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anti sars cov 2 activity  (Gilead Sciences)

 
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    Gilead Sciences anti sars cov 2 activity
    Origins of different coronaviruses. In the 21st century, three highly pathogenic betacoronaviruses have emerged from bats to cause respiratory disease in humans. In 2002, a betacoronavirus called severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) emerged in Guangdong Province, China, and caused respiratory disease in humans. One decade later, another betacoronavirus called Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) was reported in Saudi Arabia. Both SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV emerged from bats and were transmitted to humans via civets and dromedary camels, respectively. Later, in December 2019, a novel betacoronavirus called severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 <t>(SARS-CoV-2)</t> emerged from bats and caused a pandemic disease called coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). It was likely transmitted to humans by pangolins, although its origin is still being investigated. In summary, coronaviruses represent an example of emerging zoonotic viruses that have crossed the species barrier to cause disease in the human population. The possibility of a new, highly pathogenic coronavirus emerging from wild animals in the next few years cannot be ruled out. This figure was created with Biorender.com .
    Anti Sars Cov 2 Activity, supplied by Gilead Sciences, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 99/100, based on 15606 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
    https://www.bioz.com/product/computer+code+data+collection+quantitative+pcr+data/VEKLURY/pmc09380879-381-4-7
    Average 99 stars, based on 15606 article reviews
    anti sars cov 2 activity - by Bioz Stars, 2026-10
    99/100 stars

    Images

    1) Product Images from "Two Years into the COVID-19 Pandemic: Lessons Learned"

    Article Title: Two Years into the COVID-19 Pandemic: Lessons Learned

    Journal: ACS Infectious Diseases

    doi: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.2c00204

    Origins of different coronaviruses. In the 21st century, three highly pathogenic betacoronaviruses have emerged from bats to cause respiratory disease in humans. In 2002, a betacoronavirus called severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) emerged in Guangdong Province, China, and caused respiratory disease in humans. One decade later, another betacoronavirus called Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) was reported in Saudi Arabia. Both SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV emerged from bats and were transmitted to humans via civets and dromedary camels, respectively. Later, in December 2019, a novel betacoronavirus called severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) emerged from bats and caused a pandemic disease called coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). It was likely transmitted to humans by pangolins, although its origin is still being investigated. In summary, coronaviruses represent an example of emerging zoonotic viruses that have crossed the species barrier to cause disease in the human population. The possibility of a new, highly pathogenic coronavirus emerging from wild animals in the next few years cannot be ruled out. This figure was created with Biorender.com .
    Figure Legend Snippet: Origins of different coronaviruses. In the 21st century, three highly pathogenic betacoronaviruses have emerged from bats to cause respiratory disease in humans. In 2002, a betacoronavirus called severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) emerged in Guangdong Province, China, and caused respiratory disease in humans. One decade later, another betacoronavirus called Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) was reported in Saudi Arabia. Both SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV emerged from bats and were transmitted to humans via civets and dromedary camels, respectively. Later, in December 2019, a novel betacoronavirus called severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) emerged from bats and caused a pandemic disease called coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). It was likely transmitted to humans by pangolins, although its origin is still being investigated. In summary, coronaviruses represent an example of emerging zoonotic viruses that have crossed the species barrier to cause disease in the human population. The possibility of a new, highly pathogenic coronavirus emerging from wild animals in the next few years cannot be ruled out. This figure was created with Biorender.com .

    Techniques Used:

    Schematic of the SARS-CoV-2 virus particle and genome architecture. The top panel illustrates the general structure of the SARS-CoV-2 viral particle, indicating its structural proteins and genome. The bottom panel illustrates the genome organization of SARS-CoV-2, including the 5′ cap, the region that encodes the nonstructural proteins required for viral replication (nsp1–nsp16), the region that encodes accessory and structural proteins (spike [S] protein, membrane [M] protein, envelope [E] protein, and nucleocapsid [N] proteins), and the poly-A tail. This figure was created with Biorender.com .
    Figure Legend Snippet: Schematic of the SARS-CoV-2 virus particle and genome architecture. The top panel illustrates the general structure of the SARS-CoV-2 viral particle, indicating its structural proteins and genome. The bottom panel illustrates the genome organization of SARS-CoV-2, including the 5′ cap, the region that encodes the nonstructural proteins required for viral replication (nsp1–nsp16), the region that encodes accessory and structural proteins (spike [S] protein, membrane [M] protein, envelope [E] protein, and nucleocapsid [N] proteins), and the poly-A tail. This figure was created with Biorender.com .

    Techniques Used:

    The SARS-CoV-2 replication cycle. SARS-CoV-2 enters the host cell via an endosomal pathway or through fusion of the viral envelope with the host cell membrane. Briefly, viral entry is initiated by binding of the RBD of the spike (S) protein to the human host cell receptor (ACE2). After the RBD–receptor interaction, the S protein undergoes proteolytic cleavage, which can be catalyzed by several host proteases, such as TMPRSS2, furin, and cathepsin B/L. Following viral entry, SARS-CoV-2 releases its genomic RNA into the cytoplasm and utilizes both the host’s and its own enzymatic machinery to replicate its genetic material and assemble new viral particles. The viral RNA genome is first translated into viral replicase polyproteins (pp1a and pp1ab), which are then cleaved into 16 nsps. In the process of genome replication and transcription mediated by the replication–transcription complex (RTC), the negative-sense (− sense) genomic RNA is synthesized and used as a template to generate a positive-sense (+ sense) genomic RNA and subgenomic RNAs. Viral assembly is aided by the interaction between viral genomic RNA and structural proteins located in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and ER–Golgi intermediate compartment (ERGIC). Finally, these virions are released to the plasma membrane via deacidified lysosomes and secreted from the infected cell via exocytosis. This figure was created with Biorender.com .
    Figure Legend Snippet: The SARS-CoV-2 replication cycle. SARS-CoV-2 enters the host cell via an endosomal pathway or through fusion of the viral envelope with the host cell membrane. Briefly, viral entry is initiated by binding of the RBD of the spike (S) protein to the human host cell receptor (ACE2). After the RBD–receptor interaction, the S protein undergoes proteolytic cleavage, which can be catalyzed by several host proteases, such as TMPRSS2, furin, and cathepsin B/L. Following viral entry, SARS-CoV-2 releases its genomic RNA into the cytoplasm and utilizes both the host’s and its own enzymatic machinery to replicate its genetic material and assemble new viral particles. The viral RNA genome is first translated into viral replicase polyproteins (pp1a and pp1ab), which are then cleaved into 16 nsps. In the process of genome replication and transcription mediated by the replication–transcription complex (RTC), the negative-sense (− sense) genomic RNA is synthesized and used as a template to generate a positive-sense (+ sense) genomic RNA and subgenomic RNAs. Viral assembly is aided by the interaction between viral genomic RNA and structural proteins located in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and ER–Golgi intermediate compartment (ERGIC). Finally, these virions are released to the plasma membrane via deacidified lysosomes and secreted from the infected cell via exocytosis. This figure was created with Biorender.com .

    Techniques Used: Binding Assay, Synthesized, Infection

    Major modes of SARS-CoV-2 human-to-human transmission. Transmission can be through direct contact of airborne infectious particles deposited in respiratory droplets and aerosols. Indirect contact by infectious particles deposited on fomites represents another potential route for viral transmission. This figure was created with Biorender.com .
    Figure Legend Snippet: Major modes of SARS-CoV-2 human-to-human transmission. Transmission can be through direct contact of airborne infectious particles deposited in respiratory droplets and aerosols. Indirect contact by infectious particles deposited on fomites represents another potential route for viral transmission. This figure was created with Biorender.com .

    Techniques Used: Transmission Assay

    Clinical manifestations of COVID-19. Patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 can be asymptomatic, develop mild disease with diverse symptoms, or progress to severe illness. COVID-19 cases with severe complications are more frequently presented by patients from the high-risk group. This figure was created with Biorender.com .
    Figure Legend Snippet: Clinical manifestations of COVID-19. Patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 can be asymptomatic, develop mild disease with diverse symptoms, or progress to severe illness. COVID-19 cases with severe complications are more frequently presented by patients from the high-risk group. This figure was created with Biorender.com .

    Techniques Used: Infection

    Overview of different methods for COVID-19 diagnosis. SARS-CoV-2 can be directly detected in humans using molecular approaches, such as RT-qPCR, DNA sequencing, RT-LAMP, CRISPR/Cas systems, and sensors. Imaging tests, including chest computed tomography (CT), have been widely used as a complementary approach to diagnose COVID-19 patients. Additionally, human antibodies produced against SARS-CoV-2 antigens can be detected in blood samples via serological methods, including enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), chemiluminescence immunoassay (CLIA), immunofluorescence assay (IFA), and lateral flow assay (LFA). This figure was created with Biorender.com .
    Figure Legend Snippet: Overview of different methods for COVID-19 diagnosis. SARS-CoV-2 can be directly detected in humans using molecular approaches, such as RT-qPCR, DNA sequencing, RT-LAMP, CRISPR/Cas systems, and sensors. Imaging tests, including chest computed tomography (CT), have been widely used as a complementary approach to diagnose COVID-19 patients. Additionally, human antibodies produced against SARS-CoV-2 antigens can be detected in blood samples via serological methods, including enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), chemiluminescence immunoassay (CLIA), immunofluorescence assay (IFA), and lateral flow assay (LFA). This figure was created with Biorender.com .

    Techniques Used: Quantitative RT-PCR, DNA Sequencing, CRISPR, Imaging, Computed Tomography, Produced, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay, Chemiluminescence Immunoassay, Immunofluorescence, Lateral Flow Assay

    Kinetics of viral load and immune response during SARS-CoV-2 infection. During the first week after SARS-CoV-2 exposure, a period when patients are typically presymptomatic, the viral load increases and reaches its peak during the initial days after symptom onset. Seroconversion in infected patients begins in the second week after symptom onset. Three to four weeks after symptom onset, the IgM and IgG levels both reach their peaks and then begin to drop—more rapidly for IgM than for IgG. To avoid false-negative results when COVID-19 diagnostic tests are performed, the kinetics of viral load and immune response should be taken into consideration. The figure was adapted from the template in Biorender.com .
    Figure Legend Snippet: Kinetics of viral load and immune response during SARS-CoV-2 infection. During the first week after SARS-CoV-2 exposure, a period when patients are typically presymptomatic, the viral load increases and reaches its peak during the initial days after symptom onset. Seroconversion in infected patients begins in the second week after symptom onset. Three to four weeks after symptom onset, the IgM and IgG levels both reach their peaks and then begin to drop—more rapidly for IgM than for IgG. To avoid false-negative results when COVID-19 diagnostic tests are performed, the kinetics of viral load and immune response should be taken into consideration. The figure was adapted from the template in Biorender.com .

    Techniques Used: Infection, Diagnostic Assay

    Vaccine platforms currently being developed against SARS-CoV-2 infection. Since the emergence of SARS-CoV-2, great efforts have been made by research groups and companies around the world toward the development of effective vaccines. Briefly, the graph in (A) shows current vaccine candidates in the clinical phase. Vaccine platforms currently being developed against SARS-CoV-2 infection include those based on (B) RNA, (C) DNA, (D) replicating viral vectors, (E) inactivated viruses, (F) attenuated viruses, (G) viruslike particles (VLPs), (H) nonreplicating viral vectors, (I) protein subunits, and (J) modified antigen-presenting cells (APCs). Abbreviations: S, spike protein; LNP, lipid nanoparticle; LV, lentiviral vector; DC, dendritric cell. This figure was created with Biorender.com .
    Figure Legend Snippet: Vaccine platforms currently being developed against SARS-CoV-2 infection. Since the emergence of SARS-CoV-2, great efforts have been made by research groups and companies around the world toward the development of effective vaccines. Briefly, the graph in (A) shows current vaccine candidates in the clinical phase. Vaccine platforms currently being developed against SARS-CoV-2 infection include those based on (B) RNA, (C) DNA, (D) replicating viral vectors, (E) inactivated viruses, (F) attenuated viruses, (G) viruslike particles (VLPs), (H) nonreplicating viral vectors, (I) protein subunits, and (J) modified antigen-presenting cells (APCs). Abbreviations: S, spike protein; LNP, lipid nanoparticle; LV, lentiviral vector; DC, dendritric cell. This figure was created with Biorender.com .

