Journal: PLoS ONE

Article Title: RUNX3 Regulates Intercellular Adhesion Molecule 3 (ICAM-3) Expression during Macrophage Differentiation and Monocyte Extravasation

doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0033313

Figure Lengend Snippet: A. Determination of ICAM-3 expression in BLM, Jurkat, K-562 and THP-1 cell lines by Western blot. As a control, β-actin expression levels were also determined. The experiment was performed twice and one of the experiments is shown. B. The ICAM-3 promoter-based constructs pCD50-1000, pCD50-500 and pCD50-200 were transfected in Jurkat (ICAM-3+), THP-1 (ICAM-3+), BLM (ICAM-3−) and K-562 (ICAM-3−) cell lines. After 48 hours cells were lysed and luciferase activity determined. For each reporter construct, promoter activity is expressed relative to the activity produced by the reporter plasmid in BLM cells, arbitrarily set to 1, after normalization for transfection efficiency. Data represent mean ± SD of 4 independent experiments using two different DNA preparations. (*p<0,05 for pCD50-1000Luc in THP-1 and Jurkat and p = 0.8 for K-562 when compared with the activity of pCD50-1000Luc in BLM cells; **p<0.005 for pCD50-500Luc in THP-1 and Jurkat and p = 0.5 for K-562 when compared with the activity of pCD50-500Luc in BLM cells; and * p<0.05 for pCD50-200Luc in THP-1 and Jurkat cells and p = 0.2 for K-562 cells when compared with the activity of pCD50-200Luc in BLM cells). C. Nucleotide sequence of the 5′-regulatory region of the ICAM-3 gene. The transcriptional initiation sites are identified by * and the major transcription initiation site is denoted by +1. First exon nucleotides are shown in boldface type and are underlined. The derived amino acid sequence is shown under the coding region of the first exon. Underlined areas correspond to consensus sequences for RUNX, C/EBP and Ets transcription factors.

Article Snippet: The human cell lines THP-1 (monocytic leukemia), K-562 (chronic myelogenous leukemia), Jurkat (T cell lymphoma), EA.hy926 (umbilical vein), and the monkey kidney fibroblast-like cell line COS-7 were obtained from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC, Rockville, MD) , , .

Techniques: Expressing, Western Blot, Construct, Transfection, Luciferase, Activity Assay, Produced, Plasmid Preparation, Sequencing, Derivative Assay

Journal: PLoS ONE

Article Title: RUNX3 Regulates Intercellular Adhesion Molecule 3 (ICAM-3) Expression during Macrophage Differentiation and Monocyte Extravasation

doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0033313

Figure Lengend Snippet: A. EMSA was performed on the indicated oligonucleotides spanning the −157/−14 region of the ICAM-3 promoter using nuclear extracts from THP-1, K-562 and Jurkat cells. The position of the major retarded species is indicated. B. EMSA was performed on the ICAM3.3 and ICAM3.5 oligonucleotides using nuclear extracts from the indicated COS-7 cells transfected with an empty expression vector (pCDNA3) or with either RUNX1 or RUNX3 together with CBF-β expression vector. The position of the RUNX1- and RUNX3-containing complex is shown. C. EMSA was performed on the ICAM3.5 and ICAM3.3 oligonucleotides using nuclear extracts from Jurkat cells in the absence (−) or presence of unlabeled competitor oligonucleotides (ICAM3.5, ICAM3.5mutRUNX, ICAM3.3, ICAM3.3mutRUNX, AMLcons) or polyclonal antisera against CD209 (Control antibody, Cnt Ab) or RUNX1 proteins (R-3034). The position of RUNX1-containing complexes are shown. Unlabeled competitor oligonucleotides were added at a 100-fold molar excess. D. EMSA was performed on the ICAM3.4 oligonucleotide using nuclear extracts from THP-1 cells in the absence (−) or presence of unlabeled competitor oligonucleotides (ICAM3.4, ICAM3.4mutCEBP, C/EBPcons) or polyclonal antibody against CD209 (Control antibody, Cnt Ab) or C/EBPα proteins (α-C/EBPα). The position of C/EBPα-containing complexes are shown. Unlabeled competitor oligonucleotides were added at a 100-fold molar excess. In A–D, EMSA's were performed twice with similar result and a representative experiment is shown. E. ICAM-3 promoter-based oligonucleotides with mutated nucleotides in lowercase and their relative positions. F. In vivo occupancy of the ICAM-3 promoter by RUNX1. Chromatin immunoprecipitation on Jurkat cells was performed with an affinity-purified polyclonal antisera specific for RUNX1 or purified rabbit IgG. Immunoprecipitated chromatin was analyzed by PCR using a pair of ICAM-3 promoter-specific primers that amplify a 234-bp fragment flanking the RUNX-binding sites at −80 and −29. ChIP experiment was performed twice with similar results, and a representative experiment is shown.

Article Snippet: The human cell lines THP-1 (monocytic leukemia), K-562 (chronic myelogenous leukemia), Jurkat (T cell lymphoma), EA.hy926 (umbilical vein), and the monkey kidney fibroblast-like cell line COS-7 were obtained from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC, Rockville, MD) , , .

Techniques: Transfection, Expressing, Plasmid Preparation, In Vivo, Chromatin Immunoprecipitation, Affinity Purification, Purification, Immunoprecipitation, Binding Assay

Journal: PLoS ONE

Article Title: RUNX3 Regulates Intercellular Adhesion Molecule 3 (ICAM-3) Expression during Macrophage Differentiation and Monocyte Extravasation

doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0033313

Figure Lengend Snippet: A. Disruption of the RUNX-binding elements leads to increased ICAM-3 gene promoter activity in THP-1 cells. THP-1 cells were transfected with the indicated reporter plasmids and luciferase activity was determined after 24 h. Promoter activity is expressed relative to the activity produced by the wild-type CD50-200Luc, arbitrarily set to 1, after normalization for transfection efficiency. Data represent mean ± SD of 6 independent experiments using two different DNA preparations. B. Knockdown on RUNX3 results in increased ICAM-3 mRNA levels. THP-1 cells were nucleofected with either siRNA for RUNX3 (two different RUNX3 specific-siRNA, siRNA RUNX3#1 and siRNA RUNX3#2) or a control siRNA (siRNA CNT). After 24 hours, total RNA was isolated and ICAM-3 mRNA was measured via quantitative RT-PCR (left). Results are expressed as Relative mRNA levels (relative to GAPDH mRNA levels and the ICAM-3 mRNA level in control siRNA-nucleofected cells). Data represent mean ± SD of 3 independent experiments. To confirm siRNA efficiency, one-fifth of the cells were lysed and underwent western blotting (right). The western blot was performed twice with similar results and one of the experiments is shown.

Article Snippet: The human cell lines THP-1 (monocytic leukemia), K-562 (chronic myelogenous leukemia), Jurkat (T cell lymphoma), EA.hy926 (umbilical vein), and the monkey kidney fibroblast-like cell line COS-7 were obtained from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC, Rockville, MD) , , .

Techniques: Binding Assay, Activity Assay, Transfection, Luciferase, Produced, Isolation, Quantitative RT-PCR, Western Blot

Journal: Cholesterol

Article Title: In Vivo Inflammation Does Not Impair ABCA1-Mediated Cholesterol Efflux Capacity of HDL

doi: 10.1155/2012/610741

Figure Lengend Snippet: Cholesterol efflux capacity of MPO-HDL in fibroblasts and TP1 cells. HDL and MPO-HDL are used as cholesterol acceptors. Cholesterol efflux potential is measured in fibroblasts (white bars) and THP1 cells (black bars) under cholesterol-loaded conditions as described. The cells are labelled for 24 h, with 3 H-cholesterol in the absence (a) or presence (b) of LXR agonist. Efflux to HDL (10 μ g /mL apoA-I) is measured during a 4 h time span. Efflux medium without HDL is used as a negative control. Fractional cholesterol efflux is determined by measuring the release of radio-labeled cholesterol into the medium. The percentage efflux equals the counts in medium divided by total counts in medium and cells combined, subtracted by efflux to the control. Data are presented as mean ± SD; ** P < 0.01. Experiments were performed in triplicate.

Article Snippet: THP1 cells (ATCC) were grown in RPMI 1640, glutamax, 25 mM HEPES, 10% FCS, and 0.1% Penn/Strep at 37°C under 5% CO 2 .

Techniques: Negative Control, Labeling

Journal: Cholesterol

Article Title: In Vivo Inflammation Does Not Impair ABCA1-Mediated Cholesterol Efflux Capacity of HDL

doi: 10.1155/2012/610741

Figure Lengend Snippet: Efflux potential of HDL isolated from patients with Crohn's disease in fibroblasts and THP1 cells. Cholesterol acceptor capacity of UC-HDL (black bars) and PEG HDL (white bars) isolated from controls, and patients with active Crohn's disease and Crohn's disease in remission using cholesterol-laden fibroblasts and cholesterol-laden THP1 cells. Cells are labelled for 24 h with 3 H-cholesterol. Fibroblasts were incubated in the presence of LXR agonist TO901317. Efflux to HDL (10 μ g/mL apoA-I) is measured during a 4 h time span. Efflux medium without HDL is used as a negative control. Fractional cholesterol efflux is determined by measuring the release of radio-labeled cholesterol into the medium. The percentage efflux equals the counts in medium divided by total counts in medium and cells combined and was corrected for counts to medium without acceptor HDL. Experiments were performed in triplicate. Data are presented as mean ± SD; * P < 0.05.

Article Snippet: THP1 cells (ATCC) were grown in RPMI 1640, glutamax, 25 mM HEPES, 10% FCS, and 0.1% Penn/Strep at 37°C under 5% CO 2 .

Techniques: Isolation, Incubation, Negative Control, Labeling

Journal: Cholesterol

Article Title: In Vivo Inflammation Does Not Impair ABCA1-Mediated Cholesterol Efflux Capacity of HDL

doi: 10.1155/2012/610741

Figure Lengend Snippet: Efflux potential of UC-HDL and PEG-HDL isolated from patients with sepsis in fibroblasts and THP1 cells. Cholesterol acceptor capacity of UC-HDL (black bars) and PEG-HDL (white bars) from patients with sepsis using cholesterol-laden fibroblasts (and cholesterol-laden THP1 cells). Fibroblasts were incubated in the presence of LXR agonist TO901317. Cells are labelled for 24 h with 3 H-cholesterol. Efflux to HDL (10 μ g/mL apoA-I) is measured during a 4 h time span. Efflux medium without HDL is used as a negative control. Fractional cholesterol efflux is determined by measuring the release of radio-labeled cholesterol into the medium. The percentage efflux equals the counts in medium divided by total counts in medium and cells combined and was corrected for counts to the medium without acceptor HDL. Experiments were performed in triplicate. Data are presented as mean ± SD; * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01.

Article Snippet: THP1 cells (ATCC) were grown in RPMI 1640, glutamax, 25 mM HEPES, 10% FCS, and 0.1% Penn/Strep at 37°C under 5% CO 2 .

Techniques: Isolation, Incubation, Negative Control, Labeling

Journal: PLoS ONE

Article Title: Interferon-Tau Attenuates Uptake of Nanoparticles and Secretion of Interleukin-1β in Macrophages

doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0113974

Figure Lengend Snippet: (A) THP-1 macrophages were incubated for 48 h with or without rbIFNT at the indicated concentrations. Subsequently, total RNA was extracted and analyzed by real-time RT-PCR for expression of ISG15 mRNA. (B–D) THP-1 macrophages were incubated for 48 h with rbIFNT or rhIFNB at the indicated concentrations. After priming with LPS (100 ng/mL) for 3 h or Pam3CSK4 (300 ng/ml) for 10 h, cells were treated with nano-silica particles (100 µg/mL) for 6 h. IL-1β (B and D) and IL-1α (C) levels in supernatants were then determined using ELISA. (E) LDH release from THP-1 macrophages treated with rbIFNT or rhIFNB. Data are expressed as means ±SEM (n = 3); Significant differences were identified using ANOVA; * p <0.05 and ** p <0.01.

Article Snippet: Human THP-1 cell lines were obtained from American Type Culture Collection (ATCC, University Boulevard, Manassas, VA).

