recombinant bovine il 17a (Kingfisher Biotech)


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Recombinant Bovine Il 17a, supplied by Kingfisher Biotech, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 94/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
https://www.bioz.com/result/recombinant bovine il 17a/product/Kingfisher Biotech
Average 94 stars, based on 1 article reviews
Price from $9.99 to $1999.99
Images
1) Product Images from "T Helper 17-Associated Cytokines Are Produced during Antigen-Specific Inflammation in the Mammary Gland"
Article Title: T Helper 17-Associated Cytokines Are Produced during Antigen-Specific Inflammation in the Mammary Gland
Journal: PLoS ONE
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0063471

Figure Legend Snippet: Concentrations were measured by ELISA in the milk samples of the 9 responder cows. Quarters were infused with 25 µg ovalbumin at time 0 and milk samples taken at indicated times. Median values (Q1, Q3) are shown. Concentrations varied significantly (Friedman test) as a function of hpi for C5a, CXCL8, IL-1β, IL-6, IFN-γ, IL-17A (p<0.001) and CXCL3 (p = 0.002).
Techniques Used: Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay

Figure Legend Snippet: A) Immunoreactivity of the epithelial lining the alveoli and of cells in the connective tissue (cow #4019) to antibody against N-terminal peptide of bovine IL-17A; B) Immunoreactivity of the mammary tissue of another cow (#1039) to the N-term antibody; C) Inhibition of labeling by Ab to N-terminal IL-17A peptide with the peptide antigen (cow #4019); D) Negative control with Ab to ovalbumin and second antibody conjugated to horseradish peroxidase; E, F) Immunoreactivity of the epithelial lining the alveoli and of cells in the connective tissue of cows #4019 and 1039 to the abcam antibody; G-H) Immunoreactivity of mammary tissue of cows #4019 and 1039 to the to the C-term and antibody. Scale bars indicate 25 µm.
Techniques Used: Inhibition, Labeling, Negative Control

Figure Legend Snippet: A–B) Immunoreactivity of the apical side of the epithelial cells lining the alveoli to the N-term antibody to IL-17A of cows #1018 and 2014, respectively; C) Inhibition of labeling by Ab to N-terminal IL-17A peptide with the peptide antigen (cow #1018); D) Negative control with Ab to ovalbumin and second antibody conjugated to horseradish peroxidase (cow #1018); E–F) Immunoreactivity of the epithelial lining the alveoli to abcam antibody (cows #1018 and 2014, respectively); G–H) Immunoreactivity of mammary tissue of healthy uninfused quarters of cows 1018 and 2014 to the C-term antibody, respectively. Scale bars indicate 25 µm.
Techniques Used: Inhibition, Labeling, Negative Control
recombinant bovine il 17a (Kingfisher Biotech)


Structured Review

Recombinant Bovine Il 17a, supplied by Kingfisher Biotech, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 94/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
https://www.bioz.com/result/recombinant bovine il 17a/product/Kingfisher Biotech
Average 94 stars, based on 1 article reviews
Price from $9.99 to $1999.99
Images
1) Product Images from "T Helper 17-Associated Cytokines Are Produced during Antigen-Specific Inflammation in the Mammary Gland"
Article Title: T Helper 17-Associated Cytokines Are Produced during Antigen-Specific Inflammation in the Mammary Gland
Journal: PLoS ONE
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0063471

Figure Legend Snippet: Concentrations were measured by ELISA in the milk samples of the 9 responder cows. Quarters were infused with 25 µg ovalbumin at time 0 and milk samples taken at indicated times. Median values (Q1, Q3) are shown. Concentrations varied significantly (Friedman test) as a function of hpi for C5a, CXCL8, IL-1β, IL-6, IFN-γ, IL-17A (p<0.001) and CXCL3 (p = 0.002).
Techniques Used: Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay

Figure Legend Snippet: A) Immunoreactivity of the epithelial lining the alveoli and of cells in the connective tissue (cow #4019) to antibody against N-terminal peptide of bovine IL-17A; B) Immunoreactivity of the mammary tissue of another cow (#1039) to the N-term antibody; C) Inhibition of labeling by Ab to N-terminal IL-17A peptide with the peptide antigen (cow #4019); D) Negative control with Ab to ovalbumin and second antibody conjugated to horseradish peroxidase; E, F) Immunoreactivity of the epithelial lining the alveoli and of cells in the connective tissue of cows #4019 and 1039 to the abcam antibody; G-H) Immunoreactivity of mammary tissue of cows #4019 and 1039 to the to the C-term and antibody. Scale bars indicate 25 µm.
Techniques Used: Inhibition, Labeling, Negative Control

Figure Legend Snippet: A–B) Immunoreactivity of the apical side of the epithelial cells lining the alveoli to the N-term antibody to IL-17A of cows #1018 and 2014, respectively; C) Inhibition of labeling by Ab to N-terminal IL-17A peptide with the peptide antigen (cow #1018); D) Negative control with Ab to ovalbumin and second antibody conjugated to horseradish peroxidase (cow #1018); E–F) Immunoreactivity of the epithelial lining the alveoli to abcam antibody (cows #1018 and 2014, respectively); G–H) Immunoreactivity of mammary tissue of healthy uninfused quarters of cows 1018 and 2014 to the C-term antibody, respectively. Scale bars indicate 25 µm.
Techniques Used: Inhibition, Labeling, Negative Control
il 17a (Kingfisher Biotech)


Structured Review

Il 17a, supplied by Kingfisher Biotech, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 94/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
https://www.bioz.com/result/il 17a/product/Kingfisher Biotech
Average 94 stars, based on 1 article reviews
Price from $9.99 to $1999.99
Images
1) Product Images from "Hydrophobic Mycobacterial Antigens Elicit Polyfunctional T Cells in Mycobacterium bovis Immunized Cattle: Association With Protection Against Challenge?"
Article Title: Hydrophobic Mycobacterial Antigens Elicit Polyfunctional T Cells in Mycobacterium bovis Immunized Cattle: Association With Protection Against Challenge?
Journal: Frontiers in Immunology
doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.588180