    Techniques Used: Infection, Modification, Plasmid Preparation

    SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (VOCs). (A) Schematic of the SARS-CoV-2 genome architecture. (B) Definition of nonsynonymous mutations and deletions of each VOC. Nucleotide alterations without predicted or confirmed impact on protein structure and/or function are shown in black. Nucleotide alterations with predicted or confirmed impact on protein structure and/or function are shown in red. (C) Phenotypic characteristics of VOCs. Global distributions are according to the PANGO lineages website ( https://cov-lineages.org/index.html ). This figure was created with Biorender.com .
    Figure Legend Snippet: SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (VOCs). (A) Schematic of the SARS-CoV-2 genome architecture. (B) Definition of nonsynonymous mutations and deletions of each VOC. Nucleotide alterations without predicted or confirmed impact on protein structure and/or function are shown in black. Nucleotide alterations with predicted or confirmed impact on protein structure and/or function are shown in red. (C) Phenotypic characteristics of VOCs. Global distributions are according to the PANGO lineages website ( https://cov-lineages.org/index.html ). This figure was created with Biorender.com .

    Techniques Used:

    Related Articles

    Infection:

    Article Title: Long-term integrative personalized medicine care in massive brainstem hemorrhage
    Article Snippet: .. For a COVID-19 infection in the 6th infectious episode, an antiviral agent (remdesivir) and a cephalosporin (ceftriaxone) were administered. ..

    Injection:

    Article Title: Identifying COVID-19 Disease Severity in Real-World Data: Implications for Medical Product Effectiveness Studies.
    Article Snippet: Purpose: The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) defined disease severity criteria to assist clinical development of medical products for management of COVID19.. These definitions were translated to codebased algorithms for use in realworld data.. We validated the algorithms' performance in ambulatory settings at three regional integrated healthcare delivery systems contributing data to FDA's Sentinel System.

    other:

    Article Title: Local Adaptations of Hospital in Home: Variations in Structure and Implementation Across Six VA Programs.
    Article Snippet: COVID- specific therapies were delivered outside hospital settings through new outpatient infusion clinics and home- based administration of treatments like Remdesivir.

    Article Title: Explainable artificial intelligence for predicting length of stay and treatment response in pediatric asthma and allergic rhinitis: An irregular fuzzy cellular automata approach across pre- and during-COVID-19 periods.
    Article Snippet: Objective: The COVID-19 pandemic significantly altered treatment strategies and healthcare utilization patterns in pediatric respiratory diseases.. Given the need for interpretable predictive tools in clinical decision-making, this study aimed to investigate changes in treatment approaches and to predict hospital length of stay and treatment response in children with asthma and allergic rhinitis across preand during-COVID-19 periods.. Methods: This retrospective study analyzed medical records of 450 hospitalized children under 12 years diagnosed with asthma and/or allergic rhinitis at Abuazar Hospital, Ahvaz, between January 2018 and December 2021, according to GINA and ARIA criteria.

    Protease Inhibitor:

    Article Title: Trends, Gaps, and Challenges in Antiviral Resistance: A Bibliometric Analysis and Narrative Synthesis of Key Viruses, Resistance Mechanisms, and Drivers
    Article Snippet: Influenza A virus (Orthomyxoviridae) , Neuraminidase inhibitors (NAIs): oseltamivir, zanamivir; capdependent endonuclease inhibitor: baloxavir marboxil , NA: H275Y (N1 numbering); PA endonuclease: I38T/M/F , Reduced reduction in symptom duration and viral shedding; concern about transmission competent resistant strains in high risk settings. , [ – ] . .. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) (Coronaviridae) , RNA‐dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) inhibitors: remdesivir; oral RdRp‐targeting agent: molnupiravir; 3CL protease inhibitor: nirmatrelvir (in Paxlovid); monoclonal antibodies (e.g., earlier agents now largely inactive) , RdRp targeting: E802D, C799F, several others under selection; spike protein targeting (mAbs): many S domain mutations (e.g., E484K, N501Y related lineages that evade certain antibodies) , Potential for reduced drug susceptibility and escape from neutralizing antibodies; particular concern in immunocompromised hosts receiving prolonged therapy. , [ , ] . .. Hepatitis C virus (Flaviviridae) , Directacting antivirals (DAAs): NS3/4A protease inhibitors (e.g., glecaprevir, voxilaprevir), NS5A inhibitors (e.g., ledipasvir, velpatasvir), NS5B polymerase inhibitors (e.g., sofosbuvir) , NS3/4A: A156T/V, D168A/V; NS5A: Y93H/N, L31M/V; NS5B: S282T (sofosbuvir selected) , Most modern DAA‐based regimens retain high SVR, but selected resistance‐associated substitutions can reduce response in retreatment or complex genotypes; need for genotype tailored salvage regimens. , [ ] .

