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physiological buffered saline pbs solution  (Thermo Fisher)


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    Thermo Fisher physiological buffered saline pbs solution
    Physiological Buffered Saline Pbs Solution, supplied by Thermo Fisher, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 99/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
    https://www.bioz.com/product/physiologic+buffer+solution/PHOSPHATE+BUFFERED+SALINE+PBS/pmc09722481-95-0-6
    Average 99 stars, based on 1 article reviews
    physiological buffered saline pbs solution - by Bioz Stars, 2026-09
    99/100 stars

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    Conjugation Assay:

    Article Title: An angiopoietin-2 vaccine improves arteriovenous malformation pathology in hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia mice
    Article Snippet: .. The peptides were dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide at 4 mg/mL, whereas CRM197 (no. VCar-Lsx004; Creative Biolabs) was prepared in Conjugation buffer (phosphate-buffered saline [PBS; no. 28372; Pierce], 2mM EDTA) at 1 mg/mL. .. To activate CRM197, a 26-fold molar excess (1:10 dilution) of SMCC [succinimidyl-4-(N-maleimidomethyl)cyclohexane-1-carboxylate] crosslinker (no. A35394; Pierce) was added to a concentration of 1.5 mg/mL in dimethyl sulfoxide.

    Saline:

    Article Title: An angiopoietin-2 vaccine improves arteriovenous malformation pathology in hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia mice
    Article Snippet: .. The peptides were dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide at 4 mg/mL, whereas CRM197 (no. VCar-Lsx004; Creative Biolabs) was prepared in Conjugation buffer (phosphate-buffered saline [PBS; no. 28372; Pierce], 2mM EDTA) at 1 mg/mL. .. To activate CRM197, a 26-fold molar excess (1:10 dilution) of SMCC [succinimidyl-4-(N-maleimidomethyl)cyclohexane-1-carboxylate] crosslinker (no. A35394; Pierce) was added to a concentration of 1.5 mg/mL in dimethyl sulfoxide.

    Article Title: In situ tracking of glycoRNAs on single-cell surface to reveal RNA heterogeneity and transport mechanism
    Article Snippet: RNase T1, CT-B-AF647 were purchased from Thermo Fisher Scientific.VTl1B Polyclonal Antibody, TSNARE1 Polyclonal Antibody, and Donkey anti-Rabbit IgG (H + L) Highly Cross-Adsorbed Secondary Antibody were purchased from Invitrogen Life Technologies. .. Phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) and all culture media were purchased from Gibco. .. All the oligonucleotide sequences were purchased from Sangon Biotech.

    Article Title: Transferrin-modified multicomponent liposomes encapsulating paclitaxel-loaded β -elemene microemulsion enhance therapeutic efficacy in non-small-cell lung cancer
    Article Snippet: HS15 was offered by BASF Co., Ltd. (Ludwigshafen, Germany), and Labrafil® M1944 CS was furnished by Gattefosse. .. Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM ) , Fetal bovine serum (FBS), phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) and EDTA-0.25% trypsin solution were procured from Gibco Co., Ltd. (California, USA). ..

    Article Title: The cellular response capacity (CRC) as a novel immunomonitoring approach in sepsis
    Article Snippet: In the present study, whole blood was collected into standard neutral monovettes (Sarstedt, Nümbrecht, Germany) supplemented with 0.5 IU heparin per ml. .. Subsequently, the monovettes were exposed to either phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) with calcium and magnesium (PBS +/+ , #14080055, Gibco, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, USA) and the bacterial culture media [buffer control of Escherichia coli ( E. coli ) suspension, hereafter referred to as BuC], viable E. coli bacteria (ATCC line 25922, DSMZ, Braunschweig, Germany), or LPS (100 ng/ml, from E. coli O55:B5, #L2637, Sigma Aldrich, Steinheim, Germany). ..

    Article Title: Injectable antifibrotic drug-loaded hydrogels reduce fibrosis and restore myogenesis by enhancing mitochondrial metabolism and cell mechanics in an in vitro coculture model
    Article Snippet: .. Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium (DMEM), antibiotic-antimycotic 100 X solution, phosphate-buffered saline (PBS, 1 X ), and fetal bovine serum (FBS) were purchased from Thermo Fisher Scientific, USA. .. The Seahorse XF Cell Mito Stress Test Kit was obtained from Agilent, California, USA.

    Article Title: Engineering vascularized 3D tissues: An optimized seeding protocol for collagen-based scaffolds
    Article Snippet: .. Reagents/tools , Cell line and medium • Primary human umbilical vein endothelial cells, HUVECs (ATCC, Manasses, VA, cat # PCS–100–010) • Vascular cell basal medium (ATCC, cat # PCS–100–030) supplemented with endothelial cell growth kit-VEGF (ATCC, No. PCS–100–041) and 1 % penicillin/streptomycin (ThermoFisher, cat # 15,140,122) Equipment • PHCbi CO 2 Incubator • Countess 3 Automated Cell Counter (ThermoFisher Scientific) • NuWind Multi-Application Centrifuge • Leica TCS SP5 confocal microscope Reagents • Dulbecco’s phosphate-buffered saline (DPBS, ThermoFisher Scientific, cat # 14,040,182) • Trypsin-EDTA (ATCC, cat # 30–2101) • Cubic collagen-based Spongostan Dental MS0005 (Ethicon, Johnson & Johnson) • 4 % paraformaldehyde (PFA, Boster, cat # AR1068) • Phosphate buffered saline (PBS, ThermoFisher Scientific, cat # 10,010,023) • 1 % bovine serum albumin (BSA, Biophoretics, cat # BCZ11920.1 ) • Phalloidin (FITC, ThermoFisher Scientific, cat # F432) • 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI, Invitrogen, cat # D1306) Software • LAS AF software • ImageJ Angiogenesis Analysis • GraphPad Prism 10.5.0 Plasticware • T75 cm 2 cell culture flasks (VWR, cat # 10,062–860) • 15 ml conical centrifuge tubes (Oxford Lab Products, cat # OCT-15B) • 0.65 mL microcentrifuge tubes (VWR, cat # 87,003–290) • 12-well plates (VWR, cat # 10,861–556) • Scalpel handle #3 • Sterile surgical carbon steel blades (P&P Medical Surgical, size 10) • Tweezers • 20 μL sterile pipette tips (Oxford Lab Products, cat # XR-20-SLF) • 200 μL sterile pipette tips (Oxford Lab Products, cat # XR-200-SLF) • 1000 μL sterile pipette tips (Oxford Lab Products, cat # XR-1000-SLF) • 20 μL pipette (Eppendorf, cat # ES-20F) • 200 μL pipette (Eppendorf, cat # ES-200F) • 1000 μL pipette (Eppendorf, cat # ES-1000F) • 5 mL serological pipettes (Oxford Lab Products, cat # OSC-5C) • 10 mL serological pipettes (Oxford Lab Products, cat # OSP-10C). .. Experimental design , Endothelial cells were seeded in a commercial 3D collagen scaffold to achieve a vascular network. Scaffolded cells were dyed with DAPI and FITC to visualize branching, which was further quantified using ImageJ Angiogenesis Analysis. Scaffold saturation, cell density, one-sided and two-sided seeding, and incubation period were altered to determine the optimal method for achieving maximal vascularization and branching..

