Review



phosphonopropyl piperazine 2 carboxylic acid cpp  (Alomone Labs)


Bioz Verified Symbol Alomone Labs is a verified supplier
Bioz Manufacturer Symbol Alomone Labs manufactures this product  
  • Logo
  • About
  • News
  • Press Release
  • Team
  • Advisors
  • Partners
  • Contact
  • Bioz Stars
  • Bioz vStars
  • 91

    Structured Review

    Alomone Labs phosphonopropyl piperazine 2 carboxylic acid cpp
    Phosphonopropyl Piperazine 2 Carboxylic Acid Cpp, supplied by Alomone Labs, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 91/100, based on 8 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
    https://www.bioz.com/product/nmda+receptor+blocker+cpp/(%C2%B1)-CPP/pmc08904583-74-0-3
    Average 91 stars, based on 8 article reviews
    phosphonopropyl piperazine 2 carboxylic acid cpp - by Bioz Stars, 2026-09
    91/100 stars

    Images

    Related Articles

    Blocking Assay:

    Article Title: Rapid, activity-dependent intrinsic plasticity in the developing zebra finch auditory cortex
    Article Snippet: .. To test whether blocking potassium currents would reverse intrinsic plasticity, recordings were performed in standard ACSF with an added cocktail of drugs to block fast synaptic transmission: 10 μ M ( ± )-3-(2-carboxyp-iperazin-4-yl)propyl-1-phosphonic acid (CPP; Alomone Labs), 20 μ M 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione disodium salt hydrate (CNQX; Alomone Labs), and 10 μ M (+)-bicuculline (Sigma). .. After the neuron became phasic (4–11 epochs), 2 mM 4-aminopyridine (4-AP; Sigma) was added to the perfusate.

    Article Title: Rapid, Activity-Dependent Intrinsic Plasticity in the Developing Zebra Finch Auditory Cortex
    Article Snippet: .. To test whether blocking potassium currents would reverse intrinsic plasticity, recordings were performed in standard ACSF with an added cocktail of drugs to block fast synaptic transmission: 10 mM (6) 3-(2-carboxypiperazin-4-yl)propyl-1-phosphonic acid (CPP; Alomone Labs), 20 mM 6- cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione disodium salt hydrate (CNQX; Alomone Labs), and 10 mM (1)-bicuculline (Sigma). .. After the neuron became phasic (4–11 epochs), 2 mM 4-aminopyridine (4-AP; Sigma), or 100 nM a-dendrotoxin (a-DTX; Alomone Labs) was added to the perfusate.

    Transmission Assay:

    Article Title: Rapid, activity-dependent intrinsic plasticity in the developing zebra finch auditory cortex
    Article Snippet: .. To test whether blocking potassium currents would reverse intrinsic plasticity, recordings were performed in standard ACSF with an added cocktail of drugs to block fast synaptic transmission: 10 μ M ( ± )-3-(2-carboxyp-iperazin-4-yl)propyl-1-phosphonic acid (CPP; Alomone Labs), 20 μ M 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione disodium salt hydrate (CNQX; Alomone Labs), and 10 μ M (+)-bicuculline (Sigma). .. After the neuron became phasic (4–11 epochs), 2 mM 4-aminopyridine (4-AP; Sigma) was added to the perfusate.

    Article Title: Rapid, Activity-Dependent Intrinsic Plasticity in the Developing Zebra Finch Auditory Cortex
    Article Snippet: .. To test whether blocking potassium currents would reverse intrinsic plasticity, recordings were performed in standard ACSF with an added cocktail of drugs to block fast synaptic transmission: 10 mM (6) 3-(2-carboxypiperazin-4-yl)propyl-1-phosphonic acid (CPP; Alomone Labs), 20 mM 6- cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione disodium salt hydrate (CNQX; Alomone Labs), and 10 mM (1)-bicuculline (Sigma). .. After the neuron became phasic (4–11 epochs), 2 mM 4-aminopyridine (4-AP; Sigma), or 100 nM a-dendrotoxin (a-DTX; Alomone Labs) was added to the perfusate.