    Bioprocessing:

    Article Title: Trends, Gaps, and Challenges in Antiviral Resistance: A Bibliometric Analysis and Narrative Synthesis of Key Viruses, Resistance Mechanisms, and Drivers
    Article Snippet: Influenza A virus (Orthomyxoviridae) , Neuraminidase inhibitors (NAIs): oseltamivir, zanamivir; capdependent endonuclease inhibitor: baloxavir marboxil , NA: H275Y (N1 numbering); PA endonuclease: I38T/M/F , Reduced reduction in symptom duration and viral shedding; concern about transmission competent resistant strains in high risk settings. , [ – ] . .. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) (Coronaviridae) , RNA‐dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) inhibitors: remdesivir; oral RdRp‐targeting agent: molnupiravir; 3CL protease inhibitor: nirmatrelvir (in Paxlovid); monoclonal antibodies (e.g., earlier agents now largely inactive) , RdRp targeting: E802D, C799F, several others under selection; spike protein targeting (mAbs): many S domain mutations (e.g., E484K, N501Y related lineages that evade certain antibodies) , Potential for reduced drug susceptibility and escape from neutralizing antibodies; particular concern in immunocompromised hosts receiving prolonged therapy. , [ , ] . .. Hepatitis C virus (Flaviviridae) , Directacting antivirals (DAAs): NS3/4A protease inhibitors (e.g., glecaprevir, voxilaprevir), NS5A inhibitors (e.g., ledipasvir, velpatasvir), NS5B polymerase inhibitors (e.g., sofosbuvir) , NS3/4A: A156T/V, D168A/V; NS5A: Y93H/N, L31M/V; NS5B: S282T (sofosbuvir selected) , Most modern DAA‐based regimens retain high SVR, but selected resistance‐associated substitutions can reduce response in retreatment or complex genotypes; need for genotype tailored salvage regimens. , [ ] .

    Selection:

    Article Title: Trends, Gaps, and Challenges in Antiviral Resistance: A Bibliometric Analysis and Narrative Synthesis of Key Viruses, Resistance Mechanisms, and Drivers
    Article Snippet: Influenza A virus (Orthomyxoviridae) , Neuraminidase inhibitors (NAIs): oseltamivir, zanamivir; capdependent endonuclease inhibitor: baloxavir marboxil , NA: H275Y (N1 numbering); PA endonuclease: I38T/M/F , Reduced reduction in symptom duration and viral shedding; concern about transmission competent resistant strains in high risk settings. , [ – ] . .. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) (Coronaviridae) , RNA‐dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) inhibitors: remdesivir; oral RdRp‐targeting agent: molnupiravir; 3CL protease inhibitor: nirmatrelvir (in Paxlovid); monoclonal antibodies (e.g., earlier agents now largely inactive) , RdRp targeting: E802D, C799F, several others under selection; spike protein targeting (mAbs): many S domain mutations (e.g., E484K, N501Y related lineages that evade certain antibodies) , Potential for reduced drug susceptibility and escape from neutralizing antibodies; particular concern in immunocompromised hosts receiving prolonged therapy. , [ , ] . .. Hepatitis C virus (Flaviviridae) , Directacting antivirals (DAAs): NS3/4A protease inhibitors (e.g., glecaprevir, voxilaprevir), NS5A inhibitors (e.g., ledipasvir, velpatasvir), NS5B polymerase inhibitors (e.g., sofosbuvir) , NS3/4A: A156T/V, D168A/V; NS5A: Y93H/N, L31M/V; NS5B: S282T (sofosbuvir selected) , Most modern DAA‐based regimens retain high SVR, but selected resistance‐associated substitutions can reduce response in retreatment or complex genotypes; need for genotype tailored salvage regimens. , [ ] .



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