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GenScript corporation coding sequence of plya2 fused to mcherry
(A–D) Live spermatocytes were incubated with purified <t>PlyA2-mCherry</t> (10 μg/ml) for 30 min followed by washes with M3 insect media (2×) and imaged using spinning disk confocal microscopy. (A and B) w 1118 spermatocytes, (C and D) cpes spermatocytes. (E–P) Live spermatocytes expressing endogenous EYFP tagged Rab proteins were incubated with PlyA2-mCherry for 1 h followed by washes with M3 insect media (2×) and imaged using spinning disk confocal microscopy. (E–G) EYFP-Rab4 spermatocytes, (H–J) EYFP-Rab6 spermatocytes, (K–M) EYFP-Rab7 spermatocytes, (N–P) EYFP-Rab11 spermatocytes. Arrowheads indicate colocalizing structures. (Q) Colocalization coefficient (Mander’s coefficient) measurements showing fraction of EYFP Rab proteins colocalize with internalized PlyA2-mCherry. Mander’s coefficient was determined using ImageJ plugin JACoP. Each dot in the graph represents a 2D image consisting of 8–16 spermatocytes, Rab4 ( n = 42), Rab6 ( n = 47), Rab7 ( n = 36), and Rab11 ( n = 81). Statistical significance was calculated using mean, SD, and N in Prism 9. The ordinary 1-way ANOVA multiple comparison was used to calculate P values where **** P ≤ 0.0001, *** P ≤ 0.001, ** P ≤ 0.01, * P ≤ 0.05, and ns P >0.05. The data underlying the graph shown in this figure can be found in . CPE, ceramide phosphoethanolamine; SD, standard deviation.
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Images

1) Product Images from "Delivery of ceramide phosphoethanolamine lipids to the cleavage furrow through the endocytic pathway is essential for male meiotic cytokinesis"

Article Title: Delivery of ceramide phosphoethanolamine lipids to the cleavage furrow through the endocytic pathway is essential for male meiotic cytokinesis

Journal: PLoS Biology

doi: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001599

(A–D) Live spermatocytes were incubated with purified PlyA2-mCherry (10 μg/ml) for 30 min followed by washes with M3 insect media (2×) and imaged using spinning disk confocal microscopy. (A and B) w 1118 spermatocytes, (C and D) cpes spermatocytes. (E–P) Live spermatocytes expressing endogenous EYFP tagged Rab proteins were incubated with PlyA2-mCherry for 1 h followed by washes with M3 insect media (2×) and imaged using spinning disk confocal microscopy. (E–G) EYFP-Rab4 spermatocytes, (H–J) EYFP-Rab6 spermatocytes, (K–M) EYFP-Rab7 spermatocytes, (N–P) EYFP-Rab11 spermatocytes. Arrowheads indicate colocalizing structures. (Q) Colocalization coefficient (Mander’s coefficient) measurements showing fraction of EYFP Rab proteins colocalize with internalized PlyA2-mCherry. Mander’s coefficient was determined using ImageJ plugin JACoP. Each dot in the graph represents a 2D image consisting of 8–16 spermatocytes, Rab4 ( n = 42), Rab6 ( n = 47), Rab7 ( n = 36), and Rab11 ( n = 81). Statistical significance was calculated using mean, SD, and N in Prism 9. The ordinary 1-way ANOVA multiple comparison was used to calculate P values where **** P ≤ 0.0001, *** P ≤ 0.001, ** P ≤ 0.01, * P ≤ 0.05, and ns P >0.05. The data underlying the graph shown in this figure can be found in . CPE, ceramide phosphoethanolamine; SD, standard deviation.
Figure Legend Snippet: (A–D) Live spermatocytes were incubated with purified PlyA2-mCherry (10 μg/ml) for 30 min followed by washes with M3 insect media (2×) and imaged using spinning disk confocal microscopy. (A and B) w 1118 spermatocytes, (C and D) cpes spermatocytes. (E–P) Live spermatocytes expressing endogenous EYFP tagged Rab proteins were incubated with PlyA2-mCherry for 1 h followed by washes with M3 insect media (2×) and imaged using spinning disk confocal microscopy. (E–G) EYFP-Rab4 spermatocytes, (H–J) EYFP-Rab6 spermatocytes, (K–M) EYFP-Rab7 spermatocytes, (N–P) EYFP-Rab11 spermatocytes. Arrowheads indicate colocalizing structures. (Q) Colocalization coefficient (Mander’s coefficient) measurements showing fraction of EYFP Rab proteins colocalize with internalized PlyA2-mCherry. Mander’s coefficient was determined using ImageJ plugin JACoP. Each dot in the graph represents a 2D image consisting of 8–16 spermatocytes, Rab4 ( n = 42), Rab6 ( n = 47), Rab7 ( n = 36), and Rab11 ( n = 81). Statistical significance was calculated using mean, SD, and N in Prism 9. The ordinary 1-way ANOVA multiple comparison was used to calculate P values where **** P ≤ 0.0001, *** P ≤ 0.001, ** P ≤ 0.01, * P ≤ 0.05, and ns P >0.05. The data underlying the graph shown in this figure can be found in . CPE, ceramide phosphoethanolamine; SD, standard deviation.

Techniques Used: Incubation, Purification, Confocal Microscopy, Expressing, Comparison, Standard Deviation

(A–F) The EYFP-Rab7 expressing spermatocytes are treated with PlyA2-mCherry and snapshots of spermatocytes undergoing meiosis I cytokinesis are shown. (A–C) Horizontal view of 1 z slice is shown. (D–F) Cross-sectional view of a spermatocyte undergoing cytokinesis, maximum intensity projection image was shown. (G) Quantification of endosomal volume localized to cleavage furrow in EYFP-Rab7 expressing and PlyA2-mCherry treated spermatocytes. Using surfaces tool in Imaris software, we have calculated the total endosomal volume and fraction of which localized to cleavage furrow in 3D images ( n = 6 spermatocytes from 3 independent experiments). (H–J) Localization of EYFP-Rab7 in intact cysts where spermatocytes are encapsulated by cyst cells. Horizontal view of a single z slice is shown. (K–P) EYFP-Rab11 expressing spermatocytes were treated with PlyA2-mCherry and meiosis I cytokinesis was imaged. (K–M) Horizontal view of single z slice is shown. (N–P) Cross-sectional view, maximum intensity projection image is shown. White arrows indicate colocalization and white arrowheads indicate lack of colocalization. (Q) Quantification of a fraction of endosomal volume localized to cleavage furrow in EYP-Rab11 expressing, PlyA2-mCherry treated spermatocytes. Endosomal volume in 3D images were calculated using surfaces tool in Imaris software ( n = 9 spermatocytes from 3 independent experiments). The data underlying the graphs shown in this figure can be found in . CPE, ceramide phosphoethanolamine.
Figure Legend Snippet: (A–F) The EYFP-Rab7 expressing spermatocytes are treated with PlyA2-mCherry and snapshots of spermatocytes undergoing meiosis I cytokinesis are shown. (A–C) Horizontal view of 1 z slice is shown. (D–F) Cross-sectional view of a spermatocyte undergoing cytokinesis, maximum intensity projection image was shown. (G) Quantification of endosomal volume localized to cleavage furrow in EYFP-Rab7 expressing and PlyA2-mCherry treated spermatocytes. Using surfaces tool in Imaris software, we have calculated the total endosomal volume and fraction of which localized to cleavage furrow in 3D images ( n = 6 spermatocytes from 3 independent experiments). (H–J) Localization of EYFP-Rab7 in intact cysts where spermatocytes are encapsulated by cyst cells. Horizontal view of a single z slice is shown. (K–P) EYFP-Rab11 expressing spermatocytes were treated with PlyA2-mCherry and meiosis I cytokinesis was imaged. (K–M) Horizontal view of single z slice is shown. (N–P) Cross-sectional view, maximum intensity projection image is shown. White arrows indicate colocalization and white arrowheads indicate lack of colocalization. (Q) Quantification of a fraction of endosomal volume localized to cleavage furrow in EYP-Rab11 expressing, PlyA2-mCherry treated spermatocytes. Endosomal volume in 3D images were calculated using surfaces tool in Imaris software ( n = 9 spermatocytes from 3 independent experiments). The data underlying the graphs shown in this figure can be found in . CPE, ceramide phosphoethanolamine.

