apetx2 (Alomone Labs)


Structured Review

Apetx2, supplied by Alomone Labs, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 92/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
https://www.bioz.com/result/apetx2/product/Alomone Labs
Average 92 stars, based on 1 article reviews
Price from $9.99 to $1999.99
Images
1) Product Images from "Involvement of Acid-Sensing Ion Channel 1b in the Development of Acid-Induced Chronic Muscle Pain"
Article Title: Involvement of Acid-Sensing Ion Channel 1b in the Development of Acid-Induced Chronic Muscle Pain
Journal: Frontiers in Neuroscience
doi: 10.3389/fnins.2019.01247

Figure Legend Snippet: Effect of amiloride, mambalgin-1, APETx2 and PcTx1 on ASIC1b-expressing muscle afferent DRG neurons. (A) Whole-cell patch clamp recording on an ASIC1b-expressing DRG neuron projecting to gastrocnemius muscle labeled by fluorogold. (B) Mambalgin-1 (MB-1) (1 μM) inhibited acid (pH 5.0)-induced currents in 13 of 14 ASIC1b-expressing muscle afferent DRG neurons. (C) APETx2 (1 μM) inhibited acid (pH 5.0)-induced currents in 6 of 13 ASIC1b-expressing muscle afferent DRG neurons. (D) PcTx1 (100 nM) inhibited acid (pH 5.0)-induced currents in 5 of 11 ASIC1b-expressing muscle afferent DRG neurons.
Techniques Used: Expressing, Patch Clamp, Labeling
2) Product Images from "Local ASIC3 modulates pain and disease progression in a rat model of osteoarthritis"
Article Title: Local ASIC3 modulates pain and disease progression in a rat model of osteoarthritis
Journal: Journal of Biomedical Science
doi: 10.1186/1423-0127-19-77

Figure Legend Snippet: Fast Blue labeling and immunohistochemistry staining for ASIC3 : (a-b) Naïve- model, (c-d) OA-model, (e-f) APETx2 administration to OA-model in early phase. Photos in each row are the same DRG. In ( b ),( d ),( f ), large arrows indicate Fast Blue labeled, ASIC3 immunoreactive (ASIC3-ir) DRG cells, while ASIC3-ir cells that were not labeled by Fast Blue are indicated by small arrowheads. More than 100 FB-labeled neurons were analyzed from 4 rats in each group. The percentage of ASIC3-ir knee joint afferents was 18 ± 3% (mean ± SD) in naïve models, 46 ± 4% in OA-models ( p = 0.003), and 20 ± 5% in the early-phase APETx2 group ( p = 0.006), respectively. Scale bar: 50 μm.
Techniques Used: Labeling, Immunohistochemistry, Staining

Figure Legend Snippet: Histological evaluation of knee joint using Modified Mankin Score. a scale of 0–13 (from 0 (worst) to 13 (best)). Intra-articular injection of APETx2 in early phase prevented OA progression, including breakdown of articular surface and hypocellularity. * p
Techniques Used: Modification, Injection

Figure Legend Snippet: Histology of knee joints with Safranin O staining at Day14. Three different magnifications (×1.25, ×10, ×20) were shown in each group. ( a-c ) Naïve model: Full thickness of cartilage. Rich chondrocytes with proteoglycan (red staining by safranin O) ( d-f ) OA model: Severe damage of cartilage surface with loss of chondrocytes in superficial and middle layer (#), hypertrophied chondrocytes in deep zone (white arrow) were observed in ( f ) . Increased thickening of subchondral bone subjacent to the area of severe cartilage lesion was also observed in ( d,e ). ( g-i ) APETx2 administration in early phase: Chondrocytes were well observed in superficial and middle layer (black arrow). Although proteoglycan loss, cartilage surface kept smooth and no apparent thinning (*) in ( i ). ( j-l ) APETx2 in late phase: same findings as OA. Apparent chondroprotective effect was not seen (#) and hypertrophied chondrocytes in deep zone were also observed (white arrow) in ( l ). F: femur, M: meniscus, T: tibia, Scale bar: 1 mm, 100 μm 50 μm.
Techniques Used: Staining

Figure Legend Snippet: The effect of intra-articular injection of APETx2 on behavior tests. ( a )weight distribution, ( b ) paw withdrawal reflex (same manner as Figure 1 ). Weight distribution was changed significantly at Day3 in early APETx2 administration group. Frequency of paw withdrawal reflex i.e. secondary hyperalgesia reduced with APETx2 injection. The inhibitory effects on secondary hyperalgesia in both early- and late-phase groups were observed at Day14. * p
Techniques Used: Injection
3) Product Images from "Local ASIC3 modulates pain and disease progression in a rat model of osteoarthritis"
Article Title: Local ASIC3 modulates pain and disease progression in a rat model of osteoarthritis
Journal: Journal of Biomedical Science
doi: 10.1186/1423-0127-19-77

Figure Legend Snippet: Fast Blue labeling and immunohistochemistry staining for ASIC3 : (a-b) Naïve- model, (c-d) OA-model, (e-f) APETx2 administration to OA-model in early phase. Photos in each row are the same DRG. In ( b ),( d ),( f ), large arrows indicate Fast Blue labeled, ASIC3 immunoreactive (ASIC3-ir) DRG cells, while ASIC3-ir cells that were not labeled by Fast Blue are indicated by small arrowheads. More than 100 FB-labeled neurons were analyzed from 4 rats in each group. The percentage of ASIC3-ir knee joint afferents was 18 ± 3% (mean ± SD) in naïve models, 46 ± 4% in OA-models ( p = 0.003), and 20 ± 5% in the early-phase APETx2 group ( p = 0.006), respectively. Scale bar: 50 μm.
Techniques Used: Labeling, Immunohistochemistry, Staining

Figure Legend Snippet: Histological evaluation of knee joint using Modified Mankin Score. a scale of 0–13 (from 0 (worst) to 13 (best)). Intra-articular injection of APETx2 in early phase prevented OA progression, including breakdown of articular surface and hypocellularity. * p
Techniques Used: Modification, Injection

Figure Legend Snippet: Histology of knee joints with Safranin O staining at Day14. Three different magnifications (×1.25, ×10, ×20) were shown in each group. ( a-c ) Naïve model: Full thickness of cartilage. Rich chondrocytes with proteoglycan (red staining by safranin O) ( d-f ) OA model: Severe damage of cartilage surface with loss of chondrocytes in superficial and middle layer (#), hypertrophied chondrocytes in deep zone (white arrow) were observed in ( f ) . Increased thickening of subchondral bone subjacent to the area of severe cartilage lesion was also observed in ( d,e ). ( g-i ) APETx2 administration in early phase: Chondrocytes were well observed in superficial and middle layer (black arrow). Although proteoglycan loss, cartilage surface kept smooth and no apparent thinning (*) in ( i ). ( j-l ) APETx2 in late phase: same findings as OA. Apparent chondroprotective effect was not seen (#) and hypertrophied chondrocytes in deep zone were also observed (white arrow) in ( l ). F: femur, M: meniscus, T: tibia, Scale bar: 1 mm, 100 μm 50 μm.
Techniques Used: Staining