    Saline:

    Article Title: Long-Term Depression-Inducing Low Frequency Stimulation Enhances p-Tau181 and p-Tau217 in an Age-Dependent Manner in Live Rats
    Article Snippet: Quantification of the protein expression was calculated with ImageJ (version 1.52a). .. Pharmacological agents (R,S)-3-(2-carboxypiperazin-4-yl)propyl-1-phosphonic acid ((±)-CPP, Alomone Labs, C-175) and 3-((2-methyl-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)ethynyl)pyridine hydrochloride (MTEP hydrochloride, Abcam, ab120035) were prepared in distilled water and diluted with saline to the required concentration. .. Trans-N,N′-(Cyclohexane-1,4-diyl)bis(2-(4-chlorophenoxy) acetamide (ISRIB, Sigma, SML0843) was dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) with gentle warming in a 40◦C water bath and vortexed until the solution became clear.

    Article Title: Long-Term Depression-Inducing Low Frequency Stimulation Enhances p-Tau181 and p-Tau217 in an Age-Dependent Manner in Live Rats
    Article Snippet: Quantification of the protein expression was calculated with ImageJ (version 1.52a). .. (R,S)-3-(2-carboxypiperazin-4-yl)propyl-1-phosphonic acid ((±)-CPP, Alomone Labs, C-175) and 3-((2-methyl-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)ethynyl)pyridine hydrochloride (MTEP hydrochloride, Abcam, ab120035) were prepared in distilled water and diluted with saline to the required concentration. .. Trans-N,N ′ -(Cyclohexane-1,4-diyl)bis(2-(4-chlorophenoxy) acetamide (ISRIB, Sigma, SML0843) was dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) with gentle warming in a 40°C water bath and vortexed until the solution became clear.

    Article Title: LTD-inducing low frequency stimulation enhances p-Tau181 and p-Tau217 in an age-dependent manner in live rats
    Article Snippet: Quantification of the protein expression was calculated with ImageJ (version 1.52a). .. (R,S)-3-(2-carboxypiperazin-4-yl)propyl-1-phosphonic acid ((±)-CPP, Alomone, C-175) and 3-((2-methyl-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)ethynyl)pyridine hydrochloride (MTEP hydrochloride, Abcam, ab120035) were prepared in distilled water and diluted with saline to the required concentration. .. Trans-N,N′-(Cyclohexane-1,4-diyl)bis(2-(4-chlorophenoxy) acetamide (ISRIB, Sigma, SML0843) was dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) with gentle warming in a 40°C water bath and vortexed until the solution became clear.

    Article Title: Inhibition of the ISR abrogates mGluR5-dependent long-term depression and spatial memory deficits in a rat model of Alzheimer’s disease
    Article Snippet: .. 4-(3-phosphonopropyl)piperazine-2-carboxylic acid ((±)-CPP, Alomone, C-175) and 3-((2-methyl-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)ethynyl)pyridine hydrochloride (MTEP hydrochloride, Abcam, ab120035) were prepared in distilled water and diluted with saline to the required concentration. ..

    Concentration Assay:

    Article Title: Long-Term Depression-Inducing Low Frequency Stimulation Enhances p-Tau181 and p-Tau217 in an Age-Dependent Manner in Live Rats
    Article Snippet: Quantification of the protein expression was calculated with ImageJ (version 1.52a). .. Pharmacological agents (R,S)-3-(2-carboxypiperazin-4-yl)propyl-1-phosphonic acid ((±)-CPP, Alomone Labs, C-175) and 3-((2-methyl-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)ethynyl)pyridine hydrochloride (MTEP hydrochloride, Abcam, ab120035) were prepared in distilled water and diluted with saline to the required concentration. .. Trans-N,N′-(Cyclohexane-1,4-diyl)bis(2-(4-chlorophenoxy) acetamide (ISRIB, Sigma, SML0843) was dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) with gentle warming in a 40◦C water bath and vortexed until the solution became clear.

    Article Title: Long-Term Depression-Inducing Low Frequency Stimulation Enhances p-Tau181 and p-Tau217 in an Age-Dependent Manner in Live Rats
    Article Snippet: Quantification of the protein expression was calculated with ImageJ (version 1.52a). .. (R,S)-3-(2-carboxypiperazin-4-yl)propyl-1-phosphonic acid ((±)-CPP, Alomone Labs, C-175) and 3-((2-methyl-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)ethynyl)pyridine hydrochloride (MTEP hydrochloride, Abcam, ab120035) were prepared in distilled water and diluted with saline to the required concentration. .. Trans-N,N ′ -(Cyclohexane-1,4-diyl)bis(2-(4-chlorophenoxy) acetamide (ISRIB, Sigma, SML0843) was dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) with gentle warming in a 40°C water bath and vortexed until the solution became clear.

    Article Title: LTD-inducing low frequency stimulation enhances p-Tau181 and p-Tau217 in an age-dependent manner in live rats
    Article Snippet: Quantification of the protein expression was calculated with ImageJ (version 1.52a). .. (R,S)-3-(2-carboxypiperazin-4-yl)propyl-1-phosphonic acid ((±)-CPP, Alomone, C-175) and 3-((2-methyl-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)ethynyl)pyridine hydrochloride (MTEP hydrochloride, Abcam, ab120035) were prepared in distilled water and diluted with saline to the required concentration. .. Trans-N,N′-(Cyclohexane-1,4-diyl)bis(2-(4-chlorophenoxy) acetamide (ISRIB, Sigma, SML0843) was dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) with gentle warming in a 40°C water bath and vortexed until the solution became clear.

    Article Title: Inhibition of the ISR abrogates mGluR5-dependent long-term depression and spatial memory deficits in a rat model of Alzheimer’s disease
    Article Snippet: .. 4-(3-phosphonopropyl)piperazine-2-carboxylic acid ((±)-CPP, Alomone, C-175) and 3-((2-methyl-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)ethynyl)pyridine hydrochloride (MTEP hydrochloride, Abcam, ab120035) were prepared in distilled water and diluted with saline to the required concentration. ..

    other:

    Article Title: Spike Activity Regulates Vesicle Filling at a Glutamatergic Synapse
    Article Snippet: Drugs Drugs were obtained from Tocris (H-89), Alomone (tetrodotoxin, CPP, cyclothiazide), Invitrogen (SBFI and Alexa Fluor 594), and all others from Sigma-Aldrich.



    Similar Products

    95
    Bio-Techne corporation nmda receptor blocker
    a Schematics of cerebellar circuit. b UMAP embedding showing normalized expression of gene involved in mGluR1 signaling cascade. c Same as in b <t>for</t> <t>AMPA</t> and <t>NMDA</t> receptors. d Same as in b for genes involved in mGluR2/3 signaling cascade. e Example spiking responses in different UBCs to a burst of MF input (20 stimuli at 100 Hz). f Instantaneous firing rate for the same cells.
    Nmda Receptor Blocker, supplied by Bio-Techne corporation, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 95/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
    https://www.bioz.com/product/nmda+receptor+blocker+cpp/(R)-CPP/pmc08497507-229-45-36
    Average 95 stars, based on 1 article reviews
    nmda receptor blocker - by Bioz Stars, 2026-09
    95/100 stars
      Buy from Supplier