    Article Title: Biomineralized outer membrane vesicles for synergistic immuno-photodynamic therapy of oral squamous cell carcinoma
    Article Snippet: .. Chlorin e6 (Ce6) was purchased from MedChem Express (China); DMEM/F-12 medium, fetal bovine serum (FBS), phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), and penicillin/streptomycin were all purchased from Gibco (USA); LB broth was purchased from Guangdong Huankai Microbial Science and Technology Co., Ltd. .. The mouse squamous cell carcinoma cell line SCC7 (Squamous Cell Carcinoma 7) was purchased from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC).

    Article Title: Divalent siRNA for prion disease
    Article Snippet: For single point primary screens siRNAs were diluted to twice the desired final concentration in optiMEM (Gibco cat no.: 31985070) and for IC50 determination a nine-point 1:3 serial dilution series was used. .. U-251 MG glioblastoma cells (Sigma–Aldrich cat no.: 09063001) growing in a T75 flask were washed with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), trypsinized then quenched with growth media: optiMEM, 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS), 1% non- essential amino acids (NEAA) (Gibco cat no.: 11140050), 1% GlutaMAX (Gibco cat no.: 35050061), 1% pen/strep (Gibco cat no.: 15140122). ..

    Modification:

    Article Title: Transferrin-modified multicomponent liposomes encapsulating paclitaxel-loaded β -elemene microemulsion enhance therapeutic efficacy in non-small-cell lung cancer
    Article Snippet: HS15 was offered by BASF Co., Ltd. (Ludwigshafen, Germany), and Labrafil® M1944 CS was furnished by Gattefosse. .. Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM ) , Fetal bovine serum (FBS), phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) and EDTA-0.25% trypsin solution were procured from Gibco Co., Ltd. (California, USA). ..

    Article Title: Injectable antifibrotic drug-loaded hydrogels reduce fibrosis and restore myogenesis by enhancing mitochondrial metabolism and cell mechanics in an in vitro coculture model
    Article Snippet: .. Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium (DMEM), antibiotic-antimycotic 100 X solution, phosphate-buffered saline (PBS, 1 X ), and fetal bovine serum (FBS) were purchased from Thermo Fisher Scientific, USA. .. The Seahorse XF Cell Mito Stress Test Kit was obtained from Agilent, California, USA.

    Control:

    Article Title: The cellular response capacity (CRC) as a novel immunomonitoring approach in sepsis
    Article Snippet: In the present study, whole blood was collected into standard neutral monovettes (Sarstedt, Nümbrecht, Germany) supplemented with 0.5 IU heparin per ml. .. Subsequently, the monovettes were exposed to either phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) with calcium and magnesium (PBS +/+ , #14080055, Gibco, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, USA) and the bacterial culture media [buffer control of Escherichia coli ( E. coli ) suspension, hereafter referred to as BuC], viable E. coli bacteria (ATCC line 25922, DSMZ, Braunschweig, Germany), or LPS (100 ng/ml, from E. coli O55:B5, #L2637, Sigma Aldrich, Steinheim, Germany). ..

    Suspension:

    Article Title: The cellular response capacity (CRC) as a novel immunomonitoring approach in sepsis
    Article Snippet: In the present study, whole blood was collected into standard neutral monovettes (Sarstedt, Nümbrecht, Germany) supplemented with 0.5 IU heparin per ml. .. Subsequently, the monovettes were exposed to either phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) with calcium and magnesium (PBS +/+ , #14080055, Gibco, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, USA) and the bacterial culture media [buffer control of Escherichia coli ( E. coli ) suspension, hereafter referred to as BuC], viable E. coli bacteria (ATCC line 25922, DSMZ, Braunschweig, Germany), or LPS (100 ng/ml, from E. coli O55:B5, #L2637, Sigma Aldrich, Steinheim, Germany). ..

    Bacteria:

    Article Title: The cellular response capacity (CRC) as a novel immunomonitoring approach in sepsis
    Article Snippet: In the present study, whole blood was collected into standard neutral monovettes (Sarstedt, Nümbrecht, Germany) supplemented with 0.5 IU heparin per ml. .. Subsequently, the monovettes were exposed to either phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) with calcium and magnesium (PBS +/+ , #14080055, Gibco, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, USA) and the bacterial culture media [buffer control of Escherichia coli ( E. coli ) suspension, hereafter referred to as BuC], viable E. coli bacteria (ATCC line 25922, DSMZ, Braunschweig, Germany), or LPS (100 ng/ml, from E. coli O55:B5, #L2637, Sigma Aldrich, Steinheim, Germany). ..

    Microscopy:

    Article Title: Engineering vascularized 3D tissues: An optimized seeding protocol for collagen-based scaffolds
    Article Snippet: .. Reagents/tools , Cell line and medium • Primary human umbilical vein endothelial cells, HUVECs (ATCC, Manasses, VA, cat # PCS–100–010) • Vascular cell basal medium (ATCC, cat # PCS–100–030) supplemented with endothelial cell growth kit-VEGF (ATCC, No. PCS–100–041) and 1 % penicillin/streptomycin (ThermoFisher, cat # 15,140,122) Equipment • PHCbi CO 2 Incubator • Countess 3 Automated Cell Counter (ThermoFisher Scientific) • NuWind Multi-Application Centrifuge • Leica TCS SP5 confocal microscope Reagents • Dulbecco’s phosphate-buffered saline (DPBS, ThermoFisher Scientific, cat # 14,040,182) • Trypsin-EDTA (ATCC, cat # 30–2101) • Cubic collagen-based Spongostan Dental MS0005 (Ethicon, Johnson & Johnson) • 4 % paraformaldehyde (PFA, Boster, cat # AR1068) • Phosphate buffered saline (PBS, ThermoFisher Scientific, cat # 10,010,023) • 1 % bovine serum albumin (BSA, Biophoretics, cat # BCZ11920.1 ) • Phalloidin (FITC, ThermoFisher Scientific, cat # F432) • 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI, Invitrogen, cat # D1306) Software • LAS AF software • ImageJ Angiogenesis Analysis • GraphPad Prism 10.5.0 Plasticware • T75 cm 2 cell culture flasks (VWR, cat # 10,062–860) • 15 ml conical centrifuge tubes (Oxford Lab Products, cat # OCT-15B) • 0.65 mL microcentrifuge tubes (VWR, cat # 87,003–290) • 12-well plates (VWR, cat # 10,861–556) • Scalpel handle #3 • Sterile surgical carbon steel blades (P&P Medical Surgical, size 10) • Tweezers • 20 μL sterile pipette tips (Oxford Lab Products, cat # XR-20-SLF) • 200 μL sterile pipette tips (Oxford Lab Products, cat # XR-200-SLF) • 1000 μL sterile pipette tips (Oxford Lab Products, cat # XR-1000-SLF) • 20 μL pipette (Eppendorf, cat # ES-20F) • 200 μL pipette (Eppendorf, cat # ES-200F) • 1000 μL pipette (Eppendorf, cat # ES-1000F) • 5 mL serological pipettes (Oxford Lab Products, cat # OSC-5C) • 10 mL serological pipettes (Oxford Lab Products, cat # OSP-10C). .. Experimental design , Endothelial cells were seeded in a commercial 3D collagen scaffold to achieve a vascular network. Scaffolded cells were dyed with DAPI and FITC to visualize branching, which was further quantified using ImageJ Angiogenesis Analysis. Scaffold saturation, cell density, one-sided and two-sided seeding, and incubation period were altered to determine the optimal method for achieving maximal vascularization and branching..

