by human cytomegalovirus and its virokine CMVIL-10

doi: 10.1101/2025.05.15.654194

Figure Lengend Snippet: (A) Left panel: Study design illustrating experimental setup for IncuCyte-based monitoring of fungal growth and branching of co-infection experiments. Right panel: Representative kinetics of A. fumigatus (AF) hyphal elongation during transition from germ tubes to hyphae (7–18 h of culture) when cultured alone (AF only) or in the presence of moDCs (AF + moDCs, CTRL), including moDCs pre-exposed for 72 h to BAC4, Δ UL111A , or CMV IL-10. In addition, images from a representative donor are shown. Green overlays indicate hyphal detection by the NeuroTrack algorithm. (B) Growth and morphogenesis of AF during co-culture with unchallenged moDCs (CTRL) or moDCs pre-exposed for different periods (0 h, 24 h, and 72 h) to moDCs to BAC4, UL111A , or CMV IL-10. Results are normalized to AF only (= 100%). N = 4 independent donors. Columns and error bars indicate means and standard deviations, respectively. Repeated-measures one-way analysis of variance with Dunnett’s post-hoc test versus “AF + CTRL” (asterisks). * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001.

Article Snippet: A. fumigatus strain American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) 46645 or Aspergillus reporter (FLARE) conidia ( ) were cultured on beer wort agar at 35 °C until conidiophore formation.

Techniques: Infection, Cell Culture, Co-Culture Assay

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: Unveiling immune interference: How the dendritic cell response to co-infection with Aspergillus fumigatus is modulated by human cytomegalovirus and its virokine CMVIL-10

doi: 10.1101/2025.05.15.654194

Figure Lengend Snippet: A. fumigatus -induced moDC effector responses in a largely CMV IL-10-independent manner. Left part: Orange arrowheads indicate CMV IL-10 effects on A. fumigatus -induced moDC responses. Right part: Blue and green arrowheads indicate BAC4 and Δ UL111A effects on A. fumigatus -induced moDC responses. Abbreviations: CCL, CD, Cluster of Differentiation; CCL, C-C motif chemokine ligand; NF-κB, nuclear factor ‘kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells’; PMN, polymorphonuclear leukocytes; T, T lymphocyte; Th, T-helper cell; LILRB, leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor subfamily B; PRR, pattern recognition receptor; IL, interleukin; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor alpha.

Article Snippet: A. fumigatus strain American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) 46645 or Aspergillus reporter (FLARE) conidia ( ) were cultured on beer wort agar at 35 °C until conidiophore formation.

Techniques:

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: Unveiling immune interference: How the dendritic cell response to co-infection with Aspergillus fumigatus is modulated by human cytomegalovirus and its virokine CMVIL-10

doi: 10.1101/2025.05.15.654194

Figure Lengend Snippet: Study design illustrating experimental setup of CMV IL-10 pretreatment and A. fumigatus (AF) infection. In addition, single (BAC4, Δ UL111A , AF) and co-infection (AF+ BAC4, AF + Δ UL111A ) experimental setups are displayed.

Article Snippet: Alternatively, moDCs were exposed to recombinant CMV IL-10 (50 ng/mL, R&D Systems) for 24 h. For subsequent fungal infection, A. fumigatus germlings were added at an MOI of 0.5.

Techniques: Infection

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: Unveiling immune interference: How the dendritic cell response to co-infection with Aspergillus fumigatus is modulated by human cytomegalovirus and its virokine CMVIL-10

doi: 10.1101/2025.05.15.654194

Figure Lengend Snippet: (A) Principal component analysis (PCA) comparing transcriptomes of unchallenged moDCs (CTRL) with expression profiles of moDCs exposed to CMV IL-10, A. fumigatus (AF), or both (AF + CMV IL-10). (B) Venn diagram summarizing shared and condition-specific differentially expressed genes (DEGs) across multiple comparisons. (C) Heatmap displaying DEGs in response to single infections with CMV IL-10 or AF, and co-stimulation. Left: DEGs associated with infection response. Right: Selected immune-related DEGs. Significant differential expression against “CTRL” (symbol: +) or “AF” (symbol: ⭘) according to DESeq2 analysis (adjusted p ≤ 0.05, log2(|FC|)≥1). N = 3 independent donors.

Article Snippet: Alternatively, moDCs were exposed to recombinant CMV IL-10 (50 ng/mL, R&D Systems) for 24 h. For subsequent fungal infection, A. fumigatus germlings were added at an MOI of 0.5.

Techniques: Expressing, Infection, Quantitative Proteomics

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: Unveiling immune interference: How the dendritic cell response to co-infection with Aspergillus fumigatus is modulated by human cytomegalovirus and its virokine CMVIL-10

doi: 10.1101/2025.05.15.654194

Figure Lengend Snippet: (A) Principal component analysis (PCA) comparing transcriptomes of moDCs (CTRL) with expression profiles of moDCs infected with A. fumigatus (AF), HCMV BAC4 or Δ UL111A , or both HCMV and AF (AF + BAC4, AF + Δ UL111A ). (B) Venn diagrams summarizing shared and condition-specific differentially expressed genes (DEGs) across multiple comparisons. (A-B) N=3 independent donors.

Article Snippet: Alternatively, moDCs were exposed to recombinant CMV IL-10 (50 ng/mL, R&D Systems) for 24 h. For subsequent fungal infection, A. fumigatus germlings were added at an MOI of 0.5.

Techniques: Expressing, Infection

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: Unveiling immune interference: How the dendritic cell response to co-infection with Aspergillus fumigatus is modulated by human cytomegalovirus and its virokine CMVIL-10

doi: 10.1101/2025.05.15.654194

Figure Lengend Snippet: (A) Heatmap displaying differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in response to single infections with HCMV BAC4, Δ UL111A , or A. fumigatus (AF), as well as co-infection with both pathogens. Left: DEGs associated with infection response. Right: Selected immune-related DEGs across 6 tested conditions. Significance of pairwise comparison against “CTRL” (symbol: +) or “AF” (symbol: ⭘) is indicated. (B) Comparison of cytokine and chemokine release of uninfected moDCs (CTRL) and those challenged with single infection (BAC4, Δ UL111A , AF) or co-infection (AF+ BAC4, AF + Δ UL111A ) for 9 h. (A-B) N = 3 independent donors. (A) Statistical significance according to DESeq2 analysis (adjusted p ≤ 0.05, log2(|FC|)≥1). (B) Columns and error bars indicate means and standard deviations, respectively. Friedman test with Dunn’s multiple comparisons test versus CTRL (asterisks). In addition, single A. fumigatus infection (AF) was compared to co-infection (AF + BAC4, AF + Δ UL111A ) using Friedman test with Dunn’s multiple comparisons test versus AF (hash signs). */# p < 0.05, **/## p < 0.01.

Article Snippet: Alternatively, moDCs were exposed to recombinant CMV IL-10 (50 ng/mL, R&D Systems) for 24 h. For subsequent fungal infection, A. fumigatus germlings were added at an MOI of 0.5.

Techniques: Infection, Comparison

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: Unveiling immune interference: How the dendritic cell response to co-infection with Aspergillus fumigatus is modulated by human cytomegalovirus and its virokine CMVIL-10

doi: 10.1101/2025.05.15.654194

Figure Lengend Snippet: Relative mRNA expression (A) and cytokine secretion (B) of moDCs (CTRL) (pre)-exposed (0 h, 24 h, 72 h) to BAC4, Δ UL111A , and/or A. fumigatus (AF), either individually (BAC4, Δ UL111A , AF) or in combination (AF + BAC4, AF + Δ UL111A ). N = 4 independent donors. Columns and error bars indicate means and standard deviations, respectively. Repeated-measures (RM) one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with Dunnett’s post-hoc test (A) and Friedman test with Dunn’s multiple comparisons (B) versus “CTRL”, i.e., uninfected moDCs (asterisks). In addition, single AF infection was compared to co-infection (AF + BAC4, AF + Δ UL111A ) using RM 1-way ANOVA and Dunnett’s post-hoc test (A) and Friedman test with Dunn’s multiple comparisons test (B) versus “AF” (hash signs). */# p < 0.05, **/## p < 0.01, ***/### p < 0.001.

Article Snippet: Alternatively, moDCs were exposed to recombinant CMV IL-10 (50 ng/mL, R&D Systems) for 24 h. For subsequent fungal infection, A. fumigatus germlings were added at an MOI of 0.5.

Techniques: Expressing, Infection

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: Unveiling immune interference: How the dendritic cell response to co-infection with Aspergillus fumigatus is modulated by human cytomegalovirus and its virokine CMVIL-10

doi: 10.1101/2025.05.15.654194

Figure Lengend Snippet: (A) Pathway enrichment analysis to assess the viral single infection-adjusted effect of HCMV on transcriptional responses against A. fumigatus during co-infection. Immune-related pathways with absolute z-scores ≥ 1 and Benjamini-Hochberg-adjusted p-values <0.05 are shown. (B) Viral single infection-adjusted expression data for selected individual genes associated with pathogen sensing, cytokine and chemokine production, and moDC maturation to assess the effect of HCMV on antifungal responses during co-infection. (A-B) Three separate analyses were performed, considering data for both HCMV strains on aggregate (left column), WT (BAC4) HCMV only (center column), and the Δ UL111A mutant only (right column).

Article Snippet: Alternatively, moDCs were exposed to recombinant CMV IL-10 (50 ng/mL, R&D Systems) for 24 h. For subsequent fungal infection, A. fumigatus germlings were added at an MOI of 0.5.

Techniques: Infection, Expressing, Mutagenesis

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: Unveiling immune interference: How the dendritic cell response to co-infection with Aspergillus fumigatus is modulated by human cytomegalovirus and its virokine CMVIL-10

doi: 10.1101/2025.05.15.654194

Figure Lengend Snippet: (A) Left panel: Study design illustrating experimental setup for IncuCyte-based monitoring of fungal growth and branching of co-infection experiments. Right panel: Representative kinetics of A. fumigatus (AF) hyphal elongation during transition from germ tubes to hyphae (7–18 h of culture) when cultured alone (AF only) or in the presence of moDCs (AF + moDCs, CTRL), including moDCs pre-exposed for 72 h to BAC4, Δ UL111A , or CMV IL-10. In addition, images from a representative donor are shown. Green overlays indicate hyphal detection by the NeuroTrack algorithm. (B) Growth and morphogenesis of AF during co-culture with unchallenged moDCs (CTRL) or moDCs pre-exposed for different periods (0 h, 24 h, and 72 h) to moDCs to BAC4, UL111A , or CMV IL-10. Results are normalized to AF only (= 100%). N = 4 independent donors. Columns and error bars indicate means and standard deviations, respectively. Repeated-measures one-way analysis of variance with Dunnett’s post-hoc test versus “AF + CTRL” (asterisks). * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001.

Article Snippet: Alternatively, moDCs were exposed to recombinant CMV IL-10 (50 ng/mL, R&D Systems) for 24 h. For subsequent fungal infection, A. fumigatus germlings were added at an MOI of 0.5.

Techniques: Infection, Cell Culture, Co-Culture Assay

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: Unveiling immune interference: How the dendritic cell response to co-infection with Aspergillus fumigatus is modulated by human cytomegalovirus and its virokine CMVIL-10

doi: 10.1101/2025.05.15.654194

Figure Lengend Snippet: A. fumigatus -induced moDC effector responses in a largely CMV IL-10-independent manner. Left part: Orange arrowheads indicate CMV IL-10 effects on A. fumigatus -induced moDC responses. Right part: Blue and green arrowheads indicate BAC4 and Δ UL111A effects on A. fumigatus -induced moDC responses. Abbreviations: CCL, CD, Cluster of Differentiation; CCL, C-C motif chemokine ligand; NF-κB, nuclear factor ‘kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells’; PMN, polymorphonuclear leukocytes; T, T lymphocyte; Th, T-helper cell; LILRB, leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor subfamily B; PRR, pattern recognition receptor; IL, interleukin; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor alpha.

Article Snippet: Alternatively, moDCs were exposed to recombinant CMV IL-10 (50 ng/mL, R&D Systems) for 24 h. For subsequent fungal infection, A. fumigatus germlings were added at an MOI of 0.5.

Techniques:

Journal: Scandinavian Journal of Immunology

Article Title: Inhibition of Alternative and Terminal Complement Pathway Components Modulate the Immune Response Against Bacteria and Fungi in Whole Blood

doi: 10.1111/sji.70030

Figure Lengend Snippet: Complement activation in E. coli and A. fumigatus –stimulated whole blood. Analysis of complement activation in whole blood, as assessed by activation products C4c (A, B), C3bc (C, D), and sC5b‐9 (E, F), utilising either E. coli (A, C, E) or A. fumigatus conidia (B, D, F) as a stimulating agent. Multiple controls, including a baseline control (Tb; no incubation, no stimulation), an incubation control (T30; incubation, no stimulation), and a stimulation control (T30stim; incubation, stimulation) are included to assess the model‐dependent complement activation progression. Individually targeted components of the complement system include FD, C3, C5, and C5aR1, with an IgG1 control for reference. The presented data are based on six individual repeats featuring a different healthy donor per repeat. Data are presented as mean with one‐sided SD for better visibility.

Article Snippet: Following this, HI A. fumigatus conidia and HI E. coli were labelled with an in‐assay concentration of 8.26 and 4.13 μg/mL of FITC (Merck, cat. no.: F7250) respectively, which was prediluted in sterile DMSO (Merck, cat. no.: D8418) and added to the respective solution.

Techniques: Activation Assay, Control, Incubation

Journal: Scandinavian Journal of Immunology

Article Title: Inhibition of Alternative and Terminal Complement Pathway Components Modulate the Immune Response Against Bacteria and Fungi in Whole Blood

doi: 10.1111/sji.70030

Figure Lengend Snippet: Granulocyte receptors and phagocytosis in A. fumigatus conidia‐stimulated whole blood. Investigation of whole blood activation markers (CD11b and CD64), as well as anaphylatoxin receptor expression (C3aR, C5aR1, and C5aR2) on granulocytes, as well as phagocytosis (Phagocytic Index), after whole blood stimulation with FITC‐labelled A. fumigatus conidia (A–F). Several controls, including a baseline control (Tb; no incubation, no stimulation), an incubation control (T30; incubation, no stimulation), and a stimulation control (T30stim; incubation, stimulation) are included to assess the model‐dependent marker progression. Individually targeted components of the complement system include FD, C3, C5, and C5aR1, with an IgG1 control for reference. The presented data are based on six individual repeats featuring a different healthy donor per repeat. Data are presented as mean with one‐sided SD for better visibility.

Article Snippet: Following this, HI A. fumigatus conidia and HI E. coli were labelled with an in‐assay concentration of 8.26 and 4.13 μg/mL of FITC (Merck, cat. no.: F7250) respectively, which was prediluted in sterile DMSO (Merck, cat. no.: D8418) and added to the respective solution.

Techniques: Activation Assay, Expressing, Control, Incubation, Marker

Journal: Scandinavian Journal of Immunology

Article Title: Inhibition of Alternative and Terminal Complement Pathway Components Modulate the Immune Response Against Bacteria and Fungi in Whole Blood

doi: 10.1111/sji.70030

Figure Lengend Snippet: Monocyte receptors and phagocytosis in A. fumigatus conidia‐stimulated whole blood. Investigation of whole blood activation markers (CD11b and CD64), as well as anaphylatoxin receptor expression (C3aR, C5aR1, and C5aR2) on monocytes, as well as phagocytosis (Phagocytic Index), after whole blood stimulation with FITC‐labelled A. fumigatus conidia (A–F). Several controls, including a baseline control (Tb; no incubation, no stimulation), an incubation control (T30; incubation, no stimulation), and a stimulation control (T30stim; incubation, stimulation) are included to assess the model‐dependent marker progression. Individually targeted components of the complement system include FD, C3, C5, and C5aR1, with an IgG1 control for reference. The presented data are based on six individual repeats featuring a different healthy donor per repeat. Data are presented as mean with one‐sided SD for better visibility.

Article Snippet: Following this, HI A. fumigatus conidia and HI E. coli were labelled with an in‐assay concentration of 8.26 and 4.13 μg/mL of FITC (Merck, cat. no.: F7250) respectively, which was prediluted in sterile DMSO (Merck, cat. no.: D8418) and added to the respective solution.

Techniques: Activation Assay, Expressing, Control, Incubation, Marker

Journal: Scandinavian Journal of Immunology

Article Title: Inhibition of Alternative and Terminal Complement Pathway Components Modulate the Immune Response Against Bacteria and Fungi in Whole Blood

doi: 10.1111/sji.70030

Figure Lengend Snippet: MPO release in E. coli and A. fumigatus ‐stimulated whole blood. Assessment of MPO release in whole blood stimulated by either E. coli (A) or A. fumigatus conidia (B). Multiple controls, including a baseline control (Tb; no incubation, no stimulation), an incubation control (T30; incubation, no stimulation), and a stimulation control (T30stim; incubation, stimulation) are included to assess the model‐dependent MPO release. Individually targeted components of the complement system include FD, C3, C5, and C5aR1, with an IgG1 control for reference. The presented data are based on six individual repeats featuring a different healthy donor per repeat. Data are presented as mean with one‐sided SD for better visibility.

Article Snippet: Following this, HI A. fumigatus conidia and HI E. coli were labelled with an in‐assay concentration of 8.26 and 4.13 μg/mL of FITC (Merck, cat. no.: F7250) respectively, which was prediluted in sterile DMSO (Merck, cat. no.: D8418) and added to the respective solution.

Techniques: Control, Incubation

Journal: Scandinavian Journal of Immunology

Article Title: Inhibition of Alternative and Terminal Complement Pathway Components Modulate the Immune Response Against Bacteria and Fungi in Whole Blood

doi: 10.1111/sji.70030

Figure Lengend Snippet: Analysis of cytokine release in whole blood. Whole blood was stimulated with either E. coli (A, C, E, and G) or A. fumigatus conidia (B, D, F, and H), featuring TNF, IL‐1β, IL‐6, and IFNγ. Multiple controls, including an incubation control (T120; incubation, no stimulation), and a stimulation control (T120stim; incubation, stimulation) are included to assess the model‐dependent cytokine release. Individually targeted components of the complement system include FD, C3, C5, and C5aR1, with an IgG1 control for reference. The presented data are based on six individual repeats featuring a different healthy donor per repeat. Data are presented as mean with one‐sided SD for better visibility.

Article Snippet: Following this, HI A. fumigatus conidia and HI E. coli were labelled with an in‐assay concentration of 8.26 and 4.13 μg/mL of FITC (Merck, cat. no.: F7250) respectively, which was prediluted in sterile DMSO (Merck, cat. no.: D8418) and added to the respective solution.

Techniques: Incubation, Control

Journal: Scandinavian Journal of Immunology

Article Title: Inhibition of Alternative and Terminal Complement Pathway Components Modulate the Immune Response Against Bacteria and Fungi in Whole Blood

doi: 10.1111/sji.70030

Figure Lengend Snippet: Analysis of cytokine release in whole blood. Whole blood was stimulated with either E. coli (A, C and E) or A. fumigatus conidia (B, D and F), featuring IL‐1RA, IL‐4, and IL‐17A. Multiple controls, including an incubation control (T120; incubation, no stimulation), and a stimulation control (T120stim; incubation, stimulation) are included to assess the model‐dependent cytokine release. Individually targeted components of the complement system include FD, C3, C5, and C5aR1, with an IgG1 control for reference. The presented data are based on six individual repeats featuring a different healthy donor per repeat. Data are presented as mean with one‐sided SD for better visibility.

Article Snippet: Following this, HI A. fumigatus conidia and HI E. coli were labelled with an in‐assay concentration of 8.26 and 4.13 μg/mL of FITC (Merck, cat. no.: F7250) respectively, which was prediluted in sterile DMSO (Merck, cat. no.: D8418) and added to the respective solution.

Techniques: Incubation, Control

Journal: Scandinavian Journal of Immunology

Article Title: Inhibition of Alternative and Terminal Complement Pathway Components Modulate the Immune Response Against Bacteria and Fungi in Whole Blood

doi: 10.1111/sji.70030

Figure Lengend Snippet: Analysis of cytokine release in whole blood. Whole blood was stimulated with either E. coli (A, C, E, and G) or A. fumigatus conidia (B, D, F, and H), featuring IL‐8/CXCL8, MCP‐1/CCL2, MIP‐1α/CCL3, and MIP‐1β/CCL4. Multiple controls, including an incubation control (T120; incubation, no stimulation), and a stimulation control (T120stim; incubation, stimulation) are included to assess the model‐dependent cytokine release. Individually targeted components of the complement system include FD, C3, C5, and C5aR1, with an IgG1 control for reference. The presented data are based on six individual repeats featuring a different healthy donor per repeat. Data are presented as mean with one‐sided SD for better visibility.

Article Snippet: Following this, HI A. fumigatus conidia and HI E. coli were labelled with an in‐assay concentration of 8.26 and 4.13 μg/mL of FITC (Merck, cat. no.: F7250) respectively, which was prediluted in sterile DMSO (Merck, cat. no.: D8418) and added to the respective solution.

Techniques: Incubation, Control