Figure Legend Snippet: Hydrophobic BCG antigens elicit strong cytokine responses. CellTrace Violet labelled PBMC isolated from control cattle (Control, n = 6), cattle 6 weeks post BCG vaccination (Vaccinates, n = 18) and cattle infected with M. bovis ( M. bovis , n = 9) were stimulated with CMEbcg. Supernatant was harvested after 5 days to measure IL-12 (A) , IFN-γ (B) , TNF-α (C) , IL-1β (D) , IL-17A (E) , IL-22 (F) , IL-10 (G) cytokine production by ELISA. Mean ± SEM is indicated. Unpaired two-sided T-tests with Welch correction, followed by Holm-Šídák correction for multiple comparisons.
Techniques Used: Isolation, Infection, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay

Figure Legend Snippet: Characterization of CMEbcg and PPDB expanded T cells. PBMC from BCG vaccinated animals were stimulated with CMEbcg or PPDB and cultured for 13 days. (A) Perforin and granulysin expression measured by flow cytometry on day 13 post CMEbcg stimulation. Isotype control, shaded area. Perforin/Granulysin staining, dashed line. (B) Killing of antigen loaded monocytes by antigen expanded T cells (n = 4). CellTrace Violet stained monocytes were cultured with antigen expanded T cells at an effector:target ratio of 20:1 with or without antigen. After a 20 h incubation period, monocyte viability was measured by flow cytometry. Data are representative for two separate experiments. (C) Intracellular cytokine staining for IL-17A and IL-22, 19 h after re-stimulation of CMEbcg expanded T cells (n = 6) with antigen loaded monocytes. Cells were co-stained for CD4 and gamma delta T cell (γδ) markers. (D) Cultured IFN-γ and IL-2 FluoroSpot of CMEbcg expanded T cells (n = 6) stimulated with antigen loaded monocytes for 20–22 h. Numbers of total IFN-γ, IL-2 (single and dual secreting), or dual IFN-γ/IL-2 secreting cells are shown. Mean ± SEM is indicated in (B, C) , median in (D) . Repeated measures one-way ANOVA followed by Holm-Šídák correction for multiple comparisons (A) . Two-way repeated measures ANOVA followed by Holm-Šídák correction for multiple comparisons of antigen stimulation to medium control within T cell populations (C) . Friedman test, followed by Dunn’s method for multiple comparisons (D) .
Techniques Used: Cell Culture, Expressing, Flow Cytometry, Staining, Incubation
il 17a (Kingfisher Biotech)


Structured Review

Il 17a, supplied by Kingfisher Biotech, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 94/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
https://www.bioz.com/result/il 17a/product/Kingfisher Biotech
Average 94 stars, based on 1 article reviews
Price from $9.99 to $1999.99
Images
1) Product Images from "Defining immune correlates during latent and active chlamydial infection in sheep"
Article Title: Defining immune correlates during latent and active chlamydial infection in sheep
Journal: Veterinary Research
doi: 10.1186/s13567-020-00798-6

Figure Legend Snippet: IL-17A production to C. abortus antigen. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from the 67 sheep in the five experimental groups were purified from whole blood (as described in section “ ”) on five occasions and set up in lymphocyte stimulation assays in vitro with the UV-inactivated Chlamydia abortus ( C. abortus ) antigen (set up as described in section “ ”). One set of the duplicate plates were harvested for culture supernatants after 96 h and analysed for interleukin (IL)-17A production (as described in section “ ”). The datasets from each experimental group are presented in individual line graphs ( A – E ). The data points are the arithmetic mean values for each cellular bleed and the error bars represent the standard error of the mean (SEM). The x axis represents the weeks post inoculation with C. abortus (intranasal inoculation (i/n) Groups 1–3 with i/n sham control Group 4; and sub-cutaneous inoculation (s/c) Group 5). The week numbering for groups 1–4 are consistent in relation to i/n whereas group 5 is in relation to s/c. The y axis represents the arithmetic mean IL-17A production in picograms/millilitre amounts. A Group 1 (low dose), B Group 2 (medium dose), C Group 3 (high dose), D Group 4 (sham control) and E Group 5 (sub-cutaneous control). The statistics summarised in the figure been derived from Linear Mixed Modelling (LMM) as described in detail in section “ ”.
Techniques Used: Purification, In Vitro, Derivative Assay

Figure Legend Snippet: IL-17A production to C. abortus antigen for Groups 1, 2, 3 and 5 separated by pregnancy outcome. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from the 67 sheep in the five experimental groups were purified from whole blood (as described in section “ ”) on five occasions and set up in lymphocyte stimulation assays in vitro with the UV-inactivated Chlamydia abortus ( C. abortus ) antigen (set up as described in section “ ”). One set of the duplicate plates were harvested for culture supernatants after 96 h and analysed for interleukin (IL)-17A (as described in section “ ”). The datasets from experimental group 1 (low dose), group 2 (medium dose), group 3 (high dose) and group 5 (sub-cutaneous control) are presented in graphs ( A – D ). In each graph the data has separated by outcome of pregnancy into aborted and lambed groups (as described in brief in section “ ” or in full detail in Longbottom et al. ) represented yellow and black data points respectively. The data points are the arithmetic mean IL-10 production values for each cellular bleed and the error bars represent the standard error of the mean (SEM) except for group 3 where there is a single animal in the aborted group. The x axis represents the weeks post inoculation with C. abortus (intranasal inoculation (i/n) Groups 1, 2 and 3 with sub-cutaneous inoculation (s/c) Group 5). The week numbering for groups 1, 2 and 3 are consistent in relation to i/n whereas group 5 is in relation to s/c. The y axis represents the arithmetic mean IL-17A production in picrogram/millilitre values. A Group 1 (low dose), B Group 2 (medium dose), C Group 3 (high dose) and D Group 5 (sub-cutaneous control). The statistics summarised in the figure been derived from Linear Mixed Modelling (LMM) as described in detail in section “ ” with a summary of estimates disclosed in Additional file ).
Techniques Used: Purification, In Vitro, Derivative Assay
bovine il17a protein (Kingfisher Biotech)


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Bovine Il17a Protein, supplied by Kingfisher Biotech, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 94/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
https://www.bioz.com/result/bovine il17a protein/product/Kingfisher Biotech
Average 94 stars, based on 1 article reviews
Price from $9.99 to $1999.99
Images
1) Product Images from "Immunization of young heifers with staphylococcal immune evasion proteins before natural exposure to Staphylococcus aureus induces a humoral immune response in serum and milk"
Article Title: Immunization of young heifers with staphylococcal immune evasion proteins before natural exposure to Staphylococcus aureus induces a humoral immune response in serum and milk
Journal: BMC Veterinary Research
doi: 10.1186/s12917-018-1765-9

Figure Legend Snippet: Cellular immune responses following stimulation with LukM. IFNg ( a ) and IL17a ( c ) production following stimulation of whole blood with LukM for 48 h and 72 h, respectively. Proliferation measured as the percentage of CD4 ( b ) and CD8 ( d ) T-cells with diluted CFSE signal following 96 h stimulation with LukM. S/P = Sample to positive ratio. + = P < 0,05 before correction for multiple comparisons. * = P < 0,05 after correction for multiple comparisons
Techniques Used:

Figure Legend Snippet: Cellular immune responses following stimulation with EfB. IFNg ( a ) and IL17a ( c ) production following stimulation of whole blood with EfB for 48 h and 72 h, respectively. Proliferation measured as the percentage of CD4 ( b ) and CD8 ( d ) T-cells with diluted CFSE signal following 96 h stimulation with EfB. S/P = Sample to positive ratio. + = P < 0,05 before correction for multiple comparisons. * = P < 0,05 after correction for multiple comparisons
Techniques Used:
bovine il 17a (Kingfisher Biotech)


Structured Review
Bovine Il 17a, supplied by Kingfisher Biotech, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 94/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
https://www.bioz.com/result/bovine il 17a/product/Kingfisher Biotech
Average 94 stars, based on 1 article reviews
Price from $9.99 to $1999.99
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bovine il 17a (Kingfisher Biotech)


Structured Review

Bovine Il 17a, supplied by Kingfisher Biotech, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 94/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
https://www.bioz.com/result/bovine il 17a/product/Kingfisher Biotech
Average 94 stars, based on 1 article reviews
Price from $9.99 to $1999.99
Images
1) Product Images from "Efficacy of mucosal polyanhydride nanovaccine against respiratory syncytial virus infection in the neonatal calf"
Article Title: Efficacy of mucosal polyanhydride nanovaccine against respiratory syncytial virus infection in the neonatal calf
Journal: Scientific Reports
doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-21292-2

Figure Legend Snippet: Enhanced BRSV-specific T cell responses in the peripheral blood and BAL of BRSV-F/G nanovaccine-administered calves. PBMC were collected on day 6 post-challenge, labeled with Cell Trace Violet and stimulated for 6 days with 5 μg/mL of the recombinant BRSV F and G proteins, or 0.01 MOI of BRSV strain 375. Pokeweed Mitogen was used at a concentration of 1 μg/mL as a positive control. Mock stimulated samples (negative control wells) were cultured with cRPMI and were used to correct for background proliferation. ( A ) After 6 days, antigen-specific CD4 T cell proliferation was assessed by flow cytometry, as measured by dilution of the Cell Trace Violet dye. Background levels of proliferation were subtracted and results are presented as change over mock. ( B ) Stimulated cell culture supernatants were collected after 6 days and concentrations of IFNγ (left panel) and IL-17A (right panel) were measured by commercial sandwich ELISAs. ( C ) BALs were performed on day 7 post-challenge. Cells were enumerated and stimulated for 6 days with recombinant BRSV F protein, G protein or BRSV as in A. After 6 days, cell culture supernatants were collected and concentrations of IFNγ (left panel) and IL-17A (right panel) were measured by commercial sandwich ELISAs. Results represent n = 6 animals/group. Data represent means ± SEM. *p < 0.05 **p < 0.01 compared to unvaccinated controls.
Techniques Used: Labeling, Recombinant, Concentration Assay, Positive Control, Negative Control, Cell Culture, Flow Cytometry
recombinant bovine il 17a (Kingfisher Biotech)


Structured Review

Recombinant Bovine Il 17a, supplied by Kingfisher Biotech, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 94/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
https://www.bioz.com/result/recombinant bovine il 17a/product/Kingfisher Biotech
Average 94 stars, based on 1 article reviews
Price from $9.99 to $1999.99
Images
1) Product Images from "Enhancing the toolbox to study IL-17A in cattle and sheep"
Article Title: Enhancing the toolbox to study IL-17A in cattle and sheep
Journal: Veterinary Research
doi: 10.1186/s13567-017-0426-5

Figure Legend Snippet: Commercial anti-IL-17A antibodies evaluated by intracellular staining for capacity to bind recombinant bovine and ovine IL-17A
Techniques Used: Staining, Recombinant, Conjugation Assay, Derivative Assay

Figure Legend Snippet: Isotype control mabs and control pab used in the evaluation of the commercial anti-IL-17A antibodies
Techniques Used: Staining, Conjugation Assay, Construct

Figure Legend Snippet: Commercial antibodies used in the detection of native intracellular IL-17A and IFN-γ by bovine and ovine T cell subsets
Techniques Used: Conjugation Assay, Marker

Figure Legend Snippet: Phylogenetic tree of mammalian IL-17A protein sequences. Evolutionary sequence comparisons were undertaken using 13 selected mammalian and other IL-17A sequences by initially conducting a multiple alignment using Clustal Omega (EMBL/EBI online, ). The evolutionary relationships between the sequences were inferred using Mr. Bayes launched from TOPALI v 2.5 using the Jones–Taylor–Thornton plus gamma (JTT + G) model with two runs each of 1 250 000 generations with a burn in period of 20% and sampling frequency of 1000. The horizontal lines are branches whose length represents the amount of genetic change over time. The scale bar shows the distance represented by 0.1 expected substitutions per site. The robustness of the clustering of sequences are shown by the Bayesian Posterior Probabilities at the nodes. Accession numbers of the sequences used for the comparison are: Human NP_002181.1; House mouse NP_034682.1; Cow NP_001008412.1; Sheep XP_004018936.1; Goat NP_001272654.1; Horse NP_001137264.1; Pig NP_001005729.1; Dog NP_001159350.1; Domestic guinea pig NP_001265697.1; Koala AHZ08738.1; Chicken NP_989791.1; EGW10039.1 Chinese hamster and European rabbit AMQ91106.1. The phylogenetic tree was annotated using Dendroscope.
Techniques Used: Sequencing, Sampling

Figure Legend Snippet: Measurement and biological function of recombinant bovine and ovine IL-17A and detection of native ovine IL-17A by ELISA. A Detection of rbov and rovIL-17A by ELISA. The supernatants from transfected CHO cells expressing rbovIL-17A or rovIL-17A, or control parent untransfected line (UTF) were serially diluted (Log 3 dilutions) and evaluated using the commercial bovIL-17A ELISA. Data presented are optical density (OD) values from the Spectrophotometer at 450 nm. The X-axis displays Dilution 1/X and the Y-axis gives the OD value. Readings from UTF supernatant were below the limit of detection. B Functional activity of rbov and rovIL-17A on bovine embryonic lung cells. Bovine embryonic lung (EBL) cells were stimulated with 100 ng/mL CHO-expressed rbovIL-17A or rovIL-17A or UTF CHO negative control supernatant. Following 24 h incubation, culture supernatants were collected from triplicate cultures then tested for CXCL8 by ELISA. The X-axis displays the bioassay treatments and the Y-axis shows CXCL8 production in pg/mL. Data are the arithmetic mean of three technical replicates with error bars representing the standard error from one of three experiments. CXCL8 expression between treatments was statistically assessed using Kruskal–Wallis test. C Functional activity of rbov and rovIL-17A on ovine ST-6 cells. Ovine ST-6 cells were stimulated with 100 ng/mL CHO-expressed rbovIL-17A or rovIL-17A or UTF CHO supernatant. Following 24 h incubation and culture supernatants collected, tested and analysed as described in Figure 2B. CXCL8 expression between treatments was statistically assessed using Kruskal–Wallis test. D Detection of native ovIL-17A by ELISA. Ovine PBMC were cultured at 2 × 10 6 cells/mL with or without 5 μg/mL ConA. Culture supernatants were analysed for IL-17A using the bovIL-17A ELISA. Data represent the arithmetic mean of PBMC from six ewes and error bars represent standard error. Data were analysed statistically for significance using the two-tailed Mann–Whitney test.
Techniques Used: Recombinant, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay, Transfection, Expressing, Spectrophotometry, Functional Assay, Activity Assay, Negative Control, Incubation, Cell Culture, Two Tailed Test, MANN-WHITNEY

Figure Legend Snippet: Detection of single-cell expression of ruminant IL-17A by ELISpot. Plates and PBMC were prepared and cultured as described in “ ”. ELISpot images shown are representative of PBMC from one of three cattle ( A ) and one of three sheep ( B ) activated with ConA and PMA/ionomycin. The average number of spot-forming units (SFU) with standard errors are shown for 10 6 PBMC from all three cattle (grey bars) and sheep (black bars), stimulated under the different conditions ( C ). Data were modelled by fitting a Poisson generalised linear mixed model (GLMM) by maximum likelihood to the IL-17A SFU/10 6 values, using logarithmic link function and Laplace approximations to calculate log-likelihoods. The model included treatment (medium control, ConA and PMA/ionomycin), species (bovine, ovine) and their interaction as fixed effects and animal identification as a random effect in order to account for both within- and between-animal variability. An observation-level random effect term was specified to account for data over-dispersion. The statistical significance of the fixed effect terms was assessed using p values derived from type II Wald Chi square tests. Linear hypothesis tests were defined from the GLMM in order to conduct pair-wise comparisons of means between treatments and species. The associated p values were adjusted for false discovery rate (FDR) following Benjamini–Hochberg’s procedure.
Techniques Used: Expressing, Enzyme-linked Immunospot, Cell Culture, Derivative Assay
![... the intracellular detection of recombinant bovine and ovine IL-17A. The eight commercial antibodies listed in Table were ... Evaluation of commercial antibodies for the intracellular detection of recombinant bovine and ovine IL-17A. The eight commercial antibodies listed in Table were tested against fixed, permeabilised untransfected (UTF) CHO cells and CHO cells transfected with cDNA encoding bovIL-17A or ovIL-17A for their capacity to detect intracellular recombinant IL-17A by flow cytometry. Results are shown for one polyclonal antibody (pab) produced against bovIL-17A ( A ) and seven monoclonal antibodies (mabs) produced against human or mouse IL-17A ( B – D ). Profiles of the relevant control antibodies listed in Table are included in the overlapping histograms. Events were acquired on the MacsQuant according to the gating strategy described previously (in brief) and shown in Additional file . Line colours representing different antibody treatments are given in parentheses: A Primary rabbit anti-bovine IL-17A pab PB0274B-100 at 1 μg/mL (A.1, red) or negative control primary anti-bovine CD34 pab (in-house) at an estimated 1 μg/mL equivalent (a, black) then detected with a secondary goat anti-rabbit alexafluor 488 at 1 μg/mL; B Directly conjugated mouse anti-human IL-17A eBio64DEC17-phycoerythrin (PE) mab (IgG1) at 2.5 μg/mL (B.1, red) and control IgG1 VPM21 mab (in-house) at an estimated 2.5 μg/mL equivalent (b, black) and detected with goat anti-mouse PE at 1 μg/mL; C Primary mouse anti-human IL-17A mabs MT44.6 (C.1, blue), MT241 (C.2, green), MT2770 (C.3, brown) and MT504 (C.4, red) [all IgG1] at 0.5 μg/mL and control IgG1 VPM21 mab (in-house) at an estimated 0.5 μg/mL equivalent (black), all detected with goat anti-mouse PE at 1 μg/mL; D Primary mouse anti-human IL-17A mabs #41809 (D.1, red) (IgG2b) and #41802 (D.2, blue) (IgG1) at 2.5 μg/mL and a mixture of control mabs VPM21 (IgG1) and VPM22 (IgG2b) at an estimated 2.5 μg/mL equivalent (d, black), all detected with goat anti-mouse PE at 1 μg/mL.](https://pub-med-central-images-cdn.bioz.com/pub_med_central_ids_ending_with_5008/pmc05385008/pmc05385008__13567_2017_426_Fig4_HTML.jpg)
Figure Legend Snippet: Evaluation of commercial antibodies for the intracellular detection of recombinant bovine and ovine IL-17A. The eight commercial antibodies listed in Table were tested against fixed, permeabilised untransfected (UTF) CHO cells and CHO cells transfected with cDNA encoding bovIL-17A or ovIL-17A for their capacity to detect intracellular recombinant IL-17A by flow cytometry. Results are shown for one polyclonal antibody (pab) produced against bovIL-17A ( A ) and seven monoclonal antibodies (mabs) produced against human or mouse IL-17A ( B – D ). Profiles of the relevant control antibodies listed in Table are included in the overlapping histograms. Events were acquired on the MacsQuant according to the gating strategy described previously (in brief) and shown in Additional file . Line colours representing different antibody treatments are given in parentheses: A Primary rabbit anti-bovine IL-17A pab PB0274B-100 at 1 μg/mL (A.1, red) or negative control primary anti-bovine CD34 pab (in-house) at an estimated 1 μg/mL equivalent (a, black) then detected with a secondary goat anti-rabbit alexafluor 488 at 1 μg/mL; B Directly conjugated mouse anti-human IL-17A eBio64DEC17-phycoerythrin (PE) mab (IgG1) at 2.5 μg/mL (B.1, red) and control IgG1 VPM21 mab (in-house) at an estimated 2.5 μg/mL equivalent (b, black) and detected with goat anti-mouse PE at 1 μg/mL; C Primary mouse anti-human IL-17A mabs MT44.6 (C.1, blue), MT241 (C.2, green), MT2770 (C.3, brown) and MT504 (C.4, red) [all IgG1] at 0.5 μg/mL and control IgG1 VPM21 mab (in-house) at an estimated 0.5 μg/mL equivalent (black), all detected with goat anti-mouse PE at 1 μg/mL; D Primary mouse anti-human IL-17A mabs #41809 (D.1, red) (IgG2b) and #41802 (D.2, blue) (IgG1) at 2.5 μg/mL and a mixture of control mabs VPM21 (IgG1) and VPM22 (IgG2b) at an estimated 2.5 μg/mL equivalent (d, black), all detected with goat anti-mouse PE at 1 μg/mL.
Techniques Used: Recombinant, Transfection, Flow Cytometry, Produced, Negative Control