    Software:

    Article Title: Engineering vascularized 3D tissues: An optimized seeding protocol for collagen-based scaffolds
    Article Snippet: .. Reagents/tools , Cell line and medium • Primary human umbilical vein endothelial cells, HUVECs (ATCC, Manasses, VA, cat # PCS–100–010) • Vascular cell basal medium (ATCC, cat # PCS–100–030) supplemented with endothelial cell growth kit-VEGF (ATCC, No. PCS–100–041) and 1 % penicillin/streptomycin (ThermoFisher, cat # 15,140,122) Equipment • PHCbi CO 2 Incubator • Countess 3 Automated Cell Counter (ThermoFisher Scientific) • NuWind Multi-Application Centrifuge • Leica TCS SP5 confocal microscope Reagents • Dulbecco’s phosphate-buffered saline (DPBS, ThermoFisher Scientific, cat # 14,040,182) • Trypsin-EDTA (ATCC, cat # 30–2101) • Cubic collagen-based Spongostan Dental MS0005 (Ethicon, Johnson & Johnson) • 4 % paraformaldehyde (PFA, Boster, cat # AR1068) • Phosphate buffered saline (PBS, ThermoFisher Scientific, cat # 10,010,023) • 1 % bovine serum albumin (BSA, Biophoretics, cat # BCZ11920.1 ) • Phalloidin (FITC, ThermoFisher Scientific, cat # F432) • 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI, Invitrogen, cat # D1306) Software • LAS AF software • ImageJ Angiogenesis Analysis • GraphPad Prism 10.5.0 Plasticware • T75 cm 2 cell culture flasks (VWR, cat # 10,062–860) • 15 ml conical centrifuge tubes (Oxford Lab Products, cat # OCT-15B) • 0.65 mL microcentrifuge tubes (VWR, cat # 87,003–290) • 12-well plates (VWR, cat # 10,861–556) • Scalpel handle #3 • Sterile surgical carbon steel blades (P&P Medical Surgical, size 10) • Tweezers • 20 μL sterile pipette tips (Oxford Lab Products, cat # XR-20-SLF) • 200 μL sterile pipette tips (Oxford Lab Products, cat # XR-200-SLF) • 1000 μL sterile pipette tips (Oxford Lab Products, cat # XR-1000-SLF) • 20 μL pipette (Eppendorf, cat # ES-20F) • 200 μL pipette (Eppendorf, cat # ES-200F) • 1000 μL pipette (Eppendorf, cat # ES-1000F) • 5 mL serological pipettes (Oxford Lab Products, cat # OSC-5C) • 10 mL serological pipettes (Oxford Lab Products, cat # OSP-10C). .. Experimental design , Endothelial cells were seeded in a commercial 3D collagen scaffold to achieve a vascular network. Scaffolded cells were dyed with DAPI and FITC to visualize branching, which was further quantified using ImageJ Angiogenesis Analysis. Scaffold saturation, cell density, one-sided and two-sided seeding, and incubation period were altered to determine the optimal method for achieving maximal vascularization and branching..

    Cell Culture:

    Article Title: Engineering vascularized 3D tissues: An optimized seeding protocol for collagen-based scaffolds
    Article Snippet: .. Reagents/tools , Cell line and medium • Primary human umbilical vein endothelial cells, HUVECs (ATCC, Manasses, VA, cat # PCS–100–010) • Vascular cell basal medium (ATCC, cat # PCS–100–030) supplemented with endothelial cell growth kit-VEGF (ATCC, No. PCS–100–041) and 1 % penicillin/streptomycin (ThermoFisher, cat # 15,140,122) Equipment • PHCbi CO 2 Incubator • Countess 3 Automated Cell Counter (ThermoFisher Scientific) • NuWind Multi-Application Centrifuge • Leica TCS SP5 confocal microscope Reagents • Dulbecco’s phosphate-buffered saline (DPBS, ThermoFisher Scientific, cat # 14,040,182) • Trypsin-EDTA (ATCC, cat # 30–2101) • Cubic collagen-based Spongostan Dental MS0005 (Ethicon, Johnson & Johnson) • 4 % paraformaldehyde (PFA, Boster, cat # AR1068) • Phosphate buffered saline (PBS, ThermoFisher Scientific, cat # 10,010,023) • 1 % bovine serum albumin (BSA, Biophoretics, cat # BCZ11920.1 ) • Phalloidin (FITC, ThermoFisher Scientific, cat # F432) • 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI, Invitrogen, cat # D1306) Software • LAS AF software • ImageJ Angiogenesis Analysis • GraphPad Prism 10.5.0 Plasticware • T75 cm 2 cell culture flasks (VWR, cat # 10,062–860) • 15 ml conical centrifuge tubes (Oxford Lab Products, cat # OCT-15B) • 0.65 mL microcentrifuge tubes (VWR, cat # 87,003–290) • 12-well plates (VWR, cat # 10,861–556) • Scalpel handle #3 • Sterile surgical carbon steel blades (P&P Medical Surgical, size 10) • Tweezers • 20 μL sterile pipette tips (Oxford Lab Products, cat # XR-20-SLF) • 200 μL sterile pipette tips (Oxford Lab Products, cat # XR-200-SLF) • 1000 μL sterile pipette tips (Oxford Lab Products, cat # XR-1000-SLF) • 20 μL pipette (Eppendorf, cat # ES-20F) • 200 μL pipette (Eppendorf, cat # ES-200F) • 1000 μL pipette (Eppendorf, cat # ES-1000F) • 5 mL serological pipettes (Oxford Lab Products, cat # OSC-5C) • 10 mL serological pipettes (Oxford Lab Products, cat # OSP-10C). .. Experimental design , Endothelial cells were seeded in a commercial 3D collagen scaffold to achieve a vascular network. Scaffolded cells were dyed with DAPI and FITC to visualize branching, which was further quantified using ImageJ Angiogenesis Analysis. Scaffold saturation, cell density, one-sided and two-sided seeding, and incubation period were altered to determine the optimal method for achieving maximal vascularization and branching..

