Journal: bioRxiv
Article Title: Mesenteric ischemia and bacterial translocation precipitate the intoxication phase of yellow fever
doi: 10.1101/2025.03.05.641677
Figure Lengend Snippet: (A) Abdominal organs after cavity opening in a 19-year old male YF victim showing enlarged liver with congestion and steatosis (yellow outline); dilated stomach with hemorrhagic wall (red arrow); hemorrhagic necrosis of the pancreas, with steatonecrosis in the retroperitoneal fat tissue (green arrow); dilated intestinal loops, with hemorrhagic walls (brown arrows). The abdominal cavity was filled with hemorrhagic fluid, mainly in the retroperitoneal area. (B) Ascending colon of a 47-year-old male YF victim showing confluent hemorrhagic spots (red arrow) and superficial ulcers on mucosa, associated with haemorrhages and steatonecrosis over the mesentery. The intestinal contents were hemorrhagic. (C) Hematoxylin and eosin stained small intestine from a YF victim showing epithelial denudation. (D,E) Detection of Gram-negative bacteria via LPS immunohistochemistry (IHC, red) in the portal vein and liver parenchyma of YF victims. Note the highly abnormal histological background due to YFV infection, showing degenerated hepatocytes and mixed tissue inflammatory reaction associated with Gram-negative bacteria. PV; portal vein. (F-J) Concentrations of 16s ribosomal DNA (F), Lipopolysaccharide binding protein (LBP) (G), soluble (s)CD14 (H), Endotoxin Core Antibody (EndoCAb) (I), and intestinal fatty acid binding protein (IFAB) (J), in samples collected at the hospital admission from patients who died from YF (n=27) or survived YF (n=63). As control groups, samples from survivors in the convalescent phase (Conv, n=16), YF vaccine (Vax’d, 14 days after vaccination) recipients (n=10) and healthy controls without recent vaccination (n=22) were used. Note, for the quantification of 16S rDNA, the number of healthy control samples tested (n=7) was lower due to the availability of samples. For all graphs, statistical significance was determined using the Kruskal-Wallis test with Dunn’s correction for multiple comparisons (*: p<0.05; **: p<0.01; ***: p<0.001; ****: p<0.0001). Only medically relevant comparisons are shown. Error bars show the median ± interquartile range.
Article Snippet: The following markers were used: I-FABP (Human I-FABP, Hycult Biotech, HK406), to assess enterocyte death (intestinal tissue damage) and sCD14 (Human sCD14 Quantikine ELISA kit, R&D Systems, DC140), LBP (Human LBP, Hycult Biotech, HK315) and EndoCAb (EndoCab IgM, Hycult Biotech, HK504-IgM) as indirect markers of microbial translocation.
Techniques: Staining, Bacteria, Immunohistochemistry, Infection, Binding Assay, Control
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