Journal: Neuron

Article Title: Dynamics of awake hippocampal-prefrontal replay for spatial learning and memory-guided decision making

doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2019.09.012

Figure Lengend Snippet: KEY RESOURCES TABLE

Article Snippet: REAGENT or RESOURCE SOURCE IDENTIFIER Chemicals Cresyl Violet Acros Organics Cat#: AC229630050 Formaldehyde Fisher Cat#: 50-00-0,67561,7732-18-5 Isoflurane Patterson Veterinary Cat#: 07-806-3204 Ketamine Patterson Veterinary Cat#: 07-803-6637 Xylazine Patterson Veterinary Cat#: 07-808-1947 Atropine Patterson Veterinary Cat#: 07-869-6061 Bupivacaine Patterson Veterinary Cat#: 07-890-4881 Beuthanasia-D Patterson Veterinary Cat#: 07-807-3963 Sucrose Sigma-Aldrich Cat#: S8501-5KG Experimental Models: Organisms/Strains Rat: Long Evans Charles River Cat#: Crl:LE 006;RRID:RGD_2308852 Software and Algorithms MATLAB 2017a Mathworks, MA RRID: SCR_001622 Trodes SpikeGadgets http://www.spikegadgets.com Matclust Mattias P. Karlsson https://www.mathworks.com/matlabcentral/fileexchange/39663-matclust , V1.7 Libsvm Chang and Lin 2011 https://www.csie.ntu.edu.tw/~cjlin/libsvm/ , V3.12 Chronux Partha Mitra http://chronux.org/ , V2.12 Prism 8 GraphPad Software RRID: SCR_002798 Other 128 Channel electrophysiology data acquisition system SpikeGadgets http://www.spikegadgets.com 12.7 μm NiCr tetrode wire Sandvik Cat#: PX000004 Open in a separate window KEY RESOURCES TABLE Continuous hippocampal-prefrontal (CA1-PFC) replay tracking during spatial learning Reverse replay for retrospective evaluation, forward replay for prospective planning Opposing learning gradients for CA1 reverse and forward replay prediction of paths CA1-PFC replay supports past recall and future decisions for spatial working memory

Techniques: Software

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: Individual differences in behavioral effects of xylazine and opioid-xylazine mixtures in male rats

doi: 10.1101/2025.06.25.661558

Figure Lengend Snippet: Percent responding on the drug-appropriate lever ( left ) and response rate ( right ) from the first active period during training sessions in rats trained to discriminate 0.04 mg/kg fentanyl ( a ), 0.02 mg/kg fentanyl ( b ), and 1.5 mg/kg xylazine ( c ). Asterisks indicate significant difference from saline sessions.

Article Snippet: Xylazine hydrochloride was purchased from MP Biomedicals, LLC (Solon, OH).

Techniques: Saline

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: Individual differences in behavioral effects of xylazine and opioid-xylazine mixtures in male rats

doi: 10.1101/2025.06.25.661558

Figure Lengend Snippet: Each circle indicates the cumulative distance an individual animal travelled in an open field during the 30 min period immediately after i.p. administration. Overlayed bars indicate mean ± 95% confidence interval. P-values were determined using an ordinary one-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni’s multiple comparisons test. Saline/vehicle group consisted of n = 14; xylazine treatment groups were n = 16.

Article Snippet: Xylazine hydrochloride was purchased from MP Biomedicals, LLC (Solon, OH).

Techniques: Saline

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: Individual differences in behavioral effects of xylazine and opioid-xylazine mixtures in male rats

doi: 10.1101/2025.06.25.661558

Figure Lengend Snippet: a ) Body temperature changes induced by treatment with xylazine, clonidine, and morphine alone. b ) Changes in body temperature resulting from treatment with both an α 2 adrenergic agonist and morphine. c ) Reversal of xylazine effects on body temperature by α 2 adrenergic antagonist atipamezole. Data were analyzed using a two-way repeated measures ANOVA followed by Bonferroni’s multiple comparisons test, and symbols (* or #) indicate time points that were significantly different from xylazine or clonidine alone. Each treatment group consisted of n = 6. d ) Effects of xylazine and xylazine + morphine on individual animals. Legends indicate dose in mg/kg ( a , b , c ) or subject ( d ).