Techniques: Incubation, Quantitative RT-PCR, Expressing, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay

Journal: PLoS ONE

Article Title: Interferon-Tau Attenuates Uptake of Nanoparticles and Secretion of Interleukin-1β in Macrophages

doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0113974

Figure Lengend Snippet: (A) THP-1 macrophages were treated with Green nano-silica for 6 h at the indicated concentrations. (B) THP-1 macrophages were incubated for 48 h with or without rbIFNT (2.7 and 27 IU/mL), and were then treated with Green nano-silica particles (30 µg/mL) for 6 h. After washing cells, uptake of Green nano-silica particles was analyzed by flow cytometry. (C) THP-1 macrophages were incubated for 1 h with or without cytochalasin D and were treated with Green nano-silica particles (30 µg/mL) for 6 h. After washing cells, uptake of Green nano-silica particles was analyzed by flow cytometry. Representative flow cytometry plots are presented. (D) THP-1 macrophages were incubated for 48 h with or without rbIFNT (27 IU/mL), and were then treated with nano-silica particles (30 µg/mL) for 6 h. Cells were stained with fluorescent-conjugated phalloidin and analyzed by flow cytometry. Nuclei were co-stained with Hoechst 33342. Representative confocal microscopic images of the F-actin assembly are presented. Quantitative analyses were performed and data are expressed as means ±SEM (n = 3); Significant differences were identified using ANOVA; * p <0.05 and ** p <0.01.

Article Snippet: Human THP-1 cell lines were obtained from American Type Culture Collection (ATCC, University Boulevard, Manassas, VA).

Techniques: Incubation, Flow Cytometry, Staining

Journal: PLoS ONE

Article Title: Interferon-Tau Attenuates Uptake of Nanoparticles and Secretion of Interleukin-1β in Macrophages

doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0113974

Figure Lengend Snippet: (A) THP-1 macrophages were incubated for 48 h with or without rbIFNT (27 IU/mL) and total RNA was then extracted and analyzed by real-time RT-PCR for MARCO, CD36, SR-BI, MSR1 and OLR1 mRNA. (B) THP-1 macrophages were transfected with MARCO siRNA (siMARCO) or control siRNA (siN.C.) and analyzed MARCO mRNA expression by real-time RT-PCR (C). THP-1 macrophages transfected with MARCO siRNA or control siRNA were incubated with green nano-silica particles (30 µg/mL) for 6 h. After washing cells, uptake of green nano-silica particles was analyzed the amount of nano-silica (mean fluorescence intensity; MFI) by flow cytometry. After nano-silica treatment, IL-1β levels in supernatants were determined using ELISA. Data are expressed as means ±SEM (n = 3–4); Significant differences were identified using t-test; ** p <0.01 vs. control.

Article Snippet: Human THP-1 cell lines were obtained from American Type Culture Collection (ATCC, University Boulevard, Manassas, VA).

Techniques: Incubation, Quantitative RT-PCR, Transfection, Expressing, Fluorescence, Flow Cytometry, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay

Journal: PLoS ONE

Article Title: Interferon-Tau Attenuates Uptake of Nanoparticles and Secretion of Interleukin-1β in Macrophages

doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0113974

Figure Lengend Snippet: (A) THP-1 macrophages were treated with nano-silica (100 µg/mL) for the indicated periods. ROS generation was assessed using DCFDA and flow cytometry. (B) THP-1 macrophages were incubated for 48 h with or without rbIFNT (27 U/mL) and were treated with nano-silica particles (100 µg/mL) for 6 h. ROS generation was assessed using DCFDA by flow cytometry. Quantitative analyses were performed and data are expressed as means ±SEM (n = 3); Significant differences were identified using ANOVA; * p <0.05 and ** p <0.01. Representative confocal microscopic images of ROS production in THP-1 macrophages; Nuclei were co-stained with Hoechst 33342.

Article Snippet: Human THP-1 cell lines were obtained from American Type Culture Collection (ATCC, University Boulevard, Manassas, VA).

Techniques: Flow Cytometry, Incubation, Staining

Journal: PLoS ONE

Article Title: Interferon-Tau Attenuates Uptake of Nanoparticles and Secretion of Interleukin-1β in Macrophages

doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0113974

Figure Lengend Snippet: (A) THP-1 macrophages were incubated for 48 h with or without rbIFNT. After priming with LPS (100 ng/mL) for 3 h, cells were treated with nano-silica particles (100 µg/mL) for 6 h. Protein levels of pro-IL-1β and mature IL-1β in supernatants were detected by Western blot analyses. Representative photographs are shown. (B) Subsequently, total RNA was extracted and analyzed by real-time RT-PCR for expression of IL-1β mRNA. (C) IL-10 levels in supernatants were then determined using ELISA. (D) THP-1 macrophages were incubated with or without rbIFNT (27 IU/mL) in the presence of antibody against human IL-10 or control IgG, and then treated with LPS and nano-silica. IL-1β levels in supernatants were then determined using ELISA. Data are expressed as means ±SEM (n = 3); Significant differences were identified using ANOVA; ** p <0.01.

Article Snippet: Human THP-1 cell lines were obtained from American Type Culture Collection (ATCC, University Boulevard, Manassas, VA).

Techniques: Incubation, Western Blot, Quantitative RT-PCR, Expressing, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection elevates SLIT2 expression to modulate oxidative stress responses in macrophages

doi: 10.1101/2022.10.13.512188

Figure Lengend Snippet: (A) THP1 macrophages were infected with Mtb H37Rv for the indicated time points. Whole cell lysates were assessed for SLIT2 protein expression by immunoblotting. (B) Mouse peritoneal macrophages were infected with Mtb H37Rv for 24 h and assessed for the transcript levels of ROBO receptors. (C) Mouse peritoneal macrophages were infected with Mtb H37Rv for the indicated time points and ROBO2 levels were assessed by immunoblotting. All immunoblotting data are representative of three independent experiments. β-ACTIN was utilized as loading control. qRT-PCR data represents mean±S.E.M. from three independent experiments.

Article Snippet: RAW 264.7 mouse monocyte-like cell line and human monocytic cell line THP1 cells were obtained from American Type Culture Collection (ATCC), USA.

Techniques: Infection, Expressing, Western Blot, Quantitative RT-PCR

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection elevates SLIT2 expression to modulate oxidative stress responses in macrophages

doi: 10.1101/2022.10.13.512188

Figure Lengend Snippet: (A) Schematic representing the probable mechanism leading to Slit2 upregulation during Mtb infection. (B) THP1 macrophages were infected with Mtb H37Rv for 24 h and assessed for the recruitment of H3K27me3 and p-Histone H3 (Ser28) over the Slit2 promoter by ChIP assay. (C) Mouse peritoneal macrophages were treated with the indicated inhibitors for 1 h, followed by 24 h infection with Mtb H37Rv and assessed for the expression of Slit ligands transcripts by qRT-PCR (D) Mouse peritoneal macrophages were treated with the indicated inhibitors for 1 h, followed by 24 h infection with Mtb H37Rv and assessed for the expression of indicated proteins by immunoblotting (E, F) Mouse peritoneal macrophages were treated with the indicated inhibitors for 1 h. Cells were infected with Mtb H37Rv for 24 h and assessed for the accumulation of ROS by fluorescence microscopy (CellROX Deep Red); (E) representative image and (F) respective quantification. . All immunoblotting and immunofluorescence data are representative of three independent experiments. β-ACTIN was utilized as loading control. qRT-PCR data represents mean±S.E.M. from three independent experiments. ROS, reactive oxygen species; h, hours; ChIP, Chromatin immunoprecipitation; d, days; kda, kilodalton; CTCF, corrected total cell fluorescence. *, p<0.05; ****, p < 0.0001 (Student’s t-test in B, One-way ANOVA in C,F; GraphPad Prism 6.0 and 9.0). Scale bar, 5 μm. SB203580: p38 inhibitor, SP600125: JNK1/2 inhibitor.

Article Snippet: RAW 264.7 mouse monocyte-like cell line and human monocytic cell line THP1 cells were obtained from American Type Culture Collection (ATCC), USA.