    95
    Tocris nmda receptor blocker
    a Schematics of cerebellar circuit. b UMAP embedding showing normalized expression of gene involved in mGluR1 signaling cascade. c Same as in b <t>for</t> <t>AMPA</t> and <t>NMDA</t> receptors. d Same as in b for genes involved in mGluR2/3 signaling cascade. e Example spiking responses in different UBCs to a burst of MF input (20 stimuli at 100 Hz). f Instantaneous firing rate for the same cells.
    Nmda Receptor Blocker, supplied by Tocris, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 95/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
    https://www.bioz.com/product/nmda+receptor+blocker+cpp/(R)-CPP/pmc08497507-229-45-56
    Average 95 stars, based on 1 article reviews
    nmda receptor blocker - by Bioz Stars, 2026-09
    95/100 stars
      Buy from Supplier

    94
    Tocris nmda receptor blocker rs
    a Schematics of cerebellar circuit. b UMAP embedding showing normalized expression of gene involved in mGluR1 signaling cascade. c Same as in b <t>for</t> <t>AMPA</t> and <t>NMDA</t> receptors. d Same as in b for genes involved in mGluR2/3 signaling cascade. e Example spiking responses in different UBCs to a burst of MF input (20 stimuli at 100 Hz). f Instantaneous firing rate for the same cells.
    Nmda Receptor Blocker Rs, supplied by Tocris, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 94/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
    https://www.bioz.com/product/nmda+receptor+blocker+cpp/(RS)-CPP/pmc04212060-324-27-50
    Average 94 stars, based on 1 article reviews
    nmda receptor blocker rs - by Bioz Stars, 2026-09
    94/100 stars
      Buy from Supplier

    90
    Doshisha Corporation nmda receptor blocker cpp
    a Schematics of cerebellar circuit. b UMAP embedding showing normalized expression of gene involved in mGluR1 signaling cascade. c Same as in b <t>for</t> <t>AMPA</t> and <t>NMDA</t> receptors. d Same as in b for genes involved in mGluR2/3 signaling cascade. e Example spiking responses in different UBCs to a burst of MF input (20 stimuli at 100 Hz). f Instantaneous firing rate for the same cells.
    Nmda Receptor Blocker Cpp, supplied by Doshisha Corporation, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 90/100, based on 1 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
    https://www.bioz.com/product/nmda+receptor+blocker+cpp/nmda+receptor+blocker+cpp/pm24669503-2-166-154
    Average 90 stars, based on 1 article reviews
    nmda receptor blocker cpp - by Bioz Stars, 2026-09
    90/100 stars
      Buy from Supplier

    Image Search Results


    a Schematics of cerebellar circuit. b UMAP embedding showing normalized expression of gene involved in mGluR1 signaling cascade. c Same as in b for AMPA and NMDA receptors. d Same as in b for genes involved in mGluR2/3 signaling cascade. e Example spiking responses in different UBCs to a burst of MF input (20 stimuli at 100 Hz). f Instantaneous firing rate for the same cells.

    Journal: Nature Communications

    Article Title: Graded heterogeneity of metabotropic signaling underlies a continuum of cell-intrinsic temporal responses in unipolar brush cells

    doi: 10.1038/s41467-021-22893-8

    Figure Lengend Snippet: a Schematics of cerebellar circuit. b UMAP embedding showing normalized expression of gene involved in mGluR1 signaling cascade. c Same as in b for AMPA and NMDA receptors. d Same as in b for genes involved in mGluR2/3 signaling cascade. e Example spiking responses in different UBCs to a burst of MF input (20 stimuli at 100 Hz). f Instantaneous firing rate for the same cells.

