Journal: Nutrients

Article Title: FXR, a Key Regulator of Lipid Metabolism, Is Inhibited by ER Stress-Mediated Activation of JNK and p38 MAPK in Large Yellow Croakers ( Larimichthys crocea ) Fed High Fat Diets

doi: 10.3390/nu13124343

Figure Lengend Snippet: Effects of HFD and ER stress on the expression of FXR in large yellow croaker: ( A , B ) Immunoblots or qRT-PCR assays for FXR and ER stress markers in the liver of large yellow croakers fed HFD diet; ( C – F ) immunoblots or qRT-PCR assays for FXR and ER stress markers in LYCL cells after PA, TG, or TM treatment; ( G ) immunoblots for FXR in LYCL cells after TUDCA treatment. Data are shown as means ± SEMs ( n = 3) and were analyzed using Student’s t -test, * p < 0.05.

Article Snippet: The LYCL cells were treated for 24 h with palmitic acid (PA, 100 μM, Sigma, St. Louis, MO, USA), thapsigargin (TG, 1 μM, MCE, Bloomfield, NJ, USA), tunicamycin (TM, 4 μM, MCE, Bloomfield, NJ, USA) and tauroursodeoxycholate (TUDCA, 0, 50, 100, 150 and 200 μM, MCE, Bloomfield, NJ, USA) to study the effect of ER stress on fxr expression.

Techniques: Expressing, Western Blot, Quantitative RT-PCR

Journal: Microbiome

Article Title: Antibiotic-modulated microbiome suppresses lethal inflammation and prolongs lifespan in Treg-deficient mice

doi: 10.1186/s40168-019-0751-1

Figure Lengend Snippet: Antibiotics regulate cytokines by microbiota-associated metabolites. a – d Plasma levels of IFN-γ ( a ), IL-2( b ), IL-6( c ), and TNF- α( d ) in WT, SF, SFA, SFM, and SFV mice ( n = 6–9). e Level of IL-6 in RAW264.7 cells treated with DMSO (blank), LPS, taurocholic acid sodium salt hydrate (TCA), sodium tauroursodeoxycholate (TUDCA), and taurochenodeoxycholic acid (TCDCA) ( n = 3). Data are presented as mean ± SEM. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001

Article Snippet: For determining the effect of bile acids on IL-6 expression and cell viability in RAW 264.7 murine macrophage cells, after 24 h from splitting 3000 cells into one well of 96-well plates, cells were pretreated with taurocholic acid sodium salt hydrate (Sigma), sodium tauroursodeoxycholate (Selleck), and taurochenodeoxycholic acid (Selleck) (5, 25, and 125 μM) for 2 h. Subsequently, the cells were stimulated with 50 ng/mL lipopolysaccharide (LPS) for 12 h. Following this, the concentration of IL-6 in the supernatant was measured by IL-6 mouse ELISA kit (Thermo Fisher) and cell viability was measured by TACS XTT cell proliferation assay kit (Trevigen, Inc.).

Techniques: Clinical Proteomics

Journal: Cellular and Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology

Article Title: The Food Additive Maltodextrin Promotes Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress–Driven Mucus Depletion and Exacerbates Intestinal Inflammation

doi: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2018.09.002

Figure Lengend Snippet: ER stress inhibition reduces MDX-mediated Ern-2 up-regulation and improves colitis in MDX-fed mice. ( A ) HT29-MTX cells were pretreated with TUDCA (10 μmol/L) or dimethyl sulfoxide (vehicle) and then stimulated with MDX for 1 hour. Ern-2 RNA transcripts were analyzed by real-time PCR. Data are means ± SD of 4 independent experiments. Differences between groups were compared using the 2-tailed Student t test (* P ≤ .05). ( B and C ) Wild-type mice were exposed to drinking water supplemented with 5% MDX for 45 days and injected or not with TUDCA (250 mg/kg intraperitoneally) every other day starting from day 21. Mice were killed on day 45, colonic tissues were isolated, and ( B ) Ern-2 , Ern-1 , and Xbp1s RNA transcripts and ( C ) Muc-2 protein expression were evaluated by real-time PCR and immunofluorescence, respectively. ( B ) Data were generated using 7–10 mice per group from 3 independent experiments. Each point in the graph indicates the RNA expression of the specific transcript in the colon of a single mouse; horizontal bars indicate median value. Differences between groups were compared using the Mann–Whitney U test (* P ≤ .05). ( C ) Pictures are representative of 4 separate experiments in which similar results were obtained. Scale bars : 25 μm. ( D ) Wild-type mice were exposed to drinking water supplemented with 5% MDX for 45 days and injected or not with TUDCA (250 mg/kg intraperitoneally) every other day starting from day 21. Mice were exposed to 1.75% DSS to induce colitis starting from day 35 until death (day 45), and body weight was recorded every other day. Data were generated using 8–9 mice per group from 3 independent experiments and expressed as means ± SEM. Differences among groups were compared using 1-way analysis of variance followed by the Bonferroni post hoc test (** P ≤ .01). ( E and F ) Representative H&E staining of colon sections of mice treated as indicated in panel D and killed on day 45. ( F ) Scatter plot shows the histologic score. Data were generated using 8–9 mice per group from 3 independent experiments and expressed as means ± SD. Differences among groups were compared using 1-way analysis of variance followed by the Bonferroni post hoc test (* P ≤ .05; ** P ≤ .01). ( G and H ) Representative scatter plots showing ( G ) IL1β and ( H ) Lcn-2 RNA expression in colon tissues taken from mice treated as indicated in panel D and killed on day 45. Each point in the graph indicates the RNA expression of the specific transcript in the colon of a single mouse; horizontal bars indicate median value or means ± SD. Data were generated using 8–9 mice per group from 3 independent experiments. Differences among groups were compared using the Kruskal–Wallis test or 1-way analysis of variance followed by the Bonferroni post hoc test (* P ≤ .05). DAPI, 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole; mRNA, messenger RNA.

Article Snippet: In parallel, mice receiving a MDX-enriched diet, together with control mice, were given 250 mg/kg TUDCA (Carbosynth Ltd, Berkshire, UK) intraperitoneally every other day starting from day 21 of diet.

Techniques: Inhibition, Real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction, Injection, Isolation, Expressing, Immunofluorescence, Generated, RNA Expression, MANN-WHITNEY, Staining

Journal: Cellular and Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology

Article Title: The Food Additive Maltodextrin Promotes Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress–Driven Mucus Depletion and Exacerbates Intestinal Inflammation

doi: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2018.09.002

Figure Lengend Snippet: Effect of MDX on mucosa-associated microbiota. ( A and B ) Wild-type mice were exposed to drinking water supplemented with 5% MDX for 45 days and injected or not with TUDCA (250 mg/kg intraperitoneally) every other day starting from day 21. Control mice received drinking water for 45 days. All mice were killed on day 45. ( A ) Relative abundance of phyla and classes are represented for colonic mucosa-associated microbiota. Horizontal bars indicate median value. Data were generated using 4–7 mice per group from 2 independent experiments. Differences among groups were compared using the Kruskal–Wallis test (* P ≤ .05). ( B ) Principal coordinates analysis (PCoA) of the unweighted and weighted UniFrac distance matrix of mucosa-associated bacteria from mice treated as indicated in panel A .

Article Snippet: In parallel, mice receiving a MDX-enriched diet, together with control mice, were given 250 mg/kg TUDCA (Carbosynth Ltd, Berkshire, UK) intraperitoneally every other day starting from day 21 of diet.

Techniques: Injection, Control, Generated, Bacteria

Journal: Heliyon

Article Title: Role of plasmacytoid dendritic cells in vascular dysfunction in mice with renovascular hypertension

doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e31799

Figure Lengend Snippet: Mesenteric resistance arteries (MRA) Reactivity Assessment. This figure delineates the evaluation of mesenteric resistance arteries (MRA) reactivity, specifically illustrating the contractility response to sympathetic stimulation (Phenylephrine, PE), as well as endothelium-dependent and -independent relaxation responses to acetylcholine (ACh) and sodium nitroprusside (SNP) across diverse experimental groups. Panel (A, B) represents the control group (C57BL/6J), while panel (C, D) shows C57BL/6J mice subjected to 2K1C surgery. Panel (E, F) displays C57BL/6J mice subjected to 2K1C for four weeks and treated with anti-PDCA-1 for one week. MRA reactivity was thoroughly evaluated in all groups of mice (n = 5) under different conditions, including those with and without ER stress inhibitor (Tauroursodeoxycholic acid: Tudca), autophagy inhibitor (Chloroquine: Chl), and mTOR signaling inhibitor (Rapamycin: Rap). The data presented in this figure provide valuable insights into the vascular response in the context of the experimental manipulations and treatments, shedding light on the potential involvement of ER stress, autophagy, and mTOR signaling pathways in mediating the observed reactivity changes. ns: p > 0.05, *p < 0.05 for 2K1C vs. control and 2K1C + anti-mPDCA-1. One-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's post hoc test was applied. ns: p > 0.05, *p < 0.05 for C57BL/6J vs 2K1C vs 2K1C + anti-PDCA-1.

Article Snippet: To determine the impact of autophagy, ER stress, and mTOR pathways in endothelial cell function, we isolated arteries from each group and incubated them with the following inhibitors: tauroursodeoxycholic acid (Tudca: ER Stress inhibitor) Dose: 10 mM, 30 min, Chem-Impex Int'l INC. Cat#29195, Lot# 002129–20131118; chloroquine (autophagy inhibitor, dose: 10 mM, 30 min, Alfa Aesar, Cat: J64459, Lot: Z23G009); or rapamycin (mTOR inhibitor, dose: 10 mM, 30 min, Abcam, Cat:ab120224, Lot: APN13087-1-1).

Techniques: Control

Journal: Diabetes

Article Title: Tauroursodeoxycholic Acid May Improve Liver and Muscle but Not Adipose Tissue Insulin Sensitivity in Obese Men and