    Sterility:

    Article Title: Engineering vascularized 3D tissues: An optimized seeding protocol for collagen-based scaffolds
    Article Snippet: .. Reagents/tools , Cell line and medium • Primary human umbilical vein endothelial cells, HUVECs (ATCC, Manasses, VA, cat # PCS–100–010) • Vascular cell basal medium (ATCC, cat # PCS–100–030) supplemented with endothelial cell growth kit-VEGF (ATCC, No. PCS–100–041) and 1 % penicillin/streptomycin (ThermoFisher, cat # 15,140,122) Equipment • PHCbi CO 2 Incubator • Countess 3 Automated Cell Counter (ThermoFisher Scientific) • NuWind Multi-Application Centrifuge • Leica TCS SP5 confocal microscope Reagents • Dulbecco’s phosphate-buffered saline (DPBS, ThermoFisher Scientific, cat # 14,040,182) • Trypsin-EDTA (ATCC, cat # 30–2101) • Cubic collagen-based Spongostan Dental MS0005 (Ethicon, Johnson & Johnson) • 4 % paraformaldehyde (PFA, Boster, cat # AR1068) • Phosphate buffered saline (PBS, ThermoFisher Scientific, cat # 10,010,023) • 1 % bovine serum albumin (BSA, Biophoretics, cat # BCZ11920.1 ) • Phalloidin (FITC, ThermoFisher Scientific, cat # F432) • 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI, Invitrogen, cat # D1306) Software • LAS AF software • ImageJ Angiogenesis Analysis • GraphPad Prism 10.5.0 Plasticware • T75 cm 2 cell culture flasks (VWR, cat # 10,062–860) • 15 ml conical centrifuge tubes (Oxford Lab Products, cat # OCT-15B) • 0.65 mL microcentrifuge tubes (VWR, cat # 87,003–290) • 12-well plates (VWR, cat # 10,861–556) • Scalpel handle #3 • Sterile surgical carbon steel blades (P&P Medical Surgical, size 10) • Tweezers • 20 μL sterile pipette tips (Oxford Lab Products, cat # XR-20-SLF) • 200 μL sterile pipette tips (Oxford Lab Products, cat # XR-200-SLF) • 1000 μL sterile pipette tips (Oxford Lab Products, cat # XR-1000-SLF) • 20 μL pipette (Eppendorf, cat # ES-20F) • 200 μL pipette (Eppendorf, cat # ES-200F) • 1000 μL pipette (Eppendorf, cat # ES-1000F) • 5 mL serological pipettes (Oxford Lab Products, cat # OSC-5C) • 10 mL serological pipettes (Oxford Lab Products, cat # OSP-10C). .. Experimental design , Endothelial cells were seeded in a commercial 3D collagen scaffold to achieve a vascular network. Scaffolded cells were dyed with DAPI and FITC to visualize branching, which was further quantified using ImageJ Angiogenesis Analysis. Scaffold saturation, cell density, one-sided and two-sided seeding, and incubation period were altered to determine the optimal method for achieving maximal vascularization and branching..

    Transferring:

    Article Title: Engineering vascularized 3D tissues: An optimized seeding protocol for collagen-based scaffolds
    Article Snippet: .. Reagents/tools , Cell line and medium • Primary human umbilical vein endothelial cells, HUVECs (ATCC, Manasses, VA, cat # PCS–100–010) • Vascular cell basal medium (ATCC, cat # PCS–100–030) supplemented with endothelial cell growth kit-VEGF (ATCC, No. PCS–100–041) and 1 % penicillin/streptomycin (ThermoFisher, cat # 15,140,122) Equipment • PHCbi CO 2 Incubator • Countess 3 Automated Cell Counter (ThermoFisher Scientific) • NuWind Multi-Application Centrifuge • Leica TCS SP5 confocal microscope Reagents • Dulbecco’s phosphate-buffered saline (DPBS, ThermoFisher Scientific, cat # 14,040,182) • Trypsin-EDTA (ATCC, cat # 30–2101) • Cubic collagen-based Spongostan Dental MS0005 (Ethicon, Johnson & Johnson) • 4 % paraformaldehyde (PFA, Boster, cat # AR1068) • Phosphate buffered saline (PBS, ThermoFisher Scientific, cat # 10,010,023) • 1 % bovine serum albumin (BSA, Biophoretics, cat # BCZ11920.1 ) • Phalloidin (FITC, ThermoFisher Scientific, cat # F432) • 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI, Invitrogen, cat # D1306) Software • LAS AF software • ImageJ Angiogenesis Analysis • GraphPad Prism 10.5.0 Plasticware • T75 cm 2 cell culture flasks (VWR, cat # 10,062–860) • 15 ml conical centrifuge tubes (Oxford Lab Products, cat # OCT-15B) • 0.65 mL microcentrifuge tubes (VWR, cat # 87,003–290) • 12-well plates (VWR, cat # 10,861–556) • Scalpel handle #3 • Sterile surgical carbon steel blades (P&P Medical Surgical, size 10) • Tweezers • 20 μL sterile pipette tips (Oxford Lab Products, cat # XR-20-SLF) • 200 μL sterile pipette tips (Oxford Lab Products, cat # XR-200-SLF) • 1000 μL sterile pipette tips (Oxford Lab Products, cat # XR-1000-SLF) • 20 μL pipette (Eppendorf, cat # ES-20F) • 200 μL pipette (Eppendorf, cat # ES-200F) • 1000 μL pipette (Eppendorf, cat # ES-1000F) • 5 mL serological pipettes (Oxford Lab Products, cat # OSC-5C) • 10 mL serological pipettes (Oxford Lab Products, cat # OSP-10C). .. Experimental design , Endothelial cells were seeded in a commercial 3D collagen scaffold to achieve a vascular network. Scaffolded cells were dyed with DAPI and FITC to visualize branching, which was further quantified using ImageJ Angiogenesis Analysis. Scaffold saturation, cell density, one-sided and two-sided seeding, and incubation period were altered to determine the optimal method for achieving maximal vascularization and branching..



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    90
    Beijing Solarbio Science physiological phosphate buffered saline (pbs) solution
    Experimental set-up for irradiation and OCT-imaging of the murine Arteria saphena. A For irradiation in the X-ray device (1), anesthetized animals were positioned on their left side and secured on a Plexiglas holder. The bent right leg and lower abdomen were shielded with lead to protect them from radiation, ensuring that only the inner side of the left lower leg remained within the irradiation field. The exposure area beneath the irradiation window was defined by a collimator plate made of a bismuth-lead-tin alloy (MCP-96) with copper cutouts (2). Up to five animals were irradiated simultaneously on an underlying Plexiglas plate (3). The mesures are given in centimeters. B The OCT system for vascular imaging of the A. saphena operates using near-infrared light emitted by a diode (1), which is transmitted to the scanner head (2) via fiber optic cables (3). Within the scanner head the incoming light is collimated to a beam of 2.4 mm in diameter through a collimator (4) (focal length = 12 mm) and subsequently divided into a reference and probe beam of equal diameter with a beam splitter. To scan the arterial surface, the probe beam is diffracted via two galvanometric scanners (5) (Cambridge Technologies, Planegg) and focused through an achromatic lense (6) (focal length = 25.4 mm, diameter = 15 mm). The light reflected by the arterial surface and the reference beam that has been reflected by a mirror are then recombined by the beam splitter. Fiber optic cables lead the resulting interference signal through a collimator (focal length = 40 mm) and to a spectrometer to be spectrally analyzed with a diffraction grating (1200 lines/mm). The interference spectrum is then focused through an achromatic lense (focal length = 75 mm) and detected with a silicon detector (LIS-1024, pixel size: 7.8 μm × 125 μm × 1024 px, Photon Vision Systems Inc., Homer, USA). A Fast Fourier Transform of the interference signal provides depth-resolved information about the arterial tissue. C Representative recording of the A. saphena (white arrows) and Vena saphena medialis (grey arrows) of a C57BL/6 mouse aged 8 weeks, one day after irradiation with 2 Gy. The upper picture row in the foreground represents 2-D cross sectional OCT-images. The picture row below in the background are video-recordings to orientate on the tissue. Left: Vessel diameter at rest after application of <t>physiological</t> buffer solution. Middle: Arterial vasoconstriction (VC) after application of buffer solution with high potassium concentration (K+). Right: Arterial vasodilation (VD) induced by sodium nitroprusside (SNP). The diameter of the saphenous vein was unaffected. Below: Time course of inner diameter changes of A. saphena with fitted sigmoid function (black line). d0: initial diameter, dVC: minimal diameter during VC. dVD: maximal diameter during VD. t 1/2 : time of half VC or VD
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    Experimental set-up for irradiation and OCT-imaging of the murine Arteria saphena. A For irradiation in the X-ray device (1), anesthetized animals were positioned on their left side and secured on a Plexiglas holder. The bent right leg and lower abdomen were shielded with lead to protect them from radiation, ensuring that only the inner side of the left lower leg remained within the irradiation field. The exposure area beneath the irradiation window was defined by a collimator plate made of a bismuth-lead-tin alloy (MCP-96) with copper cutouts (2). Up to five animals were irradiated simultaneously on an underlying Plexiglas plate (3). The mesures are given in centimeters. B The OCT system for vascular imaging of the A. saphena operates using near-infrared light emitted by a diode (1), which is transmitted to the scanner head (2) via fiber optic cables (3). Within the scanner head the incoming light is collimated to a beam of 2.4 mm in diameter through a collimator (4) (focal length = 12 mm) and subsequently divided into a reference and probe beam of equal diameter with a beam splitter. To scan the arterial surface, the probe beam is diffracted via two galvanometric scanners (5) (Cambridge Technologies, Planegg) and focused through an achromatic lense (6) (focal length = 25.4 mm, diameter = 15 mm). The light reflected by the arterial surface and the reference beam that has been reflected by a mirror are then recombined by the beam splitter. Fiber optic cables lead the resulting interference signal through a collimator (focal length = 40 mm) and to a spectrometer to be spectrally analyzed with a diffraction grating (1200 lines/mm). The interference spectrum is then focused through an achromatic lense (focal length = 75 mm) and detected with a silicon detector (LIS-1024, pixel size: 7.8 μm × 125 μm × 1024 px, Photon Vision Systems Inc., Homer, USA). A Fast Fourier Transform of the interference signal provides depth-resolved information about the arterial tissue. C Representative recording of the A. saphena (white arrows) and Vena saphena medialis (grey arrows) of a C57BL/6 mouse aged 8 weeks, one day after irradiation with 2 Gy. The upper picture row in the foreground represents 2-D cross sectional OCT-images. The picture row below in the background are video-recordings to orientate on the tissue. Left: Vessel diameter at rest after application of <t>physiological</t> buffer solution. Middle: Arterial vasoconstriction (VC) after application of buffer solution with high potassium concentration (K+). Right: Arterial vasodilation (VD) induced by sodium nitroprusside (SNP). The diameter of the saphenous vein was unaffected. Below: Time course of inner diameter changes of A. saphena with fitted sigmoid function (black line). d0: initial diameter, dVC: minimal diameter during VC. dVD: maximal diameter during VD. t 1/2 : time of half VC or VD
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    Experimental set-up for irradiation and OCT-imaging of the murine Arteria saphena. A For irradiation in the X-ray device (1), anesthetized animals were positioned on their left side and secured on a Plexiglas holder. The bent right leg and lower abdomen were shielded with lead to protect them from radiation, ensuring that only the inner side of the left lower leg remained within the irradiation field. The exposure area beneath the irradiation window was defined by a collimator plate made of a bismuth-lead-tin alloy (MCP-96) with copper cutouts (2). Up to five animals were irradiated simultaneously on an underlying Plexiglas plate (3). The mesures are given in centimeters. B The OCT system for vascular imaging of the A. saphena operates using near-infrared light emitted by a diode (1), which is transmitted to the scanner head (2) via fiber optic cables (3). Within the scanner head the incoming light is collimated to a beam of 2.4 mm in diameter through a collimator (4) (focal length = 12 mm) and subsequently divided into a reference and probe beam of equal diameter with a beam splitter. To scan the arterial surface, the probe beam is diffracted via two galvanometric scanners (5) (Cambridge Technologies, Planegg) and focused through an achromatic lense (6) (focal length = 25.4 mm, diameter = 15 mm). The light reflected by the arterial surface and the reference beam that has been reflected by a mirror are then recombined by the beam splitter. Fiber optic cables lead the resulting interference signal through a collimator (focal length = 40 mm) and to a spectrometer to be spectrally analyzed with a diffraction grating (1200 lines/mm). The interference spectrum is then focused through an achromatic lense (focal length = 75 mm) and detected with a silicon detector (LIS-1024, pixel size: 7.8 μm × 125 μm × 1024 px, Photon Vision Systems Inc., Homer, USA). A Fast Fourier Transform of the interference signal provides depth-resolved information about the arterial tissue. C Representative recording of the A. saphena (white arrows) and Vena saphena medialis (grey arrows) of a C57BL/6 mouse aged 8 weeks, one day after irradiation with 2 Gy. The upper picture row in the foreground represents 2-D cross sectional OCT-images. The picture row below in the background are video-recordings to orientate on the tissue. Left: Vessel diameter at rest after application of <t>physiological</t> buffer solution. Middle: Arterial vasoconstriction (VC) after application of buffer solution with high potassium concentration (K+). Right: Arterial vasodilation (VD) induced by sodium nitroprusside (SNP). The diameter of the saphenous vein was unaffected. Below: Time course of inner diameter changes of A. saphena with fitted sigmoid function (black line). d0: initial diameter, dVC: minimal diameter during VC. dVD: maximal diameter during VD. t 1/2 : time of half VC or VD
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    Experimental set-up for irradiation and OCT-imaging of the murine Arteria saphena. A For irradiation in the X-ray device (1), anesthetized animals were positioned on their left side and secured on a Plexiglas holder. The bent right leg and lower abdomen were shielded with lead to protect them from radiation, ensuring that only the inner side of the left lower leg remained within the irradiation field. The exposure area beneath the irradiation window was defined by a collimator plate made of a bismuth-lead-tin alloy (MCP-96) with copper cutouts (2). Up to five animals were irradiated simultaneously on an underlying Plexiglas plate (3). The mesures are given in centimeters. B The OCT system for vascular imaging of the A. saphena operates using near-infrared light emitted by a diode (1), which is transmitted to the scanner head (2) via fiber optic cables (3). Within the scanner head the incoming light is collimated to a beam of 2.4 mm in diameter through a collimator (4) (focal length = 12 mm) and subsequently divided into a reference and probe beam of equal diameter with a beam splitter. To scan the arterial surface, the probe beam is diffracted via two galvanometric scanners (5) (Cambridge Technologies, Planegg) and focused through an achromatic lense (6) (focal length = 25.4 mm, diameter = 15 mm). The light reflected by the arterial surface and the reference beam that has been reflected by a mirror are then recombined by the beam splitter. Fiber optic cables lead the resulting interference signal through a collimator (focal length = 40 mm) and to a spectrometer to be spectrally analyzed with a diffraction grating (1200 lines/mm). The interference spectrum is then focused through an achromatic lense (focal length = 75 mm) and detected with a silicon detector (LIS-1024, pixel size: 7.8 μm × 125 μm × 1024 px, Photon Vision Systems Inc., Homer, USA). A Fast Fourier Transform of the interference signal provides depth-resolved information about the arterial tissue. C Representative recording of the A. saphena (white arrows) and Vena saphena medialis (grey arrows) of a C57BL/6 mouse aged 8 weeks, one day after irradiation with 2 Gy. The upper picture row in the foreground represents 2-D cross sectional OCT-images. The picture row below in the background are video-recordings to orientate on the tissue. Left: Vessel diameter at rest after application of <t>physiological</t> buffer solution. Middle: Arterial vasoconstriction (VC) after application of buffer solution with high potassium concentration (K+). Right: Arterial vasodilation (VD) induced by sodium nitroprusside (SNP). The diameter of the saphenous vein was unaffected. Below: Time course of inner diameter changes of A. saphena with fitted sigmoid function (black line). d0: initial diameter, dVC: minimal diameter during VC. dVD: maximal diameter during VD. t 1/2 : time of half VC or VD
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    Experimental set-up for irradiation and OCT-imaging of the murine Arteria saphena. A For irradiation in the X-ray device (1), anesthetized animals were positioned on their left side and secured on a Plexiglas holder. The bent right leg and lower abdomen were shielded with lead to protect them from radiation, ensuring that only the inner side of the left lower leg remained within the irradiation field. The exposure area beneath the irradiation window was defined by a collimator plate made of a bismuth-lead-tin alloy (MCP-96) with copper cutouts (2). Up to five animals were irradiated simultaneously on an underlying Plexiglas plate (3). The mesures are given in centimeters. B The OCT system for vascular imaging of the A. saphena operates using near-infrared light emitted by a diode (1), which is transmitted to the scanner head (2) via fiber optic cables (3). Within the scanner head the incoming light is collimated to a beam of 2.4 mm in diameter through a collimator (4) (focal length = 12 mm) and subsequently divided into a reference and probe beam of equal diameter with a beam splitter. To scan the arterial surface, the probe beam is diffracted via two galvanometric scanners (5) (Cambridge Technologies, Planegg) and focused through an achromatic lense (6) (focal length = 25.4 mm, diameter = 15 mm). The light reflected by the arterial surface and the reference beam that has been reflected by a mirror are then recombined by the beam splitter. Fiber optic cables lead the resulting interference signal through a collimator (focal length = 40 mm) and to a spectrometer to be spectrally analyzed with a diffraction grating (1200 lines/mm). The interference spectrum is then focused through an achromatic lense (focal length = 75 mm) and detected with a silicon detector (LIS-1024, pixel size: 7.8 μm × 125 μm × 1024 px, Photon Vision Systems Inc., Homer, USA). A Fast Fourier Transform of the interference signal provides depth-resolved information about the arterial tissue. C Representative recording of the A. saphena (white arrows) and Vena saphena medialis (grey arrows) of a C57BL/6 mouse aged 8 weeks, one day after irradiation with 2 Gy. The upper picture row in the foreground represents 2-D cross sectional OCT-images. The picture row below in the background are video-recordings to orientate on the tissue. Left: Vessel diameter at rest after application of <t>physiological</t> buffer solution. Middle: Arterial vasoconstriction (VC) after application of buffer solution with high potassium concentration (K+). Right: Arterial vasodilation (VD) induced by sodium nitroprusside (SNP). The diameter of the saphenous vein was unaffected. Below: Time course of inner diameter changes of A. saphena with fitted sigmoid function (black line). d0: initial diameter, dVC: minimal diameter during VC. dVD: maximal diameter during VD. t 1/2 : time of half VC or VD
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    Experimental set-up for irradiation and OCT-imaging of the murine Arteria saphena. A For irradiation in the X-ray device (1), anesthetized animals were positioned on their left side and secured on a Plexiglas holder. The bent right leg and lower abdomen were shielded with lead to protect them from radiation, ensuring that only the inner side of the left lower leg remained within the irradiation field. The exposure area beneath the irradiation window was defined by a collimator plate made of a bismuth-lead-tin alloy (MCP-96) with copper cutouts (2). Up to five animals were irradiated simultaneously on an underlying Plexiglas plate (3). The mesures are given in centimeters. B The OCT system for vascular imaging of the A. saphena operates using near-infrared light emitted by a diode (1), which is transmitted to the scanner head (2) via fiber optic cables (3). Within the scanner head the incoming light is collimated to a beam of 2.4 mm in diameter through a collimator (4) (focal length = 12 mm) and subsequently divided into a reference and probe beam of equal diameter with a beam splitter. To scan the arterial surface, the probe beam is diffracted via two galvanometric scanners (5) (Cambridge Technologies, Planegg) and focused through an achromatic lense (6) (focal length = 25.4 mm, diameter = 15 mm). The light reflected by the arterial surface and the reference beam that has been reflected by a mirror are then recombined by the beam splitter. Fiber optic cables lead the resulting interference signal through a collimator (focal length = 40 mm) and to a spectrometer to be spectrally analyzed with a diffraction grating (1200 lines/mm). The interference spectrum is then focused through an achromatic lense (focal length = 75 mm) and detected with a silicon detector (LIS-1024, pixel size: 7.8 μm × 125 μm × 1024 px, Photon Vision Systems Inc., Homer, USA). A Fast Fourier Transform of the interference signal provides depth-resolved information about the arterial tissue. C Representative recording of the A. saphena (white arrows) and Vena saphena medialis (grey arrows) of a C57BL/6 mouse aged 8 weeks, one day after irradiation with 2 Gy. The upper picture row in the foreground represents 2-D cross sectional OCT-images. The picture row below in the background are video-recordings to orientate on the tissue. Left: Vessel diameter at rest after application of <t>physiological</t> buffer solution. Middle: Arterial vasoconstriction (VC) after application of buffer solution with high potassium concentration (K+). Right: Arterial vasodilation (VD) induced by sodium nitroprusside (SNP). The diameter of the saphenous vein was unaffected. Below: Time course of inner diameter changes of A. saphena with fitted sigmoid function (black line). d0: initial diameter, dVC: minimal diameter during VC. dVD: maximal diameter during VD. t 1/2 : time of half VC or VD
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    Experimental set-up for irradiation and OCT-imaging of the murine Arteria saphena. A For irradiation in the X-ray device (1), anesthetized animals were positioned on their left side and secured on a Plexiglas holder. The bent right leg and lower abdomen were shielded with lead to protect them from radiation, ensuring that only the inner side of the left lower leg remained within the irradiation field. The exposure area beneath the irradiation window was defined by a collimator plate made of a bismuth-lead-tin alloy (MCP-96) with copper cutouts (2). Up to five animals were irradiated simultaneously on an underlying Plexiglas plate (3). The mesures are given in centimeters. B The OCT system for vascular imaging of the A. saphena operates using near-infrared light emitted by a diode (1), which is transmitted to the scanner head (2) via fiber optic cables (3). Within the scanner head the incoming light is collimated to a beam of 2.4 mm in diameter through a collimator (4) (focal length = 12 mm) and subsequently divided into a reference and probe beam of equal diameter with a beam splitter. To scan the arterial surface, the probe beam is diffracted via two galvanometric scanners (5) (Cambridge Technologies, Planegg) and focused through an achromatic lense (6) (focal length = 25.4 mm, diameter = 15 mm). The light reflected by the arterial surface and the reference beam that has been reflected by a mirror are then recombined by the beam splitter. Fiber optic cables lead the resulting interference signal through a collimator (focal length = 40 mm) and to a spectrometer to be spectrally analyzed with a diffraction grating (1200 lines/mm). The interference spectrum is then focused through an achromatic lense (focal length = 75 mm) and detected with a silicon detector (LIS-1024, pixel size: 7.8 μm × 125 μm × 1024 px, Photon Vision Systems Inc., Homer, USA). A Fast Fourier Transform of the interference signal provides depth-resolved information about the arterial tissue. C Representative recording of the A. saphena (white arrows) and Vena saphena medialis (grey arrows) of a C57BL/6 mouse aged 8 weeks, one day after irradiation with 2 Gy. The upper picture row in the foreground represents 2-D cross sectional OCT-images. The picture row below in the background are video-recordings to orientate on the tissue. Left: Vessel diameter at rest after application of <t>physiological</t> buffer solution. Middle: Arterial vasoconstriction (VC) after application of buffer solution with high potassium concentration (K+). Right: Arterial vasodilation (VD) induced by sodium nitroprusside (SNP). The diameter of the saphenous vein was unaffected. Below: Time course of inner diameter changes of A. saphena with fitted sigmoid function (black line). d0: initial diameter, dVC: minimal diameter during VC. dVD: maximal diameter during VD. t 1/2 : time of half VC or VD
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    Experimental set-up for irradiation and OCT-imaging of the murine Arteria saphena. A For irradiation in the X-ray device (1), anesthetized animals were positioned on their left side and secured on a Plexiglas holder. The bent right leg and lower abdomen were shielded with lead to protect them from radiation, ensuring that only the inner side of the left lower leg remained within the irradiation field. The exposure area beneath the irradiation window was defined by a collimator plate made of a bismuth-lead-tin alloy (MCP-96) with copper cutouts (2). Up to five animals were irradiated simultaneously on an underlying Plexiglas plate (3). The mesures are given in centimeters. B The OCT system for vascular imaging of the A. saphena operates using near-infrared light emitted by a diode (1), which is transmitted to the scanner head (2) via fiber optic cables (3). Within the scanner head the incoming light is collimated to a beam of 2.4 mm in diameter through a collimator (4) (focal length = 12 mm) and subsequently divided into a reference and probe beam of equal diameter with a beam splitter. To scan the arterial surface, the probe beam is diffracted via two galvanometric scanners (5) (Cambridge Technologies, Planegg) and focused through an achromatic lense (6) (focal length = 25.4 mm, diameter = 15 mm). The light reflected by the arterial surface and the reference beam that has been reflected by a mirror are then recombined by the beam splitter. Fiber optic cables lead the resulting interference signal through a collimator (focal length = 40 mm) and to a spectrometer to be spectrally analyzed with a diffraction grating (1200 lines/mm). The interference spectrum is then focused through an achromatic lense (focal length = 75 mm) and detected with a silicon detector (LIS-1024, pixel size: 7.8 μm × 125 μm × 1024 px, Photon Vision Systems Inc., Homer, USA). A Fast Fourier Transform of the interference signal provides depth-resolved information about the arterial tissue. C Representative recording of the A. saphena (white arrows) and Vena saphena medialis (grey arrows) of a C57BL/6 mouse aged 8 weeks, one day after irradiation with 2 Gy. The upper picture row in the foreground represents 2-D cross sectional OCT-images. The picture row below in the background are video-recordings to orientate on the tissue. Left: Vessel diameter at rest after application of <t>physiological</t> buffer solution. Middle: Arterial vasoconstriction (VC) after application of buffer solution with high potassium concentration (K+). Right: Arterial vasodilation (VD) induced by sodium nitroprusside (SNP). The diameter of the saphenous vein was unaffected. Below: Time course of inner diameter changes of A. saphena with fitted sigmoid function (black line). d0: initial diameter, dVC: minimal diameter during VC. dVD: maximal diameter during VD. t 1/2 : time of half VC or VD
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    Experimental set-up for irradiation and OCT-imaging of the murine Arteria saphena. A For irradiation in the X-ray device (1), anesthetized animals were positioned on their left side and secured on a Plexiglas holder. The bent right leg and lower abdomen were shielded with lead to protect them from radiation, ensuring that only the inner side of the left lower leg remained within the irradiation field. The exposure area beneath the irradiation window was defined by a collimator plate made of a bismuth-lead-tin alloy (MCP-96) with copper cutouts (2). Up to five animals were irradiated simultaneously on an underlying Plexiglas plate (3). The mesures are given in centimeters. B The OCT system for vascular imaging of the A. saphena operates using near-infrared light emitted by a diode (1), which is transmitted to the scanner head (2) via fiber optic cables (3). Within the scanner head the incoming light is collimated to a beam of 2.4 mm in diameter through a collimator (4) (focal length = 12 mm) and subsequently divided into a reference and probe beam of equal diameter with a beam splitter. To scan the arterial surface, the probe beam is diffracted via two galvanometric scanners (5) (Cambridge Technologies, Planegg) and focused through an achromatic lense (6) (focal length = 25.4 mm, diameter = 15 mm). The light reflected by the arterial surface and the reference beam that has been reflected by a mirror are then recombined by the beam splitter. Fiber optic cables lead the resulting interference signal through a collimator (focal length = 40 mm) and to a spectrometer to be spectrally analyzed with a diffraction grating (1200 lines/mm). The interference spectrum is then focused through an achromatic lense (focal length = 75 mm) and detected with a silicon detector (LIS-1024, pixel size: 7.8 μm × 125 μm × 1024 px, Photon Vision Systems Inc., Homer, USA). A Fast Fourier Transform of the interference signal provides depth-resolved information about the arterial tissue. C Representative recording of the A. saphena (white arrows) and Vena saphena medialis (grey arrows) of a C57BL/6 mouse aged 8 weeks, one day after irradiation with 2 Gy. The upper picture row in the foreground represents 2-D cross sectional OCT-images. The picture row below in the background are video-recordings to orientate on the tissue. Left: Vessel diameter at rest after application of physiological buffer solution. Middle: Arterial vasoconstriction (VC) after application of buffer solution with high potassium concentration (K+). Right: Arterial vasodilation (VD) induced by sodium nitroprusside (SNP). The diameter of the saphenous vein was unaffected. Below: Time course of inner diameter changes of A. saphena with fitted sigmoid function (black line). d0: initial diameter, dVC: minimal diameter during VC. dVD: maximal diameter during VD. t 1/2 : time of half VC or VD

    Journal: Cardio-oncology

    Article Title: Radiation- and age-related vascular dysfunction as an early indicator of cardiovascular risk: a long-term study in the ApoE −/− mouse model of atherosclerosis

    doi: 10.1186/s40959-025-00395-6

    Figure Lengend Snippet: Experimental set-up for irradiation and OCT-imaging of the murine Arteria saphena. A For irradiation in the X-ray device (1), anesthetized animals were positioned on their left side and secured on a Plexiglas holder. The bent right leg and lower abdomen were shielded with lead to protect them from radiation, ensuring that only the inner side of the left lower leg remained within the irradiation field. The exposure area beneath the irradiation window was defined by a collimator plate made of a bismuth-lead-tin alloy (MCP-96) with copper cutouts (2). Up to five animals were irradiated simultaneously on an underlying Plexiglas plate (3). The mesures are given in centimeters. B The OCT system for vascular imaging of the A. saphena operates using near-infrared light emitted by a diode (1), which is transmitted to the scanner head (2) via fiber optic cables (3). Within the scanner head the incoming light is collimated to a beam of 2.4 mm in diameter through a collimator (4) (focal length = 12 mm) and subsequently divided into a reference and probe beam of equal diameter with a beam splitter. To scan the arterial surface, the probe beam is diffracted via two galvanometric scanners (5) (Cambridge Technologies, Planegg) and focused through an achromatic lense (6) (focal length = 25.4 mm, diameter = 15 mm). The light reflected by the arterial surface and the reference beam that has been reflected by a mirror are then recombined by the beam splitter. Fiber optic cables lead the resulting interference signal through a collimator (focal length = 40 mm) and to a spectrometer to be spectrally analyzed with a diffraction grating (1200 lines/mm). The interference spectrum is then focused through an achromatic lense (focal length = 75 mm) and detected with a silicon detector (LIS-1024, pixel size: 7.8 μm × 125 μm × 1024 px, Photon Vision Systems Inc., Homer, USA). A Fast Fourier Transform of the interference signal provides depth-resolved information about the arterial tissue. C Representative recording of the A. saphena (white arrows) and Vena saphena medialis (grey arrows) of a C57BL/6 mouse aged 8 weeks, one day after irradiation with 2 Gy. The upper picture row in the foreground represents 2-D cross sectional OCT-images. The picture row below in the background are video-recordings to orientate on the tissue. Left: Vessel diameter at rest after application of physiological buffer solution. Middle: Arterial vasoconstriction (VC) after application of buffer solution with high potassium concentration (K+). Right: Arterial vasodilation (VD) induced by sodium nitroprusside (SNP). The diameter of the saphenous vein was unaffected. Below: Time course of inner diameter changes of A. saphena with fitted sigmoid function (black line). d0: initial diameter, dVC: minimal diameter during VC. dVD: maximal diameter during VD. t 1/2 : time of half VC or VD

    Article Snippet: To assess the arterial diameter at baseline the exposed A. saphena was moistened with a physiological buffer solution (NaCl: 119 mmol/l, Merck, Darmstadt, Germany; KCl: 4.7 mmol/l, Merck; MgSO 4 : 1.17 mmol/l, Sigma-Aldrich, Taufkirchen, Germany; NaHCO 3 : 25 mmol/l, Merck; KH 2 PO 4 : 1.18 mmol/l, Merck; Glucose: 5.5 mmol/l, Merck; EDTA: 0.027 mmol/l, Prolabo, VWR International, Darmstadt) right before starting OCT. Acquisition of the baseline diameter stopped automatically after 30 initial B-scans (equivalent to a recording time of 7.5 s).

    Techniques: Irradiation, Imaging, Concentration Assay