Journal: Biology of Sex Differences

Article Title: Gonadal hormones contribute to sex differences in behavior, pathology and epigenetic modifications in the 3×Tg-AD mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease

doi: 10.1186/s13293-025-00790-9

Figure Lengend Snippet: Body weight and hormone levels of male and female mice following GDX or sham surgeries. (A) Body weight for each male mouse was recorded on the day of surgery, at 3 weeks post-surgery, and continuing every 2 weeks thereafter until the endpoint. GDX mice gained less weight than sham-operated mice, and WT mice were heavier than AD mice. Group size: WT male Sham = 12, WT male GDX = 14; AD male Sham = 12, AD male GDX = 14. (B) Body weight for each female mouse was recorded with the same time course as male animals. All animals gained weight at the same rate following surgery. Group size: WT female Sham = 8, WT female GDX = 10; AD female Sham = 16, AD female GDX = 21. (C) Serum levels of testosterone in males at endpoint, measured by ELISA. GDX eliminated serum testosterone. WT male Sham = 11; WT male GDX = 12; AD male Sham = 12; AD male GDX = 13. (D) Serum 17β-estradiol in females at endpoint, measured by radioimmunoassay. GDX significantly reduced serum estradiol. WT female Sham = 10, WT female GDX = 9; AD female Sham = 15; AD female GDX = 18. *q < 0.05, ***q < 0.001. Error bars represent SEM

Article Snippet: Estradiol levels in serum of females was assayed using the Double Antibody RIA 17β-Estradiol kit (MP Biomedicals, Irvine, CA USA).

Techniques: Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay, RIA Assay

Journal: Frontiers in Endocrinology

Article Title: Prenatal bisphenol A and/or diethylhexyl phthalate exposure followed by adult estradiol treatment affects behavior and brain monoamines in female rat offspring

doi: 10.3389/fendo.2024.1479838

Figure Lengend Snippet: Summary of the experimental design of the study. Pregnant Sprague-Dawley dams were orally dosed daily from gestational days (GD) 6-21 with vehicle (Control) (20 µL PBS; n =7), BPA (5 µg/kg/day; n =9), low-dose (LD) DEHP (5 µg/kg/day; n =6), high-dose (HD) DEHP (7.5 mg/kg/day; n =6), a mixture of BPA + LD DEHP (5 µg/kg/day of BPA + 5 µg/kg/day of DEHP; n=6), or a mixture of BPA + HD DEHP (5 µg/kg/day of BPA + 7.5 mg/kg/day of DEHP; n=7). Adult female offspring aged 3 months were either sham-implanted or implanted with a slow release 90-day E2 pellet. Approximately 60-70 days into the treatment, each offspring underwent behavioral testing once and were euthanized immediately after. Trunk blood was collected for the measurement of serum hormones using radioimmunoassay. Brains were micro-dissected for PVN and HC tissues, which were then analyzed for monoamines and major metabolites using HPLC. Experimental design schematic was created using Biorender.com . EDC, endocrine-disrupting chemical; PBS, Phosphate Buffered Saline; BPA, bisphenol A; DEHP, diethylhexyl phthalate; LD, low-dose; HD, high-dose; OFT, open field test; EPM, elevated plus maze; SPDB, shock probe defensive burying; NOR, novel object recognition test; PVN, paraventricular nucleus; HC, hippocampus; HPLC, high-performance liquid chromatography.

Article Snippet: Serum estradiol (E2), corticosterone (CORT), and oxytocin (OXT) levels were measured in duplicate using a double antibody radioimmunoassay (E2 & CORT – MP Biomedicals, Santa Ana, CA; E2 SKU: 0713810-CF; CORT SKU: 07120121; OXT – Phoenix Pharmaceuticals, Burlingame, CA; Catalog No. RK-051-01), according to the manufacturer’s protocol.

Techniques: Control, RIA Assay, Saline, High Performance Liquid Chromatography