Article Snippet: Xylazine hydrochloride was purchased from MP Biomedicals, LLC (Solon, OH).

Techniques:

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: Individual differences in behavioral effects of xylazine and opioid-xylazine mixtures in male rats

doi: 10.1101/2025.06.25.661558

Figure Lengend Snippet: Discriminative stimulus effects ( a ) and rate suppressant effects ( b ) of fentanyl, morphine, and xylazine on rats trained to discriminate 0.04 mg/kg fentanyl from saline. Left: Mean ± SEM of 7 animals where asterisks indicate significant difference from saline sessions. Right: Results of individual animals at different doses of fentanyl ( left ), morphine ( center ), and xylazine ( right ). Pharmacokinetic effects of fentanyl and fentanyl-xylazine co-treatment on fentanyl discriminative stimulus ( c ) and rate responding ( d ) in rats trained to discriminate 0.02 mg/kg fentanyl from saline. Left: Mean ± SEM of 5 animals where asterisks indicate a significant difference from 0.02 mg/kg fentanyl. Right: Results of individual animals when treated with fentanyl ( left ), xylazine or fentanyl and xylazine ( center ), and the difference between fentanyl-xylazine and fentanyl ( right ).

Article Snippet: Xylazine hydrochloride was purchased from MP Biomedicals, LLC (Solon, OH).

Techniques: Saline

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: Individual differences in behavioral effects of xylazine and opioid-xylazine mixtures in male rats

doi: 10.1101/2025.06.25.661558

Figure Lengend Snippet: Discriminative stimulus effects ( a ) and rate suppressant effects ( b ) of xylazine, clonidine, and fentanyl on rats trained to discriminate 1.5 mg/kg xylazine from saline. Left: Mean ± SEM of 4 animals where asterisks indicate significant difference from saline sessions. Right: Results of individual animals at different doses of xylazine ( left ), clonidine ( center ), and fentanyl ( right ).

Article Snippet: Xylazine hydrochloride was purchased from MP Biomedicals, LLC (Solon, OH).

Techniques: Saline

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: Individual differences in behavioral effects of xylazine and opioid-xylazine mixtures in male rats

doi: 10.1101/2025.06.25.661558

Figure Lengend Snippet: a ) Left: Respiratory frequency (breaths per minute) following morphine or morphine-xylazine treatment and administration of naloxone or vehicle 30 min thereafter, where the dark blue lines indicate the 95% confidence interval of 10 mg/kg morphine followed by vehicle treatment and the light blue lines indicate the 95% confidence interval of 10 mg/kg morphine followed by 1 mg/kg naloxone treatment. Right: Area under curve calculated for frequency ( left ), minute volume ( center ), and tidal volume ( right ) for specific intervals of time after the antagonist or vehicle control was administered. Each group consisted of n = 4. b ) Left: Frequency of respiration following treatment with 10 mg/kg morphine and 1.78 mg/kg xylazine and administration of an antagonist or vehicle, where blue shaded region is 95% confidence interval of vehicle-treated animals. Right: Quantification of area under curve following treatment with antagonist or vehicle control, asterisks indicate instances where there is no overlap in 95% confidence intervals. Each group consisted of n = 6. c and d ) Respiratory frequency of individual animals over time, where leftmost graph shows the animals that were used for the blue shaded 95% confidence intervals in rightward panels. e ) Respiratory effects of 10 mg/kg morphine followed by 1 mg/kg atipamezole, where control group is n = 4 and treatment group is n = 6. Note that reuse of the same symbols in separate panels does not represent the same animal, as these groups were randomized via Latin square design.

Article Snippet: Xylazine hydrochloride was purchased from MP Biomedicals, LLC (Solon, OH).

Techniques: Control