Techniques: Infection, Expressing, Quantitative RT-PCR, Western Blot, Fluorescence, Microscopy, Immunofluorescence, Chromatin Immunoprecipitation

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection elevates SLIT2 expression to modulate oxidative stress responses in macrophages

doi: 10.1101/2022.10.13.512188

Figure Lengend Snippet: (A) THP1 macrophages were infected with Mtb H37Rv for 24 h and assessed for the recruitment of H3K27me3 over the Slit2 promoter by ChIP assay. (B) Mouse peritoneal macrophages were infected with Mtb H37Rv for the indicated time points and assessed for the levels of p-Histone H3 (Ser28) by immunoblotting. (C) THP1 macrophages were infected with Mtb H37Rv for the indicated time points and assessed for the levels of p-Histone H3 (Ser28) by immunoblotting. (D) THP1 macrophages were treated with the indicated inhibitors for 1 h, followed by 24 h infection with Mtb H37Rv and assessed for the expression of SLIT2 by immunoblotting. All immunoblotting data are representative of three independent experiments. β-ACTIN was utilized as loading control.

Article Snippet: RAW 264.7 mouse monocyte-like cell line and human monocytic cell line THP1 cells were obtained from American Type Culture Collection (ATCC), USA.

Techniques: Infection, Western Blot, Expressing

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection elevates SLIT2 expression to modulate oxidative stress responses in macrophages

doi: 10.1101/2022.10.13.512188

Figure Lengend Snippet: (A) THP1 macrophages were infected with Mtb H37Rv for 24 h and assessed for the levels of VNN1 by immunoblotting. (B) Mouse peritoneal macrophages were treated with rSLIT2 at the indicated concentrations for 12 h and assessed for the levels of VNN1 by immunoblotting. (C) Mouse peritoneal macrophages were transfected with NT or Vnn1 siRNAs. Transfected cells were infected with Mtb H37Rv for 24 h and assessed for the accumulation of ROS by fluorescence microscopy (CellROX Deep Red). All immunoblotting and immunofluorescence data are representative of three independent experiments. β-ACTIN was utilized as loading control. Scale bar, 5 μm.

Article Snippet: RAW 264.7 mouse monocyte-like cell line and human monocytic cell line THP1 cells were obtained from American Type Culture Collection (ATCC), USA.

Techniques: Infection, Western Blot, Transfection, Fluorescence, Microscopy, Immunofluorescence

Journal: Nature Communications

Article Title: Comparative genomics of Acinetobacter baumannii and therapeutic bacteriophages from a patient undergoing phage therapy

doi: 10.1038/s41467-022-31455-5

Figure Lengend Snippet: A DNA sequence relatedness of six T4-like myophages, showing pairwise percent DNA sequence identities as determined by ProgressiveMauve (upper section) and DNA dotplots visually representing DNA sequence alignments between phages (lower section). B Protein sequence-based relationships of 2834 Caudoviricetes phages representing all species in the ICTV taxonomy, plus the seven treatment phages and two prophages identified in strains TP1, TP2, and TP3. Unclustered singletons (17 in total) are removed from the visualization. Distinct colors are assigned at the Subfamily level; if no Subfamily was assigned, color is assigned at the Family level. Circled clusters are enlarged in C – E as labeled. C Enlarged cluster representing the Autographiviridae . Nodes are colored based on their Subfamily membership, with the legend identifying prominent clades; the node representing phage AbTP3phi1 is outlined in black, and nodes representing clade-founding phages T7, phiKMV and Fri1 are labeled. D Enlarged cluster containing the T4-like subfamilies, including the Twarogvirinae ; this large cluster is also linked to the T5-like Markadamsvirinae and clusters of diverse myophages including the V5-like Vequintaviridae and FelixO1-like Ounavirinae . Nodes are colored based on their Subfamily membership with the legend identifying prominent clades. Nodes representing the six treatment myophages are outlined in black, and nodes representing clade-founding phages T4, T5, FelixO1 and V5 are labeled. E Enlarged cluster containing the two prophage elements identified in strains TP1, TP2 and TP3. These prophages are not closely related to other classified phages, with the 52 kb prophage 1 distantly linked to the Guernseyvirinae , and the 42 kb prophage 2 related to two other unclassified siphophages.

Article Snippet: The 52 kb prophage 1 is highly conserved (with up to 100% nucleotide identity by BLASTn) in many other A. baumannii genomes, including that of ATCC 19606, which is one of the earliest available clinical isolates of A. baumannii dating to the 1940’s .

Techniques: Sequencing, Labeling