Figure Legend Snippet: Intracellular expression of IL-17A and IFN-γ by activated bovine T cell subsets. PBMC from four cattle were stimulated with phorbol 12-myristate 13 acetate, ionomycin and brefeldin A in RPMI culture medium for 4 h. Cells were harvested and stained for viability and with mabs specific for cell-surface phenotypic markers and intracellular cytokines as described in Table and “
Techniques Used: Expressing, Staining

Figure Legend Snippet: Intracellular expression of IL-17A and IFN-γ by activated ovine T cell subsets. PBMC from four sheep were stimulated with phorbol 12-myristate 13 acetate, ionomycin and brefeldin A in RPMI culture medium for 4 h. Cells were harvested and stained for viability and with mabs specific for cell-surface phenotypic markers and intracellular cytokines as described in Table and “
Techniques Used: Expressing, Staining

Figure Legend Snippet: Relative intracellular expression of IL-17A and IFN-γ by activated bovine and ovine PBMC. The data sets described in “
Techniques Used: Expressing, Two Tailed Test, MANN-WHITNEY
il 17a (Kingfisher Biotech)


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Il 17a, supplied by Kingfisher Biotech, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 94/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
https://www.bioz.com/result/il 17a/product/Kingfisher Biotech
Average 94 stars, based on 1 article reviews
Price from $9.99 to $1999.99
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1) Product Images from "Immunoselected STRO-3 + mesenchymal precursor cells reduce inflammation and improve clinical outcomes in a large animal model of monoarthritis"
Article Title: Immunoselected STRO-3 + mesenchymal precursor cells reduce inflammation and improve clinical outcomes in a large animal model of monoarthritis
Journal: Stem Cell Research & Therapy
doi: 10.1186/s13287-016-0460-7

Figure Legend Snippet: Effect of MPC administration on plasma cytokines in sheep with CIA. Plasma concentrations of activin A ( A ), and IL-17A ( B ) were compared between the MPC-treated and control group using two-way ANOVA with Sidak’s multiple comparison tests. The AUC I for the maximal responses between days 29 and 36 of activin A ( A ) and IL-17A ( B ) were compared using Mann-Whitney tests. Each point represents the mean ± SEM for concentrations or mean ± SD for AUC of seven to eight sheep with * and ** representing p ≤ 0.05 and 0.01, respectively). MPC mesenchymal precursor cells
Techniques Used: MANN-WHITNEY

Figure Legend Snippet: Effect of MPC administration on SF cytokines in sheep with CIA. Concentrations of activin A ( A ), IL-17A ( B ), IFN-γ ( C ) and IL-10 ( D ), were compared between the MPC-treated and the control group using paired Wilcoxon (left versus right) and unpaired Mann-Whitney (saline versus MPC treatment) tests. Lines represent mean ± SEM of seven to eight sheep and * and ** represent p ≤ 0.05 and 0.01, respectively. IFN interferon, IL interleukin, MPC mesenchymal precursor cells
Techniques Used: MANN-WHITNEY
recombinant bovine il 17a (Kingfisher Biotech)


Structured Review

Recombinant Bovine Il 17a, supplied by Kingfisher Biotech, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 94/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
https://www.bioz.com/result/recombinant bovine il 17a/product/Kingfisher Biotech
Average 94 stars, based on 1 article reviews
Price from $9.99 to $1999.99
Images
1) Product Images from "Interleukin-17A as a Biomarker for Bovine Tuberculosis"
Article Title: Interleukin-17A as a Biomarker for Bovine Tuberculosis
Journal: Clinical and Vaccine Immunology : CVI
doi: 10.1128/CVI.00637-15

Figure Legend Snippet: Cytokine primers/probes for RT-qPCR identification
Techniques Used:

Figure Legend Snippet: Th17-associated genes upregulated >9-fold in response to M. bovis PPD after M. bovis infection
Techniques Used:

Figure Legend Snippet: IL-17A responses (protein) to M. bovis infection of cattle. Treatment groups included noninfected (n = 7), strain 95-1315-infected (white-tailed deer M. bovis isolate; n = 8), and strain 10-7428-infected (Holstein M. bovis isolate; n = 8) calves, with the experimental design described in Table 1. Whole blood was collected into heparinized tubes and stimulated with 1 μg/ml rESAT-6:CFP10 (A), 20 μg/ml M. avium PPD (Lelystad; Prionics Ag) (B), 20 μg/ml M. bovis PPD (Lelystad; Prionics Ag) (C), or medium alone (no stimulation) for 16 h at 39°C. Plasma was harvested for IL-17A analysis by ELISA (bovine IL-17A ELISA VetSet; Kingfisher Biotech). Data (mean ± SEM) are presented as the change in nanograms per milliliter (i.e., antigen stimulation minus medium alone) for each treatment group at the indicated time points relative to challenge. a to c, different letters indicate that responses differ for the given time point (P < 0.05, ANOVA followed by Tukey's multiple-comparison test).
Techniques Used: Infection, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay

Figure Legend Snippet: Diagnostic capacity 8 weeks after M. bovis challenge ( M. bovis PPD minus M. avium PPD)
Techniques Used: Diagnostic Assay, Infection
![IFN-γ and IL-17A responses to vaccination and subsequent challenge with virulent ... IFN-γ and IL-17A responses to vaccination and subsequent challenge with virulent M. bovis. Treatment groups included nonvaccinated animals (n = 10), BCG-vaccinated animals (n = 9), and animals vaccinated with BCG mutants (i.e., BCG Δfdr8, BCG ΔleuCD Δpks16, BCG ΔmetA, and BCG ΔmmaA4) (n = 10). The virulent M. bovis strain 10-7428 was administered by aerosol to all calves 3.5 months after vaccination, and calves were euthanized 4.5 months after challenge (Table 1). Whole blood was collected into heparinized tubes and stimulated with 20 μg/ml M. bovis PPD (Lelystad; Prionics Ag) (A), 1 μg/ml rAg85A-rTB10.4 (B), 1 μg/ml rESAT-6:CFP10 (C), or medium alone (no stimulation) for 16 h at 39°C. Plasma was harvested for IFN-γ (left) and IL-17A (right) analyses using commercial ELISA kits (Bovigam [Prionics Ag] and bovine IL-17A ELISA VetSet [Kingfisher Biotech]). Data (mean ± SEM) are presented as the change in nanograms per milliliter (i.e., antigen stimulation minus medium alone) for each treatment group at the indicated time points relative to vaccination (Vacc) or challenge. a to c, different letters indicate that responses differ for the given time point (P < 0.05, ANOVA followed by Tukey's multiple-comparison test).](https://pub-med-central-images-cdn.bioz.com/pub_med_central_ids_ending_with_4917/pmc04744917/pmc04744917__zcd9990953120003.jpg)
Figure Legend Snippet: IFN-γ and IL-17A responses to vaccination and subsequent challenge with virulent M. bovis. Treatment groups included nonvaccinated animals (n = 10), BCG-vaccinated animals (n = 9), and animals vaccinated with BCG mutants (i.e., BCG Δfdr8, BCG ΔleuCD Δpks16, BCG ΔmetA, and BCG ΔmmaA4) (n = 10). The virulent M. bovis strain 10-7428 was administered by aerosol to all calves 3.5 months after vaccination, and calves were euthanized 4.5 months after challenge (Table 1). Whole blood was collected into heparinized tubes and stimulated with 20 μg/ml M. bovis PPD (Lelystad; Prionics Ag) (A), 1 μg/ml rAg85A-rTB10.4 (B), 1 μg/ml rESAT-6:CFP10 (C), or medium alone (no stimulation) for 16 h at 39°C. Plasma was harvested for IFN-γ (left) and IL-17A (right) analyses using commercial ELISA kits (Bovigam [Prionics Ag] and bovine IL-17A ELISA VetSet [Kingfisher Biotech]). Data (mean ± SEM) are presented as the change in nanograms per milliliter (i.e., antigen stimulation minus medium alone) for each treatment group at the indicated time points relative to vaccination (Vacc) or challenge. a to c, different letters indicate that responses differ for the given time point (P < 0.05, ANOVA followed by Tukey's multiple-comparison test).
Techniques Used: Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay
![Correlation of IL-17A and IFN-γ responses. Treatment groups included nonvaccinated animals ... Correlation of IL-17A and IFN-γ responses. Treatment groups included nonvaccinated animals (n = 10), BCG-vaccinated animals (n = 9), and animals vaccinated with BCG mutants (i.e., BCG Δfdr8, BCG ΔleuCD Δpks16, BCG ΔmetA, and BCG ΔmmaA4) (n = 10). Virulent M. bovis strain 10-7428 was administered by aerosol to all calves 3.5 months after vaccination, and calves were euthanized 4.5 months after challenge (Table 1). Whole blood was collected into heparinized tubes from all calves 11 weeks after vaccination, 2.5 weeks after M. bovis challenge, and 10 weeks after M. bovis challenge and were stimulated with 20 μg/ml M. bovis PPD (Lelystad; Prionics Ag) (A), 1 μg/ml rAg85A-rTB10.4 (B), 1 μg/ml rESAT-6:CFP10 (C), or medium alone (no stimulation) for 16 h at 39°C, and plasma was harvested for IFN-γ and IL-17A analyses using ELISA kits (Bovigam [Prionics Ag] and bovine IL-17A ELISA VetSet [Kingfisher Biotech]). Data represent the changes in nanograms per milliliter (log10) (i.e., antigen stimulation minus medium alone) for IFN-γ versus IL-17A responses for each individual animal at each time point (n = 87). Prior to analysis and graphing, data were transformed for positive skewness with zero values using the following formula: new x = log10(x + 1).](https://pub-med-central-images-cdn.bioz.com/pub_med_central_ids_ending_with_4917/pmc04744917/pmc04744917__zcd9990953120004.jpg)
Figure Legend Snippet: Correlation of IL-17A and IFN-γ responses. Treatment groups included nonvaccinated animals (n = 10), BCG-vaccinated animals (n = 9), and animals vaccinated with BCG mutants (i.e., BCG Δfdr8, BCG ΔleuCD Δpks16, BCG ΔmetA, and BCG ΔmmaA4) (n = 10). Virulent M. bovis strain 10-7428 was administered by aerosol to all calves 3.5 months after vaccination, and calves were euthanized 4.5 months after challenge (Table 1). Whole blood was collected into heparinized tubes from all calves 11 weeks after vaccination, 2.5 weeks after M. bovis challenge, and 10 weeks after M. bovis challenge and were stimulated with 20 μg/ml M. bovis PPD (Lelystad; Prionics Ag) (A), 1 μg/ml rAg85A-rTB10.4 (B), 1 μg/ml rESAT-6:CFP10 (C), or medium alone (no stimulation) for 16 h at 39°C, and plasma was harvested for IFN-γ and IL-17A analyses using ELISA kits (Bovigam [Prionics Ag] and bovine IL-17A ELISA VetSet [Kingfisher Biotech]). Data represent the changes in nanograms per milliliter (log10) (i.e., antigen stimulation minus medium alone) for IFN-γ versus IL-17A responses for each individual animal at each time point (n = 87). Prior to analysis and graphing, data were transformed for positive skewness with zero values using the following formula: new x = log10(x + 1).
Techniques Used: Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay, Transformation Assay

Figure Legend Snippet: Dampening of IL-17A responses (ELISPOT assay) to M. bovis infection with prior BCG vaccination. Treatment groups included nonvaccinated animals (n = 10) and vaccinated animals (n = 19). The vaccinated group consisted of animals vaccinated with BCG (n = 9) or BCG mutants (i.e., BCG Δfdr8, BCG ΔleuCD Δpks16, BCG ΔmetA, and BCG ΔmmaA4; n = 10). Virulent M. bovis strain 10-7428 was administered by aerosol to all calves 3.5 months after vaccination, and calves were euthanized 4.5 months after M. bovis challenge (Table 1). For IL-17A ELISPOT analysis, PBMCs (2 × 105 PBMCs/well) were stimulated with 10 μg/ml M. bovis PPD (A), 3 μg/ml rAg85A-rTB10.4 (B), or 3 μg/ml rESAT-6:CFP10 (C) for 18 h prior to spot development and counting, as described in Materials and Methods. Results (mean ± SEM) are expressed as spot-forming units (sfu) per 2 × 105 cells for each treatment group at the indicated time points relative to vaccination (Vacc) or challenge. *, response differs from that for nonvaccinated animals at that time point (P < 0.05, as determined by ANOVA followed by Tukey's multiple-comparison test).
Techniques Used: Enzyme-linked Immunospot, Infection
![Association of ESAT-6:CFP10-specific IFN-γ and IL-17A responses with mycobacterial burdens in the 2014 vaccine ... Association of ESAT-6:CFP10-specific IFN-γ and IL-17A responses with mycobacterial burdens in the 2014 vaccine efficacy study. Treatment groups included nonvaccinated animals, BCG-vaccinated animals, and animals vaccinated with BCG mutants (i.e., BCG Δfdr8, BCG ΔleuCD Δpks16, BCG ΔmetA, and BCG ΔmmaA4). Virulent M. bovis strain 10-7428 was administered by aerosol to all calves 3.5 months after vaccination, and calves were euthanized 4.5 months after M. bovis challenge (Table 1). Whole blood from all calves was collected into heparinized tubes at 2.5 and 10 weeks after challenge and stimulated with 1 μg/ml rESAT-6:CFP10 or medium alone (no stimulation) for 16 h at 39°C, and plasma was harvested for IFN-γ and IL-17A analyses using commercial ELISA kits (Bovigam [Prionics Ag] and bovine IL-17A ELISA VetSet [Kingfisher Biotech]). Mycobacterial burdens were determined by serial dilution culture of entire tracheobronchial lymph node homogenates and are presented as culture-forming units per gram of tissue. Groups were split based on mycobacterial burdens of 0 CFU/g (n = 14) or >0 CFU/g (n = 15). All 14 animals in the 0-CFU/g group were vaccinated animals. In the >0-CFU/g group, 5/15 animals were vaccinated animals and 10/15 were nonvaccinated animals. Data (mean ± SEM) are presented as IFN-γ (left) and IL-17A (right) responses (changes in nanograms per milliliter, i.e., antigen stimulation minus medium alone) to rESAT-6:CFP10 at 3 weeks after M. bovis challenge (A) and 10 weeks after M. bovis challenge (B), as related to mycobacterial burdens determined at necropsy 4.5 months after challenge. Similar results were obtained for responses to M. bovis PPD (data not shown). Student's t test P values are provided in the upper left corner of each graph.](https://pub-med-central-images-cdn.bioz.com/pub_med_central_ids_ending_with_4917/pmc04744917/pmc04744917__zcd9990953120006.jpg)
Figure Legend Snippet: Association of ESAT-6:CFP10-specific IFN-γ and IL-17A responses with mycobacterial burdens in the 2014 vaccine efficacy study. Treatment groups included nonvaccinated animals, BCG-vaccinated animals, and animals vaccinated with BCG mutants (i.e., BCG Δfdr8, BCG ΔleuCD Δpks16, BCG ΔmetA, and BCG ΔmmaA4). Virulent M. bovis strain 10-7428 was administered by aerosol to all calves 3.5 months after vaccination, and calves were euthanized 4.5 months after M. bovis challenge (Table 1). Whole blood from all calves was collected into heparinized tubes at 2.5 and 10 weeks after challenge and stimulated with 1 μg/ml rESAT-6:CFP10 or medium alone (no stimulation) for 16 h at 39°C, and plasma was harvested for IFN-γ and IL-17A analyses using commercial ELISA kits (Bovigam [Prionics Ag] and bovine IL-17A ELISA VetSet [Kingfisher Biotech]). Mycobacterial burdens were determined by serial dilution culture of entire tracheobronchial lymph node homogenates and are presented as culture-forming units per gram of tissue. Groups were split based on mycobacterial burdens of 0 CFU/g (n = 14) or >0 CFU/g (n = 15). All 14 animals in the 0-CFU/g group were vaccinated animals. In the >0-CFU/g group, 5/15 animals were vaccinated animals and 10/15 were nonvaccinated animals. Data (mean ± SEM) are presented as IFN-γ (left) and IL-17A (right) responses (changes in nanograms per milliliter, i.e., antigen stimulation minus medium alone) to rESAT-6:CFP10 at 3 weeks after M. bovis challenge (A) and 10 weeks after M. bovis challenge (B), as related to mycobacterial burdens determined at necropsy 4.5 months after challenge. Similar results were obtained for responses to M. bovis PPD (data not shown). Student's t test P values are provided in the upper left corner of each graph.
Techniques Used: Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay, Serial Dilution
![Association of ESAT-6:CFP10-specific IFN-γ and IL-17A responses with lesion severity (i.e., gross pathology scores) ... Association of ESAT-6:CFP10-specific IFN-γ and IL-17A responses with lesion severity (i.e., gross pathology scores) in the 2014 vaccine efficacy study. Treatment groups included nonvaccinated animals, BCG-vaccinated animals, and animals vaccinated with BCG mutants (i.e., BCG Δfdr8, BCG ΔleuCD Δpks16, BCG ΔmetA, and BCG ΔmmaA4). Virulent M. bovis strain 10-7428 was administered by aerosol to all calves 3.5 months after vaccination, and calves were euthanized 4.5 months after M. bovis challenge (Table 1). Whole blood from all calves was collected into heparinized tubes at 2.5 and 10 weeks after challenge and stimulated with 1 μg/ml rESAT-6:CFP10 or medium alone (no stimulation) for 16 h at 39°C, and plasma was harvested for IFN-γ and IL-17A analyses using ELISA kits (Bovigam [Prionics Ag] and bovine IL-17A ELISA VetSet [Kingfisher Biotech]). The lesion severity for lungs and lymph nodes (i.e., mediastinal and tracheobronchial lymph nodes) was determined using a semiquantitative scoring system adapted from that described by Vordermeier et al. (24). Groups were split based on gross pathology scores of 0 (n = 12; all vaccinated animals), 1 to 5 (n = 7; all vaccinated animals), or 6 to 22 (n = 10; all nonvaccinated animals). Data (mean ± SEM) are presented as IFN-γ (left) and IL-17A (right) responses (changes in nanograms per milliliter, i.e., antigen stimulation minus medium alone) to rESAT-6:CFP10 at 3 weeks after M. bovis challenge (A) and 10 weeks after M. bovis challenge (B), as related to gross pathology scores determined at necropsy 4.5 months after challenge. Similar results were obtained for responses to M. bovis PPD (data not shown). *, response differs from the other responses in the graph (P < 0.05, ANOVA followed by Tukey's multiple-comparison test).](https://pub-med-central-images-cdn.bioz.com/pub_med_central_ids_ending_with_4917/pmc04744917/pmc04744917__zcd9990953120007.jpg)
Figure Legend Snippet: Association of ESAT-6:CFP10-specific IFN-γ and IL-17A responses with lesion severity (i.e., gross pathology scores) in the 2014 vaccine efficacy study. Treatment groups included nonvaccinated animals, BCG-vaccinated animals, and animals vaccinated with BCG mutants (i.e., BCG Δfdr8, BCG ΔleuCD Δpks16, BCG ΔmetA, and BCG ΔmmaA4). Virulent M. bovis strain 10-7428 was administered by aerosol to all calves 3.5 months after vaccination, and calves were euthanized 4.5 months after M. bovis challenge (Table 1). Whole blood from all calves was collected into heparinized tubes at 2.5 and 10 weeks after challenge and stimulated with 1 μg/ml rESAT-6:CFP10 or medium alone (no stimulation) for 16 h at 39°C, and plasma was harvested for IFN-γ and IL-17A analyses using ELISA kits (Bovigam [Prionics Ag] and bovine IL-17A ELISA VetSet [Kingfisher Biotech]). The lesion severity for lungs and lymph nodes (i.e., mediastinal and tracheobronchial lymph nodes) was determined using a semiquantitative scoring system adapted from that described by Vordermeier et al. (24). Groups were split based on gross pathology scores of 0 (n = 12; all vaccinated animals), 1 to 5 (n = 7; all vaccinated animals), or 6 to 22 (n = 10; all nonvaccinated animals). Data (mean ± SEM) are presented as IFN-γ (left) and IL-17A (right) responses (changes in nanograms per milliliter, i.e., antigen stimulation minus medium alone) to rESAT-6:CFP10 at 3 weeks after M. bovis challenge (A) and 10 weeks after M. bovis challenge (B), as related to gross pathology scores determined at necropsy 4.5 months after challenge. Similar results were obtained for responses to M. bovis PPD (data not shown). *, response differs from the other responses in the graph (P < 0.05, ANOVA followed by Tukey's multiple-comparison test).
Techniques Used: Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay

Figure Legend Snippet: Correlation of ESAT-6:CFP10-specific IL-17A responses at 8 weeks after M. bovis challenge with lesion severity and mycobacterial burden in the 2007 vaccine efficacy study. Treatment groups included nonvaccinated, BCG-vaccinated, and M. bovis ΔRD1-vaccinated animals. Virulent M. bovis strain 95-1315 was administered by aerosol to all calves 3 months after vaccination, and calves were euthanized 4.5 months after M. bovis challenge (Table 1). Eight weeks after M. bovis challenge, PBMCs (2 × 105 PBMCs/well) were stimulated with 1 μg/ml rESAT-6:CFP10 or medium alone at 39°C for 16 h, and supernatants were harvested for IL-17A analysis by ELISA (bovine IL-17A ELISA VetSet; Kingfisher Biotech). For evaluation of gross pathology, lungs and lymph nodes (mediastinal and tracheobronchial) were evaluated using a semiquantitative scoring system (24). Mycobacterial burdens were determined by culture of a series of dilutions of entire tracheobronchial lymph node homogenates and are presented as CFU per gram of tissue (26). Data (mean ± SEM) are presented as changes in nanograms per milliliter (i.e., antigen stimulation minus medium alone) for each treatment group based on gross pathology scores (A and C) or mycobacterial burdens (B and D). Student's t test P values are provided in the upper left corner of each graph.
Techniques Used: Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay