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snat2  (Santa Cruz Biotechnology)


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    Structured Review

    Santa Cruz Biotechnology snat2
    The glutamate/glutamine cycle. High-affinity excitatory amino acid transporters (EAATs) of astrocytes primarily clear Glu in the synaptic cleft that is released from presynaptic neurons. GLT1 (glutamate transporter 1/EAAT2/SLC1A2) is the major regulator that transports Glu to astrocytes. In astrocytes, Glu is converted into Gln by glutamine synthetase (GS). Synthesized Gln is released from the astrocytes through sodium-coupled neutral amino acid transporters (SNAT3/SLC38A3 and SNAT5/SLC38A5). Released Gln is transported into neurons via SNAT1 and <t>SNAT2</t> (SLC38A1 and SLC38A2) and converted back to Glu by phosphate-activated glutaminase (PAG or GLS1/2, mainly GLS2 in brain) for synaptic transmission of glutamatergic neurons. Glutamate is further transformed to γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) by glutamic acid decarboxylases (GAD1 and GAD2) in the GABAergic neurons. Glu can be synthesized in the astrocytes from glucose via the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, followed by transamination of α-ketoglutarate (α-KG). Pyruvate carboxylase (PC) converts pyruvate to oxaloacetate that is converted to α-KG via the TCA cycle. Glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) connects the TCA and Glu-Gln cycles by reversibly converting Glu into α-KG and vice versa. Expressional changes by chronic immobilization stress (CIS) and Gln supplementation are marked by red and green arrows, respectively.
    Snat2, supplied by Santa Cruz Biotechnology, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 93/100, based on 60 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
    https://www.bioz.com/product/1663/SNAT2+Antibody/pmc06526116-44-89-92
    Average 93 stars, based on 60 article reviews
    snat2 - by Bioz Stars, 2026-10
    93/100 stars

    Images

    1) Product Images from "Glutamine Supplementation Ameliorates Chronic Stress-induced Reductions in Glutamate and Glutamine Transporters in the Mouse Prefrontal Cortex"

    Article Title: Glutamine Supplementation Ameliorates Chronic Stress-induced Reductions in Glutamate and Glutamine Transporters in the Mouse Prefrontal Cortex

    Journal: Experimental Neurobiology

    doi: 10.5607/en.2019.28.2.270

    The glutamate/glutamine cycle. High-affinity excitatory amino acid transporters (EAATs) of astrocytes primarily clear Glu in the synaptic cleft that is released from presynaptic neurons. GLT1 (glutamate transporter 1/EAAT2/SLC1A2) is the major regulator that transports Glu to astrocytes. In astrocytes, Glu is converted into Gln by glutamine synthetase (GS). Synthesized Gln is released from the astrocytes through sodium-coupled neutral amino acid transporters (SNAT3/SLC38A3 and SNAT5/SLC38A5). Released Gln is transported into neurons via SNAT1 and SNAT2 (SLC38A1 and SLC38A2) and converted back to Glu by phosphate-activated glutaminase (PAG or GLS1/2, mainly GLS2 in brain) for synaptic transmission of glutamatergic neurons. Glutamate is further transformed to γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) by glutamic acid decarboxylases (GAD1 and GAD2) in the GABAergic neurons. Glu can be synthesized in the astrocytes from glucose via the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, followed by transamination of α-ketoglutarate (α-KG). Pyruvate carboxylase (PC) converts pyruvate to oxaloacetate that is converted to α-KG via the TCA cycle. Glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) connects the TCA and Glu-Gln cycles by reversibly converting Glu into α-KG and vice versa. Expressional changes by chronic immobilization stress (CIS) and Gln supplementation are marked by red and green arrows, respectively.
    Figure Legend Snippet: The glutamate/glutamine cycle. High-affinity excitatory amino acid transporters (EAATs) of astrocytes primarily clear Glu in the synaptic cleft that is released from presynaptic neurons. GLT1 (glutamate transporter 1/EAAT2/SLC1A2) is the major regulator that transports Glu to astrocytes. In astrocytes, Glu is converted into Gln by glutamine synthetase (GS). Synthesized Gln is released from the astrocytes through sodium-coupled neutral amino acid transporters (SNAT3/SLC38A3 and SNAT5/SLC38A5). Released Gln is transported into neurons via SNAT1 and SNAT2 (SLC38A1 and SLC38A2) and converted back to Glu by phosphate-activated glutaminase (PAG or GLS1/2, mainly GLS2 in brain) for synaptic transmission of glutamatergic neurons. Glutamate is further transformed to γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) by glutamic acid decarboxylases (GAD1 and GAD2) in the GABAergic neurons. Glu can be synthesized in the astrocytes from glucose via the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, followed by transamination of α-ketoglutarate (α-KG). Pyruvate carboxylase (PC) converts pyruvate to oxaloacetate that is converted to α-KG via the TCA cycle. Glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) connects the TCA and Glu-Gln cycles by reversibly converting Glu into α-KG and vice versa. Expressional changes by chronic immobilization stress (CIS) and Gln supplementation are marked by red and green arrows, respectively.

    Techniques Used: Synthesized, Transmission Assay, Transformation Assay

    Related Articles

    Immunostaining:

    Article Title: ZNF469 couples amino acid transport and precursor biosynthesis to collagen production in fibrosis
    Article Snippet: Images were acquired using an EVOS M7000 Imaging System (Thermo Fisher Scientific) for three random fields per independent experiment, and measurements were quantified utilizing ImageJ software (version 1.54 g) and averaged for representation. .. To evaluate protein-level changes in amino acid transporters and biosynthetic enzymes upon ZNF469 depletion, additional immunostaining was performed using primary antibodies against SLC1A5 (cat. no. A23156; ABclonal, Woburn, MA, USA), SLC3A2 (cat. no. A24735; ABclonal), SLC7A11 (cat. no. A25302; ABclonal), SLC38A1 (cat. no. N104/37; Developmental Studies Hybridoma Bank), SLC38A2 (cat. no. sc-166366; Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Dallas, TX, USA), SLC4A1 (cat. no. IVF12; Developmental Studies Hybridoma Bank), SLC36A1 (cat. no. ab189441; Abcam), P4HA2 (cat. no. A22150; ABclonal), and SHMT2 (cat. no. A28324; ABclonal), each paired with the appropriate Alexa Fluorconjugated secondary antibody. ..

    Blocking Assay:

    Article Title: Metabolic engineering of SLC38A2 reprograms glutamine utilization and enhances CAR-macrophage antitumor function in solid tumors.
    Article Snippet: .. After blocking, cells were incubated overnight at 4°C with CD68 (E3O7V) rabbit monoclonal antibody (1: 500, cat# 97778, CST) and SLC38A2 (1:50, cat# sc-166366, Santa Cruz). .. After being washed, samples were incubated for 1 h at room temperature with Alexa FluorTM 488-conjugated donkey anti-rat IgG (H+L) highly cross-adsorbed secondary antibody (1:300, cat# A21208, Thermo Fisher Scientific) and Alexa FluorTM 594-conjugated donkey anti-mouse IgG (H+L) highly cross-adsorbed secondary antibody (1:300, cat# A21203, Thermo Fisher Scientific).

    Incubation:

    Article Title: Metabolic engineering of SLC38A2 reprograms glutamine utilization and enhances CAR-macrophage antitumor function in solid tumors.
    Article Snippet: .. After blocking, cells were incubated overnight at 4°C with CD68 (E3O7V) rabbit monoclonal antibody (1: 500, cat# 97778, CST) and SLC38A2 (1:50, cat# sc-166366, Santa Cruz). .. After being washed, samples were incubated for 1 h at room temperature with Alexa FluorTM 488-conjugated donkey anti-rat IgG (H+L) highly cross-adsorbed secondary antibody (1:300, cat# A21208, Thermo Fisher Scientific) and Alexa FluorTM 594-conjugated donkey anti-mouse IgG (H+L) highly cross-adsorbed secondary antibody (1:300, cat# A21203, Thermo Fisher Scientific).

    Article Title: Connexin43 Deficiency Leads to Ventricular Arrhythmias by Reprogramming Proline Metabolism
    Article Snippet: Calcium signaling was made by recording the fluorescence of cells using an Ultra High Speed Wavelength Switcher (Lambda DG‐4, Sutter Instruments) with a CCD camera (Zyla, Andor) mounted on an inverted microscope (Eclipse Ti, Nikon). .. The iPSC‐CMs and mouse ventricular tissues were first lysed and lysates then incubated with the primary antibodies (Cx43 (Abcam, ab11370, 1:1000) and SNAT2 (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, sc‐514037, 1:500)) at 4°C overnight. ..

    Article Title: Metabolic engineering of SLC38A2 reprograms glutamine utilization and enhances CAR-macrophage antitumor function in solid tumors.
    Article Snippet: The human ovarian cancer cell line SKOV3 and the human breast cancer cell line SKBR3 were cultured in McCoy’s 5A medium (Gibco, cat# 16600082) supplemented with 10% FBS and 1% penicillin-streptomycin under standard culture conditions. .. For surface marker staining and flow cytometric analysis, cells were incubated with the following antibodies: Whitlow/218 linker recombinant rabbit mAb (Alexa Fluor® 647 conjugate; cat# S0B1796-50T, Starter), anti-SLC38A2 (cat# sc-166366, Santa Cruz), goat anti-mouse IgG (H+L) secondary antibody-PE (cat# M30004-1, Invitrogen) and anti-CD68 [Alexa Fluor® 488 anti-CD68 antibody (KP1); cat# ab222914, Abcam]. .. For intracellular staining, cells were first treated with an Intracellular Fixation and Permeabilization Kit (cat# 88-8824, eBioscience) according to the manufacturer’s instructions.

    other:

    Article Title: Connexin43 Deficiency Leads to Ventricular Arrhythmias by Reprogramming Proline Metabolism.
    Article Snippet: Data were analyzed with FlowJo by measuring the mean fluorescence intensity of each sample.

    Western Blot:

    Article Title: Connexin43 Deficiency Leads to Ventricular Arrhythmias by Reprogramming Proline Metabolism
    Article Snippet: Protein concentrations were measured via a BCA kit (Pierce, 23227). .. Western blot was performed using standard protocol with the following antibodies: Cx43 (Abcam, ab11370, 1:1000), DRP1 (Proteintech, 12957‐1‐AP, 1:500), phospho‐DRP1 (Ser616) (Cell signaling, 3455S, 1:1000), PRODH (Proteintech, 22980‐1‐AP, 1:500), SNAT2 (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, sc‐514037, 1:500), Na + /K + ‐ATPase (Abcam, ab7671, 1:1000), Na v 1.5 (Alomone labs, ASC005, 1:500), Ca v 1.2 (Abcam, ab84814, 1:1000), NCX1 (Proteintech, 55075‐1‐AP, 1:1000), SERCA2a (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, sc‐53010, 1:200), and GAPDH (Abmart, M200006, 1:5000). .. Lysates were placed on ice for 30 min and supernatants collected after centrifuging at 12 000 rpm for 15 min. Membrane proteins were extracted using a Mem‐PER Plus Membrane Protein Extraction Kit (Thermo, 89842) according to the manufacturer's instruction.

    Article Title: Connexin43 Deficiency Leads to Ventricular Arrhythmias by Reprogramming Proline Metabolism.
    Article Snippet: Protein concentrations were measured via a BCA kit (Pierce, 23227). .. Western blot was performed using standard protocol with the following antibodies: Cx43 (Abcam, ab11370, 1:1000), DRP1 (Proteintech, 12957-1-AP, 1:500), phospho-DRP1 (Ser616) (Cell signaling, 3455S, 1:1000), PRODH (Proteintech, 22980-1-AP, 1:500), SNAT2 (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, sc-514037, 1:500), Na+ /K+ - ATPase (Abcam, ab7671, 1:1000), Nav 1.5 (Alomone labs, ASC005, 1:500), Cav 1.2 (Abcam, ab84814, 1:1000), NCX1 (Proteintech, 55075-1-AP, 1:1000), SERCA2a (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, sc53010, 1:200), and GAPDH (Abmart, M200006, 1:5000). .. Intensity values for each band were determined as the integrated density (sum of pixel values) within a fixed area using Quantity One software (Biorad).