Figure Legend Snippet: The effect of intra-articular injection of APETx2 on behavior tests. ( a )weight distribution, ( b ) paw withdrawal reflex (same manner as Figure 1 ). Weight distribution was changed significantly at Day3 in early APETx2 administration group. Frequency of paw withdrawal reflex i.e. secondary hyperalgesia reduced with APETx2 injection. The inhibitory effects on secondary hyperalgesia in both early- and late-phase groups were observed at Day14. * p
Techniques Used: Injection
4) Product Images from "Histidine Residues Are Responsible for Bidirectional Effects of Zinc on Acid-Sensing Ion Channel 1a/3 Heteromeric Channels"
Article Title: Histidine Residues Are Responsible for Bidirectional Effects of Zinc on Acid-Sensing Ion Channel 1a/3 Heteromeric Channels
Journal: Biomolecules
doi: 10.3390/biom10091264

Figure Legend Snippet: Co-overexpression of 1:2, but not 2:1 ratio of ASIC1a and ASIC3 cDNA revealed a profound response to zinc. ( A ) Activation of heteromeric ASIC1a/3 channels by fast perfusion for a drop in pH from 7.4 to 6.5 on CHO cell expressing both ASIC1a and ASIC3 subunits. The perfusion time for low pH value (e.g., 6.5) is 7 s; ( B ) Representative traces show that PcTx1 (10 nM) and APETx2 (100 nM) have no effects on the heteromeric ASIC1a/3 currents using a 1:2 ratio of ASIC1a and ASIC3, n = 5; ( C ) Representative traces show that PcTx1 (10 nM) and APETx2 (100 nM) also have no effects on the heteromeric ASIC1a/3 currents using a 2:1 ratio of ASIC1a and ASIC3, n = 5; ( D ) Co-application and pretreatment with zinc at 50 µM significantly potentiated the currents of heteromeric ASIC1a/3 using a 1:2 ratio of ASIC1a and ASIC3 (the same cell as Figure 2 B), n = 5; ( E ) Co-application and pretreatment with zinc at 50 µM had no effects on the currents of heteromeric ASIC1a/3 using a 2:1 ratio of ASIC1a and ASIC3 (the same cell as Figure 2 C), n = 5. Dashed black line represents pretreatment with zinc in pH 7.4 extracellular solution (2 min duration).
Techniques Used: Over Expression, Activation Assay, Expressing
5) Product Images from "Local ASIC3 modulates pain and disease progression in a rat model of osteoarthritis"
Article Title: Local ASIC3 modulates pain and disease progression in a rat model of osteoarthritis
Journal: Journal of Biomedical Science
doi: 10.1186/1423-0127-19-77

Figure Legend Snippet: Fast Blue labeling and immunohistochemistry staining for ASIC3 : (a-b) Naïve- model, (c-d) OA-model, (e-f) APETx2 administration to OA-model in early phase. Photos in each row are the same DRG. In ( b ),( d ),( f ), large arrows indicate Fast Blue labeled, ASIC3 immunoreactive (ASIC3-ir) DRG cells, while ASIC3-ir cells that were not labeled by Fast Blue are indicated by small arrowheads. More than 100 FB-labeled neurons were analyzed from 4 rats in each group. The percentage of ASIC3-ir knee joint afferents was 18 ± 3% (mean ± SD) in naïve models, 46 ± 4% in OA-models ( p = 0.003), and 20 ± 5% in the early-phase APETx2 group ( p = 0.006), respectively. Scale bar: 50 μm.
Techniques Used: Labeling, Immunohistochemistry, Staining

Figure Legend Snippet: Histological evaluation of knee joint using Modified Mankin Score. a scale of 0–13 (from 0 (worst) to 13 (best)). Intra-articular injection of APETx2 in early phase prevented OA progression, including breakdown of articular surface and hypocellularity. * p
Techniques Used: Modification, Injection

Figure Legend Snippet: Histology of knee joints with Safranin O staining at Day14. Three different magnifications (×1.25, ×10, ×20) were shown in each group. ( a-c ) Naïve model: Full thickness of cartilage. Rich chondrocytes with proteoglycan (red staining by safranin O) ( d-f ) OA model: Severe damage of cartilage surface with loss of chondrocytes in superficial and middle layer (#), hypertrophied chondrocytes in deep zone (white arrow) were observed in ( f ) . Increased thickening of subchondral bone subjacent to the area of severe cartilage lesion was also observed in ( d,e ). ( g-i ) APETx2 administration in early phase: Chondrocytes were well observed in superficial and middle layer (black arrow). Although proteoglycan loss, cartilage surface kept smooth and no apparent thinning (*) in ( i ). ( j-l ) APETx2 in late phase: same findings as OA. Apparent chondroprotective effect was not seen (#) and hypertrophied chondrocytes in deep zone were also observed (white arrow) in ( l ). F: femur, M: meniscus, T: tibia, Scale bar: 1 mm, 100 μm 50 μm.
Techniques Used: Staining

Figure Legend Snippet: The effect of intra-articular injection of APETx2 on behavior tests. ( a )weight distribution, ( b ) paw withdrawal reflex (same manner as Figure 1 ). Weight distribution was changed significantly at Day3 in early APETx2 administration group. Frequency of paw withdrawal reflex i.e. secondary hyperalgesia reduced with APETx2 injection. The inhibitory effects on secondary hyperalgesia in both early- and late-phase groups were observed at Day14. * p
Techniques Used: Injection
6) Product Images from "Local ASIC3 modulates pain and disease progression in a rat model of osteoarthritis"
Article Title: Local ASIC3 modulates pain and disease progression in a rat model of osteoarthritis
Journal: Journal of Biomedical Science
doi: 10.1186/1423-0127-19-77

Figure Legend Snippet: Fast Blue labeling and immunohistochemistry staining for ASIC3 : (a-b) Naïve- model, (c-d) OA-model, (e-f) APETx2 administration to OA-model in early phase. Photos in each row are the same DRG. In ( b ),( d ),( f ), large arrows indicate Fast Blue labeled, ASIC3 immunoreactive (ASIC3-ir) DRG cells, while ASIC3-ir cells that were not labeled by Fast Blue are indicated by small arrowheads. More than 100 FB-labeled neurons were analyzed from 4 rats in each group. The percentage of ASIC3-ir knee joint afferents was 18 ± 3% (mean ± SD) in naïve models, 46 ± 4% in OA-models ( p = 0.003), and 20 ± 5% in the early-phase APETx2 group ( p = 0.006), respectively. Scale bar: 50 μm.
Techniques Used: Labeling, Immunohistochemistry, Staining

Figure Legend Snippet: Histological evaluation of knee joint using Modified Mankin Score. a scale of 0–13 (from 0 (worst) to 13 (best)). Intra-articular injection of APETx2 in early phase prevented OA progression, including breakdown of articular surface and hypocellularity. * p
Techniques Used: Modification, Injection

Figure Legend Snippet: Histology of knee joints with Safranin O staining at Day14. Three different magnifications (×1.25, ×10, ×20) were shown in each group. ( a-c ) Naïve model: Full thickness of cartilage. Rich chondrocytes with proteoglycan (red staining by safranin O) ( d-f ) OA model: Severe damage of cartilage surface with loss of chondrocytes in superficial and middle layer (#), hypertrophied chondrocytes in deep zone (white arrow) were observed in ( f ) . Increased thickening of subchondral bone subjacent to the area of severe cartilage lesion was also observed in ( d,e ). ( g-i ) APETx2 administration in early phase: Chondrocytes were well observed in superficial and middle layer (black arrow). Although proteoglycan loss, cartilage surface kept smooth and no apparent thinning (*) in ( i ). ( j-l ) APETx2 in late phase: same findings as OA. Apparent chondroprotective effect was not seen (#) and hypertrophied chondrocytes in deep zone were also observed (white arrow) in ( l ). F: femur, M: meniscus, T: tibia, Scale bar: 1 mm, 100 μm 50 μm.
Techniques Used: Staining

Figure Legend Snippet: The effect of intra-articular injection of APETx2 on behavior tests. ( a )weight distribution, ( b ) paw withdrawal reflex (same manner as Figure 1 ). Weight distribution was changed significantly at Day3 in early APETx2 administration group. Frequency of paw withdrawal reflex i.e. secondary hyperalgesia reduced with APETx2 injection. The inhibitory effects on secondary hyperalgesia in both early- and late-phase groups were observed at Day14. * p
Techniques Used: Injection
7) Product Images from "Local ASIC3 modulates pain and disease progression in a rat model of osteoarthritis"
Article Title: Local ASIC3 modulates pain and disease progression in a rat model of osteoarthritis
Journal: Journal of Biomedical Science
doi: 10.1186/1423-0127-19-77

Figure Legend Snippet: Fast Blue labeling and immunohistochemistry staining for ASIC3 : (a-b) Naïve- model, (c-d) OA-model, (e-f) APETx2 administration to OA-model in early phase. Photos in each row are the same DRG. In ( b ),( d ),( f ), large arrows indicate Fast Blue labeled, ASIC3 immunoreactive (ASIC3-ir) DRG cells, while ASIC3-ir cells that were not labeled by Fast Blue are indicated by small arrowheads. More than 100 FB-labeled neurons were analyzed from 4 rats in each group. The percentage of ASIC3-ir knee joint afferents was 18 ± 3% (mean ± SD) in naïve models, 46 ± 4% in OA-models ( p = 0.003), and 20 ± 5% in the early-phase APETx2 group ( p = 0.006), respectively. Scale bar: 50 μm.
Techniques Used: Labeling, Immunohistochemistry, Staining

Figure Legend Snippet: Histological evaluation of knee joint using Modified Mankin Score. a scale of 0–13 (from 0 (worst) to 13 (best)). Intra-articular injection of APETx2 in early phase prevented OA progression, including breakdown of articular surface and hypocellularity. * p
Techniques Used: Modification, Injection

Figure Legend Snippet: Histology of knee joints with Safranin O staining at Day14. Three different magnifications (×1.25, ×10, ×20) were shown in each group. ( a-c ) Naïve model: Full thickness of cartilage. Rich chondrocytes with proteoglycan (red staining by safranin O) ( d-f ) OA model: Severe damage of cartilage surface with loss of chondrocytes in superficial and middle layer (#), hypertrophied chondrocytes in deep zone (white arrow) were observed in ( f ) . Increased thickening of subchondral bone subjacent to the area of severe cartilage lesion was also observed in ( d,e ). ( g-i ) APETx2 administration in early phase: Chondrocytes were well observed in superficial and middle layer (black arrow). Although proteoglycan loss, cartilage surface kept smooth and no apparent thinning (*) in ( i ). ( j-l ) APETx2 in late phase: same findings as OA. Apparent chondroprotective effect was not seen (#) and hypertrophied chondrocytes in deep zone were also observed (white arrow) in ( l ). F: femur, M: meniscus, T: tibia, Scale bar: 1 mm, 100 μm 50 μm.
Techniques Used: Staining

Figure Legend Snippet: The effect of intra-articular injection of APETx2 on behavior tests. ( a )weight distribution, ( b ) paw withdrawal reflex (same manner as Figure 1 ). Weight distribution was changed significantly at Day3 in early APETx2 administration group. Frequency of paw withdrawal reflex i.e. secondary hyperalgesia reduced with APETx2 injection. The inhibitory effects on secondary hyperalgesia in both early- and late-phase groups were observed at Day14. * p
Techniques Used: Injection
8) Product Images from "Local ASIC3 modulates pain and disease progression in a rat model of osteoarthritis"
Article Title: Local ASIC3 modulates pain and disease progression in a rat model of osteoarthritis
Journal: Journal of Biomedical Science
doi: 10.1186/1423-0127-19-77

Figure Legend Snippet: Fast Blue labeling and immunohistochemistry staining for ASIC3 : (a-b) Naïve- model, (c-d) OA-model, (e-f) APETx2 administration to OA-model in early phase. Photos in each row are the same DRG. In ( b ),( d ),( f ), large arrows indicate Fast Blue labeled, ASIC3 immunoreactive (ASIC3-ir) DRG cells, while ASIC3-ir cells that were not labeled by Fast Blue are indicated by small arrowheads. More than 100 FB-labeled neurons were analyzed from 4 rats in each group. The percentage of ASIC3-ir knee joint afferents was 18 ± 3% (mean ± SD) in naïve models, 46 ± 4% in OA-models ( p = 0.003), and 20 ± 5% in the early-phase APETx2 group ( p = 0.006), respectively. Scale bar: 50 μm.
Techniques Used: Labeling, Immunohistochemistry, Staining

Figure Legend Snippet: Histological evaluation of knee joint using Modified Mankin Score. a scale of 0–13 (from 0 (worst) to 13 (best)). Intra-articular injection of APETx2 in early phase prevented OA progression, including breakdown of articular surface and hypocellularity. * p
Techniques Used: Modification, Injection

Figure Legend Snippet: Histology of knee joints with Safranin O staining at Day14. Three different magnifications (×1.25, ×10, ×20) were shown in each group. ( a-c ) Naïve model: Full thickness of cartilage. Rich chondrocytes with proteoglycan (red staining by safranin O) ( d-f ) OA model: Severe damage of cartilage surface with loss of chondrocytes in superficial and middle layer (#), hypertrophied chondrocytes in deep zone (white arrow) were observed in ( f ) . Increased thickening of subchondral bone subjacent to the area of severe cartilage lesion was also observed in ( d,e ). ( g-i ) APETx2 administration in early phase: Chondrocytes were well observed in superficial and middle layer (black arrow). Although proteoglycan loss, cartilage surface kept smooth and no apparent thinning (*) in ( i ). ( j-l ) APETx2 in late phase: same findings as OA. Apparent chondroprotective effect was not seen (#) and hypertrophied chondrocytes in deep zone were also observed (white arrow) in ( l ). F: femur, M: meniscus, T: tibia, Scale bar: 1 mm, 100 μm 50 μm.
Techniques Used: Staining

Figure Legend Snippet: The effect of intra-articular injection of APETx2 on behavior tests. ( a )weight distribution, ( b ) paw withdrawal reflex (same manner as Figure 1 ). Weight distribution was changed significantly at Day3 in early APETx2 administration group. Frequency of paw withdrawal reflex i.e. secondary hyperalgesia reduced with APETx2 injection. The inhibitory effects on secondary hyperalgesia in both early- and late-phase groups were observed at Day14. * p
Techniques Used: Injection
9) Product Images from "Local ASIC3 modulates pain and disease progression in a rat model of osteoarthritis"
Article Title: Local ASIC3 modulates pain and disease progression in a rat model of osteoarthritis
Journal: Journal of Biomedical Science
doi: 10.1186/1423-0127-19-77

Figure Legend Snippet: Fast Blue labeling and immunohistochemistry staining for ASIC3 : (a-b) Naïve- model, (c-d) OA-model, (e-f) APETx2 administration to OA-model in early phase. Photos in each row are the same DRG. In ( b ),( d ),( f ), large arrows indicate Fast Blue labeled, ASIC3 immunoreactive (ASIC3-ir) DRG cells, while ASIC3-ir cells that were not labeled by Fast Blue are indicated by small arrowheads. More than 100 FB-labeled neurons were analyzed from 4 rats in each group. The percentage of ASIC3-ir knee joint afferents was 18 ± 3% (mean ± SD) in naïve models, 46 ± 4% in OA-models ( p = 0.003), and 20 ± 5% in the early-phase APETx2 group ( p = 0.006), respectively. Scale bar: 50 μm.
Techniques Used: Labeling, Immunohistochemistry, Staining

Figure Legend Snippet: Histological evaluation of knee joint using Modified Mankin Score. a scale of 0–13 (from 0 (worst) to 13 (best)). Intra-articular injection of APETx2 in early phase prevented OA progression, including breakdown of articular surface and hypocellularity. * p
Techniques Used: Modification, Injection

Figure Legend Snippet: Histology of knee joints with Safranin O staining at Day14. Three different magnifications (×1.25, ×10, ×20) were shown in each group. ( a-c ) Naïve model: Full thickness of cartilage. Rich chondrocytes with proteoglycan (red staining by safranin O) ( d-f ) OA model: Severe damage of cartilage surface with loss of chondrocytes in superficial and middle layer (#), hypertrophied chondrocytes in deep zone (white arrow) were observed in ( f ) . Increased thickening of subchondral bone subjacent to the area of severe cartilage lesion was also observed in ( d,e ). ( g-i ) APETx2 administration in early phase: Chondrocytes were well observed in superficial and middle layer (black arrow). Although proteoglycan loss, cartilage surface kept smooth and no apparent thinning (*) in ( i ). ( j-l ) APETx2 in late phase: same findings as OA. Apparent chondroprotective effect was not seen (#) and hypertrophied chondrocytes in deep zone were also observed (white arrow) in ( l ). F: femur, M: meniscus, T: tibia, Scale bar: 1 mm, 100 μm 50 μm.
Techniques Used: Staining

Figure Legend Snippet: The effect of intra-articular injection of APETx2 on behavior tests. ( a )weight distribution, ( b ) paw withdrawal reflex (same manner as Figure 1 ). Weight distribution was changed significantly at Day3 in early APETx2 administration group. Frequency of paw withdrawal reflex i.e. secondary hyperalgesia reduced with APETx2 injection. The inhibitory effects on secondary hyperalgesia in both early- and late-phase groups were observed at Day14. * p
Techniques Used: Injection
10) Product Images from "Local ASIC3 modulates pain and disease progression in a rat model of osteoarthritis"
Article Title: Local ASIC3 modulates pain and disease progression in a rat model of osteoarthritis
Journal: Journal of Biomedical Science
doi: 10.1186/1423-0127-19-77

Figure Legend Snippet: Fast Blue labeling and immunohistochemistry staining for ASIC3 : (a-b) Naïve- model, (c-d) OA-model, (e-f) APETx2 administration to OA-model in early phase. Photos in each row are the same DRG. In ( b ),( d ),( f ), large arrows indicate Fast Blue labeled, ASIC3 immunoreactive (ASIC3-ir) DRG cells, while ASIC3-ir cells that were not labeled by Fast Blue are indicated by small arrowheads. More than 100 FB-labeled neurons were analyzed from 4 rats in each group. The percentage of ASIC3-ir knee joint afferents was 18 ± 3% (mean ± SD) in naïve models, 46 ± 4% in OA-models ( p = 0.003), and 20 ± 5% in the early-phase APETx2 group ( p = 0.006), respectively. Scale bar: 50 μm.
Techniques Used: Labeling, Immunohistochemistry, Staining

Figure Legend Snippet: Histological evaluation of knee joint using Modified Mankin Score. a scale of 0–13 (from 0 (worst) to 13 (best)). Intra-articular injection of APETx2 in early phase prevented OA progression, including breakdown of articular surface and hypocellularity. * p
Techniques Used: Modification, Injection

Figure Legend Snippet: Histology of knee joints with Safranin O staining at Day14. Three different magnifications (×1.25, ×10, ×20) were shown in each group. ( a-c ) Naïve model: Full thickness of cartilage. Rich chondrocytes with proteoglycan (red staining by safranin O) ( d-f ) OA model: Severe damage of cartilage surface with loss of chondrocytes in superficial and middle layer (#), hypertrophied chondrocytes in deep zone (white arrow) were observed in ( f ) . Increased thickening of subchondral bone subjacent to the area of severe cartilage lesion was also observed in ( d,e ). ( g-i ) APETx2 administration in early phase: Chondrocytes were well observed in superficial and middle layer (black arrow). Although proteoglycan loss, cartilage surface kept smooth and no apparent thinning (*) in ( i ). ( j-l ) APETx2 in late phase: same findings as OA. Apparent chondroprotective effect was not seen (#) and hypertrophied chondrocytes in deep zone were also observed (white arrow) in ( l ). F: femur, M: meniscus, T: tibia, Scale bar: 1 mm, 100 μm 50 μm.
Techniques Used: Staining

Figure Legend Snippet: The effect of intra-articular injection of APETx2 on behavior tests. ( a )weight distribution, ( b ) paw withdrawal reflex (same manner as Figure 1 ). Weight distribution was changed significantly at Day3 in early APETx2 administration group. Frequency of paw withdrawal reflex i.e. secondary hyperalgesia reduced with APETx2 injection. The inhibitory effects on secondary hyperalgesia in both early- and late-phase groups were observed at Day14. * p
Techniques Used: Injection
11) Product Images from "Local ASIC3 modulates pain and disease progression in a rat model of osteoarthritis"
Article Title: Local ASIC3 modulates pain and disease progression in a rat model of osteoarthritis
Journal: Journal of Biomedical Science
doi: 10.1186/1423-0127-19-77

Figure Legend Snippet: Fast Blue labeling and immunohistochemistry staining for ASIC3 : (a-b) Naïve- model, (c-d) OA-model, (e-f) APETx2 administration to OA-model in early phase. Photos in each row are the same DRG. In ( b ),( d ),( f ), large arrows indicate Fast Blue labeled, ASIC3 immunoreactive (ASIC3-ir) DRG cells, while ASIC3-ir cells that were not labeled by Fast Blue are indicated by small arrowheads. More than 100 FB-labeled neurons were analyzed from 4 rats in each group. The percentage of ASIC3-ir knee joint afferents was 18 ± 3% (mean ± SD) in naïve models, 46 ± 4% in OA-models ( p = 0.003), and 20 ± 5% in the early-phase APETx2 group ( p = 0.006), respectively. Scale bar: 50 μm.
Techniques Used: Labeling, Immunohistochemistry, Staining

Figure Legend Snippet: Histological evaluation of knee joint using Modified Mankin Score. a scale of 0–13 (from 0 (worst) to 13 (best)). Intra-articular injection of APETx2 in early phase prevented OA progression, including breakdown of articular surface and hypocellularity. * p
Techniques Used: Modification, Injection

Figure Legend Snippet: Histology of knee joints with Safranin O staining at Day14. Three different magnifications (×1.25, ×10, ×20) were shown in each group. ( a-c ) Naïve model: Full thickness of cartilage. Rich chondrocytes with proteoglycan (red staining by safranin O) ( d-f ) OA model: Severe damage of cartilage surface with loss of chondrocytes in superficial and middle layer (#), hypertrophied chondrocytes in deep zone (white arrow) were observed in ( f ) . Increased thickening of subchondral bone subjacent to the area of severe cartilage lesion was also observed in ( d,e ). ( g-i ) APETx2 administration in early phase: Chondrocytes were well observed in superficial and middle layer (black arrow). Although proteoglycan loss, cartilage surface kept smooth and no apparent thinning (*) in ( i ). ( j-l ) APETx2 in late phase: same findings as OA. Apparent chondroprotective effect was not seen (#) and hypertrophied chondrocytes in deep zone were also observed (white arrow) in ( l ). F: femur, M: meniscus, T: tibia, Scale bar: 1 mm, 100 μm 50 μm.
Techniques Used: Staining

Figure Legend Snippet: The effect of intra-articular injection of APETx2 on behavior tests. ( a )weight distribution, ( b ) paw withdrawal reflex (same manner as Figure 1 ). Weight distribution was changed significantly at Day3 in early APETx2 administration group. Frequency of paw withdrawal reflex i.e. secondary hyperalgesia reduced with APETx2 injection. The inhibitory effects on secondary hyperalgesia in both early- and late-phase groups were observed at Day14. * p
Techniques Used: Injection
12) Product Images from "Local ASIC3 modulates pain and disease progression in a rat model of osteoarthritis"
Article Title: Local ASIC3 modulates pain and disease progression in a rat model of osteoarthritis
Journal: Journal of Biomedical Science
doi: 10.1186/1423-0127-19-77

Figure Legend Snippet: Fast Blue labeling and immunohistochemistry staining for ASIC3 : (a-b) Naïve- model, (c-d) OA-model, (e-f) APETx2 administration to OA-model in early phase. Photos in each row are the same DRG. In ( b ),( d ),( f ), large arrows indicate Fast Blue labeled, ASIC3 immunoreactive (ASIC3-ir) DRG cells, while ASIC3-ir cells that were not labeled by Fast Blue are indicated by small arrowheads. More than 100 FB-labeled neurons were analyzed from 4 rats in each group. The percentage of ASIC3-ir knee joint afferents was 18 ± 3% (mean ± SD) in naïve models, 46 ± 4% in OA-models ( p = 0.003), and 20 ± 5% in the early-phase APETx2 group ( p = 0.006), respectively. Scale bar: 50 μm.
Techniques Used: Labeling, Immunohistochemistry, Staining

Figure Legend Snippet: Histological evaluation of knee joint using Modified Mankin Score. a scale of 0–13 (from 0 (worst) to 13 (best)). Intra-articular injection of APETx2 in early phase prevented OA progression, including breakdown of articular surface and hypocellularity. * p
Techniques Used: Modification, Injection

Figure Legend Snippet: Histology of knee joints with Safranin O staining at Day14. Three different magnifications (×1.25, ×10, ×20) were shown in each group. ( a-c ) Naïve model: Full thickness of cartilage. Rich chondrocytes with proteoglycan (red staining by safranin O) ( d-f ) OA model: Severe damage of cartilage surface with loss of chondrocytes in superficial and middle layer (#), hypertrophied chondrocytes in deep zone (white arrow) were observed in ( f ) . Increased thickening of subchondral bone subjacent to the area of severe cartilage lesion was also observed in ( d,e ). ( g-i ) APETx2 administration in early phase: Chondrocytes were well observed in superficial and middle layer (black arrow). Although proteoglycan loss, cartilage surface kept smooth and no apparent thinning (*) in ( i ). ( j-l ) APETx2 in late phase: same findings as OA. Apparent chondroprotective effect was not seen (#) and hypertrophied chondrocytes in deep zone were also observed (white arrow) in ( l ). F: femur, M: meniscus, T: tibia, Scale bar: 1 mm, 100 μm 50 μm.
Techniques Used: Staining

Figure Legend Snippet: The effect of intra-articular injection of APETx2 on behavior tests. ( a )weight distribution, ( b ) paw withdrawal reflex (same manner as Figure 1 ). Weight distribution was changed significantly at Day3 in early APETx2 administration group. Frequency of paw withdrawal reflex i.e. secondary hyperalgesia reduced with APETx2 injection. The inhibitory effects on secondary hyperalgesia in both early- and late-phase groups were observed at Day14. * p
Techniques Used: Injection
13) Product Images from "Involvement of Acid-Sensing Ion Channel 1b in the Development of Acid-Induced Chronic Muscle Pain"
Article Title: Involvement of Acid-Sensing Ion Channel 1b in the Development of Acid-Induced Chronic Muscle Pain
Journal: Frontiers in Neuroscience
doi: 10.3389/fnins.2019.01247

Figure Legend Snippet: Effect of amiloride, mambalgin-1, APETx2 and PcTx1 on ASIC1b-expressing muscle afferent DRG neurons. (A) Whole-cell patch clamp recording on an ASIC1b-expressing DRG neuron projecting to gastrocnemius muscle labeled by fluorogold. (B) Mambalgin-1 (MB-1) (1 μM) inhibited acid (pH 5.0)-induced currents in 13 of 14 ASIC1b-expressing muscle afferent DRG neurons. (C) APETx2 (1 μM) inhibited acid (pH 5.0)-induced currents in 6 of 13 ASIC1b-expressing muscle afferent DRG neurons. (D) PcTx1 (100 nM) inhibited acid (pH 5.0)-induced currents in 5 of 11 ASIC1b-expressing muscle afferent DRG neurons.
Techniques Used: Expressing, Patch Clamp, Labeling
14) Product Images from "Local ASIC3 modulates pain and disease progression in a rat model of osteoarthritis"
Article Title: Local ASIC3 modulates pain and disease progression in a rat model of osteoarthritis
Journal: Journal of Biomedical Science
doi: 10.1186/1423-0127-19-77

Figure Legend Snippet: Fast Blue labeling and immunohistochemistry staining for ASIC3 : (a-b) Naïve- model, (c-d) OA-model, (e-f) APETx2 administration to OA-model in early phase. Photos in each row are the same DRG. In ( b ),( d ),( f ), large arrows indicate Fast Blue labeled, ASIC3 immunoreactive (ASIC3-ir) DRG cells, while ASIC3-ir cells that were not labeled by Fast Blue are indicated by small arrowheads. More than 100 FB-labeled neurons were analyzed from 4 rats in each group. The percentage of ASIC3-ir knee joint afferents was 18 ± 3% (mean ± SD) in naïve models, 46 ± 4% in OA-models ( p = 0.003), and 20 ± 5% in the early-phase APETx2 group ( p = 0.006), respectively. Scale bar: 50 μm.
Techniques Used: Labeling, Immunohistochemistry, Staining

Figure Legend Snippet: Histological evaluation of knee joint using Modified Mankin Score. a scale of 0–13 (from 0 (worst) to 13 (best)). Intra-articular injection of APETx2 in early phase prevented OA progression, including breakdown of articular surface and hypocellularity. * p
Techniques Used: Modification, Injection

Figure Legend Snippet: Histology of knee joints with Safranin O staining at Day14. Three different magnifications (×1.25, ×10, ×20) were shown in each group. ( a-c ) Naïve model: Full thickness of cartilage. Rich chondrocytes with proteoglycan (red staining by safranin O) ( d-f ) OA model: Severe damage of cartilage surface with loss of chondrocytes in superficial and middle layer (#), hypertrophied chondrocytes in deep zone (white arrow) were observed in ( f ) . Increased thickening of subchondral bone subjacent to the area of severe cartilage lesion was also observed in ( d,e ). ( g-i ) APETx2 administration in early phase: Chondrocytes were well observed in superficial and middle layer (black arrow). Although proteoglycan loss, cartilage surface kept smooth and no apparent thinning (*) in ( i ). ( j-l ) APETx2 in late phase: same findings as OA. Apparent chondroprotective effect was not seen (#) and hypertrophied chondrocytes in deep zone were also observed (white arrow) in ( l ). F: femur, M: meniscus, T: tibia, Scale bar: 1 mm, 100 μm 50 μm.
Techniques Used: Staining

Figure Legend Snippet: The effect of intra-articular injection of APETx2 on behavior tests. ( a )weight distribution, ( b ) paw withdrawal reflex (same manner as Figure 1 ). Weight distribution was changed significantly at Day3 in early APETx2 administration group. Frequency of paw withdrawal reflex i.e. secondary hyperalgesia reduced with APETx2 injection. The inhibitory effects on secondary hyperalgesia in both early- and late-phase groups were observed at Day14. * p
Techniques Used: Injection
15) Product Images from "Local ASIC3 modulates pain and disease progression in a rat model of osteoarthritis"
Article Title: Local ASIC3 modulates pain and disease progression in a rat model of osteoarthritis
Journal: Journal of Biomedical Science
doi: 10.1186/1423-0127-19-77

Figure Legend Snippet: Fast Blue labeling and immunohistochemistry staining for ASIC3 : (a-b) Naïve- model, (c-d) OA-model, (e-f) APETx2 administration to OA-model in early phase. Photos in each row are the same DRG. In ( b ),( d ),( f ), large arrows indicate Fast Blue labeled, ASIC3 immunoreactive (ASIC3-ir) DRG cells, while ASIC3-ir cells that were not labeled by Fast Blue are indicated by small arrowheads. More than 100 FB-labeled neurons were analyzed from 4 rats in each group. The percentage of ASIC3-ir knee joint afferents was 18 ± 3% (mean ± SD) in naïve models, 46 ± 4% in OA-models ( p = 0.003), and 20 ± 5% in the early-phase APETx2 group ( p = 0.006), respectively. Scale bar: 50 μm.
Techniques Used: Labeling, Immunohistochemistry, Staining

Figure Legend Snippet: Histological evaluation of knee joint using Modified Mankin Score. a scale of 0–13 (from 0 (worst) to 13 (best)). Intra-articular injection of APETx2 in early phase prevented OA progression, including breakdown of articular surface and hypocellularity. * p
Techniques Used: Modification, Injection

Figure Legend Snippet: Histology of knee joints with Safranin O staining at Day14. Three different magnifications (×1.25, ×10, ×20) were shown in each group. ( a-c ) Naïve model: Full thickness of cartilage. Rich chondrocytes with proteoglycan (red staining by safranin O) ( d-f ) OA model: Severe damage of cartilage surface with loss of chondrocytes in superficial and middle layer (#), hypertrophied chondrocytes in deep zone (white arrow) were observed in ( f ) . Increased thickening of subchondral bone subjacent to the area of severe cartilage lesion was also observed in ( d,e ). ( g-i ) APETx2 administration in early phase: Chondrocytes were well observed in superficial and middle layer (black arrow). Although proteoglycan loss, cartilage surface kept smooth and no apparent thinning (*) in ( i ). ( j-l ) APETx2 in late phase: same findings as OA. Apparent chondroprotective effect was not seen (#) and hypertrophied chondrocytes in deep zone were also observed (white arrow) in ( l ). F: femur, M: meniscus, T: tibia, Scale bar: 1 mm, 100 μm 50 μm.
Techniques Used: Staining

Figure Legend Snippet: The effect of intra-articular injection of APETx2 on behavior tests. ( a )weight distribution, ( b ) paw withdrawal reflex (same manner as Figure 1 ). Weight distribution was changed significantly at Day3 in early APETx2 administration group. Frequency of paw withdrawal reflex i.e. secondary hyperalgesia reduced with APETx2 injection. The inhibitory effects on secondary hyperalgesia in both early- and late-phase groups were observed at Day14. * p
Techniques Used: Injection
16) Product Images from "Local ASIC3 modulates pain and disease progression in a rat model of osteoarthritis"
Article Title: Local ASIC3 modulates pain and disease progression in a rat model of osteoarthritis
Journal: Journal of Biomedical Science
doi: 10.1186/1423-0127-19-77

Figure Legend Snippet: Fast Blue labeling and immunohistochemistry staining for ASIC3 : (a-b) Naïve- model, (c-d) OA-model, (e-f) APETx2 administration to OA-model in early phase. Photos in each row are the same DRG. In ( b ),( d ),( f ), large arrows indicate Fast Blue labeled, ASIC3 immunoreactive (ASIC3-ir) DRG cells, while ASIC3-ir cells that were not labeled by Fast Blue are indicated by small arrowheads. More than 100 FB-labeled neurons were analyzed from 4 rats in each group. The percentage of ASIC3-ir knee joint afferents was 18 ± 3% (mean ± SD) in naïve models, 46 ± 4% in OA-models ( p = 0.003), and 20 ± 5% in the early-phase APETx2 group ( p = 0.006), respectively. Scale bar: 50 μm.
Techniques Used: Labeling, Immunohistochemistry, Staining

Figure Legend Snippet: Histological evaluation of knee joint using Modified Mankin Score. a scale of 0–13 (from 0 (worst) to 13 (best)). Intra-articular injection of APETx2 in early phase prevented OA progression, including breakdown of articular surface and hypocellularity. * p
Techniques Used: Modification, Injection

Figure Legend Snippet: Histology of knee joints with Safranin O staining at Day14. Three different magnifications (×1.25, ×10, ×20) were shown in each group. ( a-c ) Naïve model: Full thickness of cartilage. Rich chondrocytes with proteoglycan (red staining by safranin O) ( d-f ) OA model: Severe damage of cartilage surface with loss of chondrocytes in superficial and middle layer (#), hypertrophied chondrocytes in deep zone (white arrow) were observed in ( f ) . Increased thickening of subchondral bone subjacent to the area of severe cartilage lesion was also observed in ( d,e ). ( g-i ) APETx2 administration in early phase: Chondrocytes were well observed in superficial and middle layer (black arrow). Although proteoglycan loss, cartilage surface kept smooth and no apparent thinning (*) in ( i ). ( j-l ) APETx2 in late phase: same findings as OA. Apparent chondroprotective effect was not seen (#) and hypertrophied chondrocytes in deep zone were also observed (white arrow) in ( l ). F: femur, M: meniscus, T: tibia, Scale bar: 1 mm, 100 μm 50 μm.
Techniques Used: Staining

Figure Legend Snippet: The effect of intra-articular injection of APETx2 on behavior tests. ( a )weight distribution, ( b ) paw withdrawal reflex (same manner as Figure 1 ). Weight distribution was changed significantly at Day3 in early APETx2 administration group. Frequency of paw withdrawal reflex i.e. secondary hyperalgesia reduced with APETx2 injection. The inhibitory effects on secondary hyperalgesia in both early- and late-phase groups were observed at Day14. * p
Techniques Used: Injection
17) Product Images from "Local ASIC3 modulates pain and disease progression in a rat model of osteoarthritis"
Article Title: Local ASIC3 modulates pain and disease progression in a rat model of osteoarthritis
Journal: Journal of Biomedical Science
doi: 10.1186/1423-0127-19-77

Figure Legend Snippet: Fast Blue labeling and immunohistochemistry staining for ASIC3 : (a-b) Naïve- model, (c-d) OA-model, (e-f) APETx2 administration to OA-model in early phase. Photos in each row are the same DRG. In ( b ),( d ),( f ), large arrows indicate Fast Blue labeled, ASIC3 immunoreactive (ASIC3-ir) DRG cells, while ASIC3-ir cells that were not labeled by Fast Blue are indicated by small arrowheads. More than 100 FB-labeled neurons were analyzed from 4 rats in each group. The percentage of ASIC3-ir knee joint afferents was 18 ± 3% (mean ± SD) in naïve models, 46 ± 4% in OA-models ( p = 0.003), and 20 ± 5% in the early-phase APETx2 group ( p = 0.006), respectively. Scale bar: 50 μm.
Techniques Used: Labeling, Immunohistochemistry, Staining

Figure Legend Snippet: Histological evaluation of knee joint using Modified Mankin Score. a scale of 0–13 (from 0 (worst) to 13 (best)). Intra-articular injection of APETx2 in early phase prevented OA progression, including breakdown of articular surface and hypocellularity. * p
Techniques Used: Modification, Injection

Figure Legend Snippet: Histology of knee joints with Safranin O staining at Day14. Three different magnifications (×1.25, ×10, ×20) were shown in each group. ( a-c ) Naïve model: Full thickness of cartilage. Rich chondrocytes with proteoglycan (red staining by safranin O) ( d-f ) OA model: Severe damage of cartilage surface with loss of chondrocytes in superficial and middle layer (#), hypertrophied chondrocytes in deep zone (white arrow) were observed in ( f ) . Increased thickening of subchondral bone subjacent to the area of severe cartilage lesion was also observed in ( d,e ). ( g-i ) APETx2 administration in early phase: Chondrocytes were well observed in superficial and middle layer (black arrow). Although proteoglycan loss, cartilage surface kept smooth and no apparent thinning (*) in ( i ). ( j-l ) APETx2 in late phase: same findings as OA. Apparent chondroprotective effect was not seen (#) and hypertrophied chondrocytes in deep zone were also observed (white arrow) in ( l ). F: femur, M: meniscus, T: tibia, Scale bar: 1 mm, 100 μm 50 μm.
Techniques Used: Staining

Figure Legend Snippet: The effect of intra-articular injection of APETx2 on behavior tests. ( a )weight distribution, ( b ) paw withdrawal reflex (same manner as Figure 1 ). Weight distribution was changed significantly at Day3 in early APETx2 administration group. Frequency of paw withdrawal reflex i.e. secondary hyperalgesia reduced with APETx2 injection. The inhibitory effects on secondary hyperalgesia in both early- and late-phase groups were observed at Day14. * p
Techniques Used: Injection
18) Product Images from "Local ASIC3 modulates pain and disease progression in a rat model of osteoarthritis"
Article Title: Local ASIC3 modulates pain and disease progression in a rat model of osteoarthritis
Journal: Journal of Biomedical Science
doi: 10.1186/1423-0127-19-77

Figure Legend Snippet: Fast Blue labeling and immunohistochemistry staining for ASIC3 : (a-b) Naïve- model, (c-d) OA-model, (e-f) APETx2 administration to OA-model in early phase. Photos in each row are the same DRG. In ( b ),( d ),( f ), large arrows indicate Fast Blue labeled, ASIC3 immunoreactive (ASIC3-ir) DRG cells, while ASIC3-ir cells that were not labeled by Fast Blue are indicated by small arrowheads. More than 100 FB-labeled neurons were analyzed from 4 rats in each group. The percentage of ASIC3-ir knee joint afferents was 18 ± 3% (mean ± SD) in naïve models, 46 ± 4% in OA-models ( p = 0.003), and 20 ± 5% in the early-phase APETx2 group ( p = 0.006), respectively. Scale bar: 50 μm.
Techniques Used: Labeling, Immunohistochemistry, Staining

Figure Legend Snippet: Histological evaluation of knee joint using Modified Mankin Score. a scale of 0–13 (from 0 (worst) to 13 (best)). Intra-articular injection of APETx2 in early phase prevented OA progression, including breakdown of articular surface and hypocellularity. * p
Techniques Used: Modification, Injection

Figure Legend Snippet: Histology of knee joints with Safranin O staining at Day14. Three different magnifications (×1.25, ×10, ×20) were shown in each group. ( a-c ) Naïve model: Full thickness of cartilage. Rich chondrocytes with proteoglycan (red staining by safranin O) ( d-f ) OA model: Severe damage of cartilage surface with loss of chondrocytes in superficial and middle layer (#), hypertrophied chondrocytes in deep zone (white arrow) were observed in ( f ) . Increased thickening of subchondral bone subjacent to the area of severe cartilage lesion was also observed in ( d,e ). ( g-i ) APETx2 administration in early phase: Chondrocytes were well observed in superficial and middle layer (black arrow). Although proteoglycan loss, cartilage surface kept smooth and no apparent thinning (*) in ( i ). ( j-l ) APETx2 in late phase: same findings as OA. Apparent chondroprotective effect was not seen (#) and hypertrophied chondrocytes in deep zone were also observed (white arrow) in ( l ). F: femur, M: meniscus, T: tibia, Scale bar: 1 mm, 100 μm 50 μm.
Techniques Used: Staining

Figure Legend Snippet: The effect of intra-articular injection of APETx2 on behavior tests. ( a )weight distribution, ( b ) paw withdrawal reflex (same manner as Figure 1 ). Weight distribution was changed significantly at Day3 in early APETx2 administration group. Frequency of paw withdrawal reflex i.e. secondary hyperalgesia reduced with APETx2 injection. The inhibitory effects on secondary hyperalgesia in both early- and late-phase groups were observed at Day14. * p
Techniques Used: Injection
19) Product Images from "Local ASIC3 modulates pain and disease progression in a rat model of osteoarthritis"
Article Title: Local ASIC3 modulates pain and disease progression in a rat model of osteoarthritis
Journal: Journal of Biomedical Science
doi: 10.1186/1423-0127-19-77

Figure Legend Snippet: Fast Blue labeling and immunohistochemistry staining for ASIC3 : (a-b) Naïve- model, (c-d) OA-model, (e-f) APETx2 administration to OA-model in early phase. Photos in each row are the same DRG. In ( b ),( d ),( f ), large arrows indicate Fast Blue labeled, ASIC3 immunoreactive (ASIC3-ir) DRG cells, while ASIC3-ir cells that were not labeled by Fast Blue are indicated by small arrowheads. More than 100 FB-labeled neurons were analyzed from 4 rats in each group. The percentage of ASIC3-ir knee joint afferents was 18 ± 3% (mean ± SD) in naïve models, 46 ± 4% in OA-models ( p = 0.003), and 20 ± 5% in the early-phase APETx2 group ( p = 0.006), respectively. Scale bar: 50 μm.
Techniques Used: Labeling, Immunohistochemistry, Staining

Figure Legend Snippet: Histological evaluation of knee joint using Modified Mankin Score. a scale of 0–13 (from 0 (worst) to 13 (best)). Intra-articular injection of APETx2 in early phase prevented OA progression, including breakdown of articular surface and hypocellularity. * p
Techniques Used: Modification, Injection

Figure Legend Snippet: Histology of knee joints with Safranin O staining at Day14. Three different magnifications (×1.25, ×10, ×20) were shown in each group. ( a-c ) Naïve model: Full thickness of cartilage. Rich chondrocytes with proteoglycan (red staining by safranin O) ( d-f ) OA model: Severe damage of cartilage surface with loss of chondrocytes in superficial and middle layer (#), hypertrophied chondrocytes in deep zone (white arrow) were observed in ( f ) . Increased thickening of subchondral bone subjacent to the area of severe cartilage lesion was also observed in ( d,e ). ( g-i ) APETx2 administration in early phase: Chondrocytes were well observed in superficial and middle layer (black arrow). Although proteoglycan loss, cartilage surface kept smooth and no apparent thinning (*) in ( i ). ( j-l ) APETx2 in late phase: same findings as OA. Apparent chondroprotective effect was not seen (#) and hypertrophied chondrocytes in deep zone were also observed (white arrow) in ( l ). F: femur, M: meniscus, T: tibia, Scale bar: 1 mm, 100 μm 50 μm.
Techniques Used: Staining

Figure Legend Snippet: The effect of intra-articular injection of APETx2 on behavior tests. ( a )weight distribution, ( b ) paw withdrawal reflex (same manner as Figure 1 ). Weight distribution was changed significantly at Day3 in early APETx2 administration group. Frequency of paw withdrawal reflex i.e. secondary hyperalgesia reduced with APETx2 injection. The inhibitory effects on secondary hyperalgesia in both early- and late-phase groups were observed at Day14. * p
Techniques Used: Injection