Techniques Used: Expressing, Software

(A) Combined transmitted and fluorescence image of dissected Drosophila cyst; dividing cells chosen for FIB-SEM imaging are boxed. Green, eYFP-Rab7; red, PlyA2-mCherry. Scale bar: 20 μm. (B) 2D section from FIB-SEM reconstruction correlated with “z slice” from confocal. Colors as in A, saturated for ease of visualization. Scale bar: 5 μm. (C) Area boxed in B; FIB-SEM image (top), Rab7 (middle), PlyA2 (bottom). Arrowheads indicate electron-dense endosomes. Scale bar: 2 μm. (D) Volumetric imaging of dividing spermatocytes, showing orthogonal imaging planes, and expected cross sections for LM and FIB-SEM. (E) Fluorescence “z slice” capturing a cleavage furrow in-plane. Scale bar: 4 μm. (F) FIB-SEM image capturing same furrow as in E cross-section, approximated by red lines. Scale bar: 2 μm. (G–I) Correlated fluorescence image, overlay, and rotated FIB-SEM section, respectively, of furrow in-plane. (J) Area boxed in I showing endosomes docked at the furrow (arrow). Scale bar: 1 μm. (J and K) Volume rendering of FIB-SEM 3D reconstruction, with furrow segmented and false colored red, undocked endosomes green, docked endosomes blue. (L) Close-up of K, with furrow segmented translucent and endosomes unsegmented. (M) Matching FIB-SEM section in the imaging plane. Arrows in K, L, M show same endosomes docked at furrow. Scale bar: 2 μm. (N) Independent CLEM/FIB-SEM experiment revealing at higher pixel sampling another example of docked vesicle. Scale bar: 1 μm. CPE, ceramide phosphoethanolamine; LM, light microscopy.
Figure Legend Snippet: (A) Combined transmitted and fluorescence image of dissected Drosophila cyst; dividing cells chosen for FIB-SEM imaging are boxed. Green, eYFP-Rab7; red, PlyA2-mCherry. Scale bar: 20 μm. (B) 2D section from FIB-SEM reconstruction correlated with “z slice” from confocal. Colors as in A, saturated for ease of visualization. Scale bar: 5 μm. (C) Area boxed in B; FIB-SEM image (top), Rab7 (middle), PlyA2 (bottom). Arrowheads indicate electron-dense endosomes. Scale bar: 2 μm. (D) Volumetric imaging of dividing spermatocytes, showing orthogonal imaging planes, and expected cross sections for LM and FIB-SEM. (E) Fluorescence “z slice” capturing a cleavage furrow in-plane. Scale bar: 4 μm. (F) FIB-SEM image capturing same furrow as in E cross-section, approximated by red lines. Scale bar: 2 μm. (G–I) Correlated fluorescence image, overlay, and rotated FIB-SEM section, respectively, of furrow in-plane. (J) Area boxed in I showing endosomes docked at the furrow (arrow). Scale bar: 1 μm. (J and K) Volume rendering of FIB-SEM 3D reconstruction, with furrow segmented and false colored red, undocked endosomes green, docked endosomes blue. (L) Close-up of K, with furrow segmented translucent and endosomes unsegmented. (M) Matching FIB-SEM section in the imaging plane. Arrows in K, L, M show same endosomes docked at furrow. Scale bar: 2 μm. (N) Independent CLEM/FIB-SEM experiment revealing at higher pixel sampling another example of docked vesicle. Scale bar: 1 μm. CPE, ceramide phosphoethanolamine; LM, light microscopy.

Techniques Used: Fluorescence, Imaging, Sampling, Light Microscopy

Related Articles

Sequencing:

Article Title: Delivery of ceramide phosphoethanolamine lipids to the cleavage furrow through the endocytic pathway is essential for male meiotic cytokinesis
Article Snippet: .. Briefly, the coding sequence of PlyA2 (accession number AB777517) fused to mCherry at the C-terminus was synthesized by GenScript. ..

Synthesized:

Article Title: Delivery of ceramide phosphoethanolamine lipids to the cleavage furrow through the endocytic pathway is essential for male meiotic cytokinesis
Article Snippet: .. Briefly, the coding sequence of PlyA2 (accession number AB777517) fused to mCherry at the C-terminus was synthesized by GenScript. ..



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Image Search Results


( A ) Top: domain diagram of WT Hop1. Bottom: diagram of the deleted or mutated Hop1 sites in the 6 analyzed mutants (). ( B ) Protein localization and phenotypes of the hop1-HORMAΔ mutant. Top: In the hop1Δ background, the mutant protein tagged with mCherry (mC, left) is not visible along the axes, marked by Spo76-GFP (middle) and merge (right). Bottom: colocalization with Ecm11-GFP + Hei10-GFP (middle) indicates that only few SC segments (containing Hei10 foci, arrows) are formed in this mutant; right corresponding DAPI. ( C, D ) hop1-HORMAΔ SCs exhibit the same length ( C ) and Hei10 foci number ( D ) as hop1Δ . Mean and error bar (SD) are indicated for each set. Significance between WT, hop1Δ and hop1-HORMAΔ nuclei was established by Brown–Forsythe ANOVA test: ns = not significant, P -value > 0.05; n = 38 and 42 nuclei. ( E ) hop1-only-HORMA . Top: the HORMA domain alone is sufficient for axis localization of the protein but only as discontinuous segments (arrows) that colocalize with Spo76-GFP (arrows middle and merge right) in contrast to the continuous lines seen in WT with Hop1-mCherry (right). Bottom: colocalization of Hop1-only-HORMA-mC (left) with Ecm11-GFP and Hei10-GFP (middle) and merge (right) indicates that the visible mutant segments correspond to SCs. ( C ) The mutant SCs have the same length as hop1Δ SCs ( C ) but exhibit a slightly lower number of Hei10 foci ( D ): Brown–Forsythe ANOVA test, ns = not significant; n = 31 and 42 nuclei. Scale bars: 2 μm. The raw data underlying panels 6C and 6D are available in . SC, synaptonemal complex; WT, wild-type.

Journal: PLOS Biology

Article Title: Canonical and noncanonical roles of Hop1 are crucial for meiotic prophase in the fungus Sordaria macrospora

doi: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3002705

Figure Lengend Snippet: ( A ) Top: domain diagram of WT Hop1. Bottom: diagram of the deleted or mutated Hop1 sites in the 6 analyzed mutants (). ( B ) Protein localization and phenotypes of the hop1-HORMAΔ mutant. Top: In the hop1Δ background, the mutant protein tagged with mCherry (mC, left) is not visible along the axes, marked by Spo76-GFP (middle) and merge (right). Bottom: colocalization with Ecm11-GFP + Hei10-GFP (middle) indicates that only few SC segments (containing Hei10 foci, arrows) are formed in this mutant; right corresponding DAPI. ( C, D ) hop1-HORMAΔ SCs exhibit the same length ( C ) and Hei10 foci number ( D ) as hop1Δ . Mean and error bar (SD) are indicated for each set. Significance between WT, hop1Δ and hop1-HORMAΔ nuclei was established by Brown–Forsythe ANOVA test: ns = not significant, P -value > 0.05; n = 38 and 42 nuclei. ( E ) hop1-only-HORMA . Top: the HORMA domain alone is sufficient for axis localization of the protein but only as discontinuous segments (arrows) that colocalize with Spo76-GFP (arrows middle and merge right) in contrast to the continuous lines seen in WT with Hop1-mCherry (right). Bottom: colocalization of Hop1-only-HORMA-mC (left) with Ecm11-GFP and Hei10-GFP (middle) and merge (right) indicates that the visible mutant segments correspond to SCs. ( C ) The mutant SCs have the same length as hop1Δ SCs ( C ) but exhibit a slightly lower number of Hei10 foci ( D ): Brown–Forsythe ANOVA test, ns = not significant; n = 31 and 42 nuclei. Scale bars: 2 μm. The raw data underlying panels 6C and 6D are available in . SC, synaptonemal complex; WT, wild-type.

Article Snippet: GFP and mCherry coding sequences (p-EGFP-1, Clontech; pRsetB-mCherry) were fused to the C-terminus of HOP1 under the control of the HOP1 promoter.

Techniques: Mutagenesis

a, Diagram illustrating the injection of AAV-hMAG-mCherry and AAV-hMAG-DTA into the mouse cerebellum at early postnatal days (P6-7). b, Fluorescence microscopy image showing mCherry expression (red) in the section of cerebellum at P14 following AAV-hMAG-mCherry injection at P7. Scale bar, 300 µm. c, Specificity of mCherry expression (red) in ASPA-positive oligodendrocytes (green) at P14 by AAV-hMAG-mCherry injection at P7. Scale bar, 100 µm. d, Scatter plot graph depicting the percentage of RFP and ASPA double-positive cells among RFP-positive populations (from 2 mice). e, Sequential visualization of oligodendrocyte deletion over time, indicated by ASPA staining in cerebellar sections from control (AAV-hMAG-mCherry) and DTA-treated (AAV-hMAG-DTA) mice at P10, P14, P21, and P78. Scale bar, 100 µm. f, Quantification of ASPA-positive cell density at each stage (from 3 mice per group per each stage). Bars and dots indicate mean and data from individual fields of view, respectively. g-i, Decrease in correlation coefficients (CCs) indicating reduced synchrony of spontaneous activities among PC population at P13-15 following DTA-mediated oligodendrocyte ablation. g, Representative time-course of spontaneous calcium transients by extracting relative fluorescence changes by in vivo calcium imaging captured from 25 regions of interest (ROIs) in the cerebellum of control and DTA-expressing mice at P14. Scale bar = 20 s. Y-axis is ΔF/F0 = (F - F0)/(F0). h, Correlation coefficient matrices for spontaneous calcium transient activity across multiple ROIs in CTL (upper panel) and DTA (lower panel) mice, with the color scale indicating the strength of the correlation between pairs of ROIs. i, Scatter plot graph of CCs for ROI pairs, categorized by separation distances of 0–80 mm and 120–200 mm (analyzed from four mice per group). Lines and plots indicate mean and data from individual separation distances, respectively. j-l, Quantification of the frequency, amplitude, and integrated area of calcium transients in control (AAV-hMAG-mCherry) and DTA-treated (AAV-hMAG-DTA) mice at P13-15 (data from four mice per group). Bars and dots indicate mean and data from individual ROIs, respectively. **** p < 0.0001 (Mann-Whitney U test).

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: Oligodendrocyte dependent synchronized activity orchestrates circuit maturation and brain functionalization

doi: 10.1101/2024.05.06.590880

Figure Lengend Snippet: a, Diagram illustrating the injection of AAV-hMAG-mCherry and AAV-hMAG-DTA into the mouse cerebellum at early postnatal days (P6-7). b, Fluorescence microscopy image showing mCherry expression (red) in the section of cerebellum at P14 following AAV-hMAG-mCherry injection at P7. Scale bar, 300 µm. c, Specificity of mCherry expression (red) in ASPA-positive oligodendrocytes (green) at P14 by AAV-hMAG-mCherry injection at P7. Scale bar, 100 µm. d, Scatter plot graph depicting the percentage of RFP and ASPA double-positive cells among RFP-positive populations (from 2 mice). e, Sequential visualization of oligodendrocyte deletion over time, indicated by ASPA staining in cerebellar sections from control (AAV-hMAG-mCherry) and DTA-treated (AAV-hMAG-DTA) mice at P10, P14, P21, and P78. Scale bar, 100 µm. f, Quantification of ASPA-positive cell density at each stage (from 3 mice per group per each stage). Bars and dots indicate mean and data from individual fields of view, respectively. g-i, Decrease in correlation coefficients (CCs) indicating reduced synchrony of spontaneous activities among PC population at P13-15 following DTA-mediated oligodendrocyte ablation. g, Representative time-course of spontaneous calcium transients by extracting relative fluorescence changes by in vivo calcium imaging captured from 25 regions of interest (ROIs) in the cerebellum of control and DTA-expressing mice at P14. Scale bar = 20 s. Y-axis is ΔF/F0 = (F - F0)/(F0). h, Correlation coefficient matrices for spontaneous calcium transient activity across multiple ROIs in CTL (upper panel) and DTA (lower panel) mice, with the color scale indicating the strength of the correlation between pairs of ROIs. i, Scatter plot graph of CCs for ROI pairs, categorized by separation distances of 0–80 mm and 120–200 mm (analyzed from four mice per group). Lines and plots indicate mean and data from individual separation distances, respectively. j-l, Quantification of the frequency, amplitude, and integrated area of calcium transients in control (AAV-hMAG-mCherry) and DTA-treated (AAV-hMAG-DTA) mice at P13-15 (data from four mice per group). Bars and dots indicate mean and data from individual ROIs, respectively. **** p < 0.0001 (Mann-Whitney U test).

Article Snippet: For AAV-hMAG-DTA, we amplified the DTA coding sequence from the pAAV-mCherry-flex-dtA (a gift from Naoshige Uchida, Addgene plasmid # 58536) using primer pairs (Table.

Techniques: Injection, Fluorescence, Microscopy, Expressing, Staining, Control, In Vivo, Imaging, Activity Assay, MANN-WHITNEY

a , Representative traces of CF-EPSCs in PCs from control (CTL) and AAV-hMAG-DTA-injected (DTA) mice at P23. Scale bar, 0.5 nA, 10 ms. b , Frequency distributions of the number of CFs innervating each PC during P23 to P47 for control (orange columns, n = 58 cells, 7 mice) and AAV-hMAG-DTA-injected (cyan, n = 66 cells, 9 mice) mice. c , Average total amplitude of CF-EPSCs (summation of all CF-EPSC in each PC) for control (orange columns) and AAV-hMAG-DTA-injected mice (cyan), with individual data points (from each cell) overlaid on the bars. d , Fluorescence microscopy images showing PCs labeled with Car8 (magenta) and climbing fiber terminals with vesicular glutamate transporter type 2 (VGluT2, green) in control and AAV-hMAG-DTA-injected mice at P21 and P72. Scale bars: 20 µm. e, Frequency distributions of the number of perisomatic CF terminals on PCs for control (orange, n = 253 cells, 3 mice at P12; n = 159 cells, 3 mice at P72-P76) and AAV-hMAG-DTA-injected mice (cyan, n = 157 cells, 3 mice at P12; n = 160 cells, 3 mice at P72-P76). f , Immunofluorescence images showing VGluT2 (green) in control and AAV-hMAG-DTA-injected mice at P21 and P72, highlighting the top dots of VGluT2 in the molecular layer (arrows) and the demarcation between dendrites and soma of each PC (dotted line). Scale bars: 20 µm. g , Bar graph summarizing the relative positioning of CF terminals to the molecular layer thickness in control versus AAV-hMAG-DTA-injected mice at P21 and P72-P82 (n = 13-18 measurements per group, from 3 mice each). Statistical significance denoted as **p < 0.01 and ****p < 0.0001, according to Mann-Whitney U tests.

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: Oligodendrocyte dependent synchronized activity orchestrates circuit maturation and brain functionalization

doi: 10.1101/2024.05.06.590880

Figure Lengend Snippet: a , Representative traces of CF-EPSCs in PCs from control (CTL) and AAV-hMAG-DTA-injected (DTA) mice at P23. Scale bar, 0.5 nA, 10 ms. b , Frequency distributions of the number of CFs innervating each PC during P23 to P47 for control (orange columns, n = 58 cells, 7 mice) and AAV-hMAG-DTA-injected (cyan, n = 66 cells, 9 mice) mice. c , Average total amplitude of CF-EPSCs (summation of all CF-EPSC in each PC) for control (orange columns) and AAV-hMAG-DTA-injected mice (cyan), with individual data points (from each cell) overlaid on the bars. d , Fluorescence microscopy images showing PCs labeled with Car8 (magenta) and climbing fiber terminals with vesicular glutamate transporter type 2 (VGluT2, green) in control and AAV-hMAG-DTA-injected mice at P21 and P72. Scale bars: 20 µm. e, Frequency distributions of the number of perisomatic CF terminals on PCs for control (orange, n = 253 cells, 3 mice at P12; n = 159 cells, 3 mice at P72-P76) and AAV-hMAG-DTA-injected mice (cyan, n = 157 cells, 3 mice at P12; n = 160 cells, 3 mice at P72-P76). f , Immunofluorescence images showing VGluT2 (green) in control and AAV-hMAG-DTA-injected mice at P21 and P72, highlighting the top dots of VGluT2 in the molecular layer (arrows) and the demarcation between dendrites and soma of each PC (dotted line). Scale bars: 20 µm. g , Bar graph summarizing the relative positioning of CF terminals to the molecular layer thickness in control versus AAV-hMAG-DTA-injected mice at P21 and P72-P82 (n = 13-18 measurements per group, from 3 mice each). Statistical significance denoted as **p < 0.01 and ****p < 0.0001, according to Mann-Whitney U tests.

Article Snippet: For AAV-hMAG-DTA, we amplified the DTA coding sequence from the pAAV-mCherry-flex-dtA (a gift from Naoshige Uchida, Addgene plasmid # 58536) using primer pairs (Table.

Techniques: Control, Injection, Fluorescence, Microscopy, Labeling, Immunofluorescence, MANN-WHITNEY