    Marker:

    Article Title: Metabolic engineering of SLC38A2 reprograms glutamine utilization and enhances CAR-macrophage antitumor function in solid tumors.
    Article Snippet: The human ovarian cancer cell line SKOV3 and the human breast cancer cell line SKBR3 were cultured in McCoy’s 5A medium (Gibco, cat# 16600082) supplemented with 10% FBS and 1% penicillin-streptomycin under standard culture conditions. .. For surface marker staining and flow cytometric analysis, cells were incubated with the following antibodies: Whitlow/218 linker recombinant rabbit mAb (Alexa Fluor® 647 conjugate; cat# S0B1796-50T, Starter), anti-SLC38A2 (cat# sc-166366, Santa Cruz), goat anti-mouse IgG (H+L) secondary antibody-PE (cat# M30004-1, Invitrogen) and anti-CD68 [Alexa Fluor® 488 anti-CD68 antibody (KP1); cat# ab222914, Abcam]. .. For intracellular staining, cells were first treated with an Intracellular Fixation and Permeabilization Kit (cat# 88-8824, eBioscience) according to the manufacturer’s instructions.

    Staining:

    Article Title: Metabolic engineering of SLC38A2 reprograms glutamine utilization and enhances CAR-macrophage antitumor function in solid tumors.
    Article Snippet: The human ovarian cancer cell line SKOV3 and the human breast cancer cell line SKBR3 were cultured in McCoy’s 5A medium (Gibco, cat# 16600082) supplemented with 10% FBS and 1% penicillin-streptomycin under standard culture conditions. .. For surface marker staining and flow cytometric analysis, cells were incubated with the following antibodies: Whitlow/218 linker recombinant rabbit mAb (Alexa Fluor® 647 conjugate; cat# S0B1796-50T, Starter), anti-SLC38A2 (cat# sc-166366, Santa Cruz), goat anti-mouse IgG (H+L) secondary antibody-PE (cat# M30004-1, Invitrogen) and anti-CD68 [Alexa Fluor® 488 anti-CD68 antibody (KP1); cat# ab222914, Abcam]. .. For intracellular staining, cells were first treated with an Intracellular Fixation and Permeabilization Kit (cat# 88-8824, eBioscience) according to the manufacturer’s instructions.

    Recombinant:

    Article Title: Metabolic engineering of SLC38A2 reprograms glutamine utilization and enhances CAR-macrophage antitumor function in solid tumors.
    Article Snippet: The human ovarian cancer cell line SKOV3 and the human breast cancer cell line SKBR3 were cultured in McCoy’s 5A medium (Gibco, cat# 16600082) supplemented with 10% FBS and 1% penicillin-streptomycin under standard culture conditions. .. For surface marker staining and flow cytometric analysis, cells were incubated with the following antibodies: Whitlow/218 linker recombinant rabbit mAb (Alexa Fluor® 647 conjugate; cat# S0B1796-50T, Starter), anti-SLC38A2 (cat# sc-166366, Santa Cruz), goat anti-mouse IgG (H+L) secondary antibody-PE (cat# M30004-1, Invitrogen) and anti-CD68 [Alexa Fluor® 488 anti-CD68 antibody (KP1); cat# ab222914, Abcam]. .. For intracellular staining, cells were first treated with an Intracellular Fixation and Permeabilization Kit (cat# 88-8824, eBioscience) according to the manufacturer’s instructions.



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    Image Search Results


    SUP physically interacts with TPL through its EAR motif (DLELRL). ( A ) Yeast two-hybrid assays testing interaction between TPL [fused to the GAL4 DNA-binding domain (DBD)] and wild-type SUP (DLELRL), mSUP (DLE A R A ) or mSUP (DLE G R G ) [each fused to the GAL4 activation domain (AD)]. Growth on selection (right panel) detects a physical interaction between TPL and wild-type SUP (DLELRL) only. ( B ) In vitro pull-down assays using GST-tagged N-TPL show a strong interaction with SBP-tagged wild-type SUP (DLELRL) that is weakened by mutation of the EAR motif in SUP (DLE A R A ). Ponceau S staining shows efficient GST protein expression. Full-length blots and quantification of Western blot signal intensities are presented in Supplementary Fig. S3

    Journal: BMC Plant Biology

    Article Title: SUPERMAN requires its EAR motif to recruit the corepressor TOPLESS and to function as a cadastral regulator in floral patterning

    doi: 10.1186/s12870-025-07553-z

    Figure Lengend Snippet: SUP physically interacts with TPL through its EAR motif (DLELRL). ( A ) Yeast two-hybrid assays testing interaction between TPL [fused to the GAL4 DNA-binding domain (DBD)] and wild-type SUP (DLELRL), mSUP (DLE A R A ) or mSUP (DLE G R G ) [each fused to the GAL4 activation domain (AD)]. Growth on selection (right panel) detects a physical interaction between TPL and wild-type SUP (DLELRL) only. ( B ) In vitro pull-down assays using GST-tagged N-TPL show a strong interaction with SBP-tagged wild-type SUP (DLELRL) that is weakened by mutation of the EAR motif in SUP (DLE A R A ). Ponceau S staining shows efficient GST protein expression. Full-length blots and quantification of Western blot signal intensities are presented in Supplementary Fig. S3

    Article Snippet: To verify yeast protein expression, Western blots were stained with 0.1% Ponceau S in 5% v/v acetic acid, washed in water, and analyzed using anti-GAL4 DBD (sc-577) or anti-GAL4 AD (sc-1663) antibodies (Santa Cruz Biotechnologies, Dallas, TX, USA).

    Techniques: Binding Assay, Activation Assay, Selection, In Vitro, Mutagenesis, Staining, Expressing, Western Blot

    CRISPR-generated EAR mutations disrupt physical interaction between SUP and TPL. ( A ) Yeast two-hybrid assays testing interaction between TPL [fused to the GAL4 DNA-binding domain (DBD)] and wild-type SUP (DLELRL), mSUP (DLELL) or mSUP (∆EAR) [each fused to the GAL4 activation domain (AD)]. Growth on selection (right panel) indicates physical interaction between TPL and wild-type SUP (DLELRL) only. ( B ) In vitro pull-down assays using GST-tagged N-TPL show a strong interaction with SBP-tagged wild-type SUP (DLELRL) which is weakened by mutation of the EAR motif in CRISPR allele mSUP (DLELL). Ponceau S staining shows efficient GST protein expression. Full-length blots and quantification of Western blot signal intensities are presented in Supplementary Fig. S7

    Journal: BMC Plant Biology

    Article Title: SUPERMAN requires its EAR motif to recruit the corepressor TOPLESS and to function as a cadastral regulator in floral patterning

    doi: 10.1186/s12870-025-07553-z

    Figure Lengend Snippet: CRISPR-generated EAR mutations disrupt physical interaction between SUP and TPL. ( A ) Yeast two-hybrid assays testing interaction between TPL [fused to the GAL4 DNA-binding domain (DBD)] and wild-type SUP (DLELRL), mSUP (DLELL) or mSUP (∆EAR) [each fused to the GAL4 activation domain (AD)]. Growth on selection (right panel) indicates physical interaction between TPL and wild-type SUP (DLELRL) only. ( B ) In vitro pull-down assays using GST-tagged N-TPL show a strong interaction with SBP-tagged wild-type SUP (DLELRL) which is weakened by mutation of the EAR motif in CRISPR allele mSUP (DLELL). Ponceau S staining shows efficient GST protein expression. Full-length blots and quantification of Western blot signal intensities are presented in Supplementary Fig. S7

    Article Snippet: To verify yeast protein expression, Western blots were stained with 0.1% Ponceau S in 5% v/v acetic acid, washed in water, and analyzed using anti-GAL4 DBD (sc-577) or anti-GAL4 AD (sc-1663) antibodies (Santa Cruz Biotechnologies, Dallas, TX, USA).

    Techniques: CRISPR, Generated, Binding Assay, Activation Assay, Selection, In Vitro, Mutagenesis, Staining, Expressing, Western Blot

    Journal: Cell reports

    Article Title: LHP1 and INO80 cooperate with ethylene signaling for warm ambient temperature response by activating specific bivalent genes

    doi: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.114758

    Figure Lengend Snippet:

    Article Snippet: Mouse monoclonal GAL4-TA Antibody , Santa Cruz Biotechnology , Cat# sc-46680; RRID: AB_669109.

    Techniques: Virus, Recombinant, Software