    Article Snippet: Sequential drug wash-ins were performed using a computer-controlled solenoid manifold system (ValveLink 8.2, Automate Scientific, Inc., Berkeley, CA) with a flow rate of 1 to 2 mL/min, where indicated, with mGluR1 antagonist (100 µM LY357385, Tocris Bio-Techne, Minneapolis, MN), AMPA receptor blocker (5 µM NBQX), NMDA receptor blocker (2 µM R-CPP), mGluR2/3 antagonist (1 µM LY341495, Tocris Bio-Techne, Minneapolis, MN) and DGK inhibitor II (100 µM R59949, MilliporeSigma, St. Louis, MO)

    Techniques: Expressing

    a Examples of instantaneous firing rate from on-cell recordings before (black) and after (gray) the application of AMPA/NMDA receptor antagonist (gray bar) in a fast (left) and a slow (right) UBC. Each trace is an average of 8 trials. b Summary of evoked spiking (20 × 100 Hz) and the effect of AMPA/NMDA receptor antagonist (normalized to baseline, mean ± sem, n = 5). c Examples of instantaneous firing rate from on-cell recordings before (black) and after (red) the application of an mGluR1 antagonist (red bar) in a fast (left) and a slow (right) UBC. Each trace is an average of 8 trials. d Summary of evoked spiking (20 × 100 Hz) and the effect of an mGluR1 antagonist (normalized to baseline, mean±sem, n = 5). e Example of instantaneous firing rate before and after 20 minutes of DGK inhibitor II wash-in. f Summary of half-decay time of instantaneous firing rate response with DGK inhibitor II (normalized to baseline, mean ± sem, n = 6). g Summary of peak amplitude of instantaneous firing rate response with DGK inhibitor II (normalized to baseline, mean±sem, n = 6).

    Journal: Nature Communications

    Article Title: Graded heterogeneity of metabotropic signaling underlies a continuum of cell-intrinsic temporal responses in unipolar brush cells

    doi: 10.1038/s41467-021-22893-8

    Figure Lengend Snippet: a Examples of instantaneous firing rate from on-cell recordings before (black) and after (gray) the application of AMPA/NMDA receptor antagonist (gray bar) in a fast (left) and a slow (right) UBC. Each trace is an average of 8 trials. b Summary of evoked spiking (20 × 100 Hz) and the effect of AMPA/NMDA receptor antagonist (normalized to baseline, mean ± sem, n = 5). c Examples of instantaneous firing rate from on-cell recordings before (black) and after (red) the application of an mGluR1 antagonist (red bar) in a fast (left) and a slow (right) UBC. Each trace is an average of 8 trials. d Summary of evoked spiking (20 × 100 Hz) and the effect of an mGluR1 antagonist (normalized to baseline, mean±sem, n = 5). e Example of instantaneous firing rate before and after 20 minutes of DGK inhibitor II wash-in. f Summary of half-decay time of instantaneous firing rate response with DGK inhibitor II (normalized to baseline, mean ± sem, n = 6). g Summary of peak amplitude of instantaneous firing rate response with DGK inhibitor II (normalized to baseline, mean±sem, n = 6).

    Article Snippet: Sequential drug wash-ins were performed using a computer-controlled solenoid manifold system (ValveLink 8.2, Automate Scientific, Inc., Berkeley, CA) with a flow rate of 1 to 2 mL/min, where indicated, with mGluR1 antagonist (100 µM LY357385, Tocris Bio-Techne, Minneapolis, MN), AMPA receptor blocker (5 µM NBQX), NMDA receptor blocker (2 µM R-CPP), mGluR2/3 antagonist (1 µM LY341495, Tocris Bio-Techne, Minneapolis, MN) and DGK inhibitor II (100 µM R59949, MilliporeSigma, St. Louis, MO)

    Techniques:

    a Sample cell-attached recording (top) instantaneous firing rate (middle) and synaptic current measured with whole-cell voltage clamp (bottom) in a cell with fast response. b Same as in a but for a cell with intermediate speed response. c Same as in a but for a cell with clear biphasic synaptic current (bottom). d Same as in a but for a cell with slow biphasic response. e Same as in a but for a cell with only a pause in firing. f Half-decay times of firing rates vs. half-decay times of currents and linear fit on a log-log plot ( R adj 2 = 0.91, slope = 0.88, intercept = −0.22, n = 17). g Peak firing rate vs. peak current amplitude and linear fit on a log-log plot ( R adj 2 = 0.69, slope = 0.71, intercept = −0.65, n = 17). h Pause duration vs. amplitude of the current at stimulation offset, and linear fit with log 10 response variable (black, R adj 2 = 0.44, slope = 0.01, intercept = −0.42, n = 20). i Heatmap of peak normalized mGluR1-mediated current ( n = 10). j Heatmap of peak normalized mGluR2/3-mediated current ( n = 7). k Average synaptic response before (black), after (red) mGluR1 antagonist, and after AMPA/NMDA receptor antagonist wash-ins (gray). Each trace is an average of 8 trials. l Average synaptic response before (top, black) and after (top, blue) mGluR2/3 antagonist wash-in, and their difference (bottom, black). Each trace is an average of 8 trials.

    Journal: Nature Communications

    Article Title: Graded heterogeneity of metabotropic signaling underlies a continuum of cell-intrinsic temporal responses in unipolar brush cells

    doi: 10.1038/s41467-021-22893-8

    Figure Lengend Snippet: a Sample cell-attached recording (top) instantaneous firing rate (middle) and synaptic current measured with whole-cell voltage clamp (bottom) in a cell with fast response. b Same as in a but for a cell with intermediate speed response. c Same as in a but for a cell with clear biphasic synaptic current (bottom). d Same as in a but for a cell with slow biphasic response. e Same as in a but for a cell with only a pause in firing. f Half-decay times of firing rates vs. half-decay times of currents and linear fit on a log-log plot ( R adj 2 = 0.91, slope = 0.88, intercept = −0.22, n = 17). g Peak firing rate vs. peak current amplitude and linear fit on a log-log plot ( R adj 2 = 0.69, slope = 0.71, intercept = −0.65, n = 17). h Pause duration vs. amplitude of the current at stimulation offset, and linear fit with log 10 response variable (black, R adj 2 = 0.44, slope = 0.01, intercept = −0.42, n = 20). i Heatmap of peak normalized mGluR1-mediated current ( n = 10). j Heatmap of peak normalized mGluR2/3-mediated current ( n = 7). k Average synaptic response before (black), after (red) mGluR1 antagonist, and after AMPA/NMDA receptor antagonist wash-ins (gray). Each trace is an average of 8 trials. l Average synaptic response before (top, black) and after (top, blue) mGluR2/3 antagonist wash-in, and their difference (bottom, black). Each trace is an average of 8 trials.

    Article Snippet: Sequential drug wash-ins were performed using a computer-controlled solenoid manifold system (ValveLink 8.2, Automate Scientific, Inc., Berkeley, CA) with a flow rate of 1 to 2 mL/min, where indicated, with mGluR1 antagonist (100 µM LY357385, Tocris Bio-Techne, Minneapolis, MN), AMPA receptor blocker (5 µM NBQX), NMDA receptor blocker (2 µM R-CPP), mGluR2/3 antagonist (1 µM LY341495, Tocris Bio-Techne, Minneapolis, MN) and DGK inhibitor II (100 µM R59949, MilliporeSigma, St. Louis, MO)

    Techniques:

    a Schematics of cerebellar circuit. b UMAP embedding showing normalized expression of gene involved in mGluR1 signaling cascade. c Same as in b for AMPA and NMDA receptors. d Same as in b for genes involved in mGluR2/3 signaling cascade. e Example spiking responses in different UBCs to a burst of MF input (20 stimuli at 100 Hz). f Instantaneous firing rate for the same cells.

    Journal: Nature Communications

    Article Title: Graded heterogeneity of metabotropic signaling underlies a continuum of cell-intrinsic temporal responses in unipolar brush cells

    doi: 10.1038/s41467-021-22893-8

    Figure Lengend Snippet: a Schematics of cerebellar circuit. b UMAP embedding showing normalized expression of gene involved in mGluR1 signaling cascade. c Same as in b for AMPA and NMDA receptors. d Same as in b for genes involved in mGluR2/3 signaling cascade. e Example spiking responses in different UBCs to a burst of MF input (20 stimuli at 100 Hz). f Instantaneous firing rate for the same cells.

    Article Snippet: Sequential drug wash-ins were performed using a computer-controlled solenoid manifold system (ValveLink 8.2, Automate Scientific, Inc., Berkeley, CA) with a flow rate of 1 to 2 mL/min, where indicated, with mGluR1 antagonist (100 μM LY357385, Tocris Bio-Techne, Minneapolis, MN), AMPA receptor blocker (5 μM NBQX), NMDA receptor blocker (2 μM R-CPP), mGluR2/3 antagonist (1 μM LY341495, Tocris Bio-Techne, Minneapolis, MN) and DGK inhibitor II (100 μM R59949, MilliporeSigma, St. Louis, MO)

    Techniques: Expressing

    a Examples of instantaneous firing rate from on-cell recordings before (black) and after (gray) the application of AMPA/NMDA receptor antagonist (gray bar) in a fast (left) and a slow (right) UBC. Each trace is an average of 8 trials. b Summary of evoked spiking (20 × 100 Hz) and the effect of AMPA/NMDA receptor antagonist (normalized to baseline, mean ± sem, n = 5). c Examples of instantaneous firing rate from on-cell recordings before (black) and after (red) the application of an mGluR1 antagonist (red bar) in a fast (left) and a slow (right) UBC. Each trace is an average of 8 trials. d Summary of evoked spiking (20 × 100 Hz) and the effect of an mGluR1 antagonist (normalized to baseline, mean±sem, n = 5). e Example of instantaneous firing rate before and after 20 minutes of DGK inhibitor II wash-in. f Summary of half-decay time of instantaneous firing rate response with DGK inhibitor II (normalized to baseline, mean ± sem, n = 6). g Summary of peak amplitude of instantaneous firing rate response with DGK inhibitor II (normalized to baseline, mean±sem, n = 6).

    Journal: Nature Communications

    Article Title: Graded heterogeneity of metabotropic signaling underlies a continuum of cell-intrinsic temporal responses in unipolar brush cells

    doi: 10.1038/s41467-021-22893-8

    Figure Lengend Snippet: a Examples of instantaneous firing rate from on-cell recordings before (black) and after (gray) the application of AMPA/NMDA receptor antagonist (gray bar) in a fast (left) and a slow (right) UBC. Each trace is an average of 8 trials. b Summary of evoked spiking (20 × 100 Hz) and the effect of AMPA/NMDA receptor antagonist (normalized to baseline, mean ± sem, n = 5). c Examples of instantaneous firing rate from on-cell recordings before (black) and after (red) the application of an mGluR1 antagonist (red bar) in a fast (left) and a slow (right) UBC. Each trace is an average of 8 trials. d Summary of evoked spiking (20 × 100 Hz) and the effect of an mGluR1 antagonist (normalized to baseline, mean±sem, n = 5). e Example of instantaneous firing rate before and after 20 minutes of DGK inhibitor II wash-in. f Summary of half-decay time of instantaneous firing rate response with DGK inhibitor II (normalized to baseline, mean ± sem, n = 6). g Summary of peak amplitude of instantaneous firing rate response with DGK inhibitor II (normalized to baseline, mean±sem, n = 6).

    Article Snippet: Sequential drug wash-ins were performed using a computer-controlled solenoid manifold system (ValveLink 8.2, Automate Scientific, Inc., Berkeley, CA) with a flow rate of 1 to 2 mL/min, where indicated, with mGluR1 antagonist (100 μM LY357385, Tocris Bio-Techne, Minneapolis, MN), AMPA receptor blocker (5 μM NBQX), NMDA receptor blocker (2 μM R-CPP), mGluR2/3 antagonist (1 μM LY341495, Tocris Bio-Techne, Minneapolis, MN) and DGK inhibitor II (100 μM R59949, MilliporeSigma, St. Louis, MO)

    Techniques:

    a Sample cell-attached recording (top) instantaneous firing rate (middle) and synaptic current measured with whole-cell voltage clamp (bottom) in a cell with fast response. b Same as in a but for a cell with intermediate speed response. c Same as in a but for a cell with clear biphasic synaptic current (bottom). d Same as in a but for a cell with slow biphasic response. e Same as in a but for a cell with only a pause in firing. f Half-decay times of firing rates vs. half-decay times of currents and linear fit on a log-log plot ( R adj 2 = 0.91, slope = 0.88, intercept = −0.22, n = 17). g Peak firing rate vs. peak current amplitude and linear fit on a log-log plot ( R adj 2 = 0.69, slope = 0.71, intercept = −0.65, n = 17). h Pause duration vs. amplitude of the current at stimulation offset, and linear fit with log 10 response variable (black, R adj 2 = 0.44, slope = 0.01, intercept = −0.42, n = 20). i Heatmap of peak normalized mGluR1-mediated current ( n = 10). j Heatmap of peak normalized mGluR2/3-mediated current ( n = 7). k Average synaptic response before (black), after (red) mGluR1 antagonist, and after AMPA/NMDA receptor antagonist wash-ins (gray). Each trace is an average of 8 trials. l Average synaptic response before (top, black) and after (top, blue) mGluR2/3 antagonist wash-in, and their difference (bottom, black). Each trace is an average of 8 trials.

    Journal: Nature Communications

    Article Title: Graded heterogeneity of metabotropic signaling underlies a continuum of cell-intrinsic temporal responses in unipolar brush cells

    doi: 10.1038/s41467-021-22893-8

    Figure Lengend Snippet: a Sample cell-attached recording (top) instantaneous firing rate (middle) and synaptic current measured with whole-cell voltage clamp (bottom) in a cell with fast response. b Same as in a but for a cell with intermediate speed response. c Same as in a but for a cell with clear biphasic synaptic current (bottom). d Same as in a but for a cell with slow biphasic response. e Same as in a but for a cell with only a pause in firing. f Half-decay times of firing rates vs. half-decay times of currents and linear fit on a log-log plot ( R adj 2 = 0.91, slope = 0.88, intercept = −0.22, n = 17). g Peak firing rate vs. peak current amplitude and linear fit on a log-log plot ( R adj 2 = 0.69, slope = 0.71, intercept = −0.65, n = 17). h Pause duration vs. amplitude of the current at stimulation offset, and linear fit with log 10 response variable (black, R adj 2 = 0.44, slope = 0.01, intercept = −0.42, n = 20). i Heatmap of peak normalized mGluR1-mediated current ( n = 10). j Heatmap of peak normalized mGluR2/3-mediated current ( n = 7). k Average synaptic response before (black), after (red) mGluR1 antagonist, and after AMPA/NMDA receptor antagonist wash-ins (gray). Each trace is an average of 8 trials. l Average synaptic response before (top, black) and after (top, blue) mGluR2/3 antagonist wash-in, and their difference (bottom, black). Each trace is an average of 8 trials.

    Article Snippet: Sequential drug wash-ins were performed using a computer-controlled solenoid manifold system (ValveLink 8.2, Automate Scientific, Inc., Berkeley, CA) with a flow rate of 1 to 2 mL/min, where indicated, with mGluR1 antagonist (100 μM LY357385, Tocris Bio-Techne, Minneapolis, MN), AMPA receptor blocker (5 μM NBQX), NMDA receptor blocker (2 μM R-CPP), mGluR2/3 antagonist (1 μM LY341495, Tocris Bio-Techne, Minneapolis, MN) and DGK inhibitor II (100 μM R59949, MilliporeSigma, St. Louis, MO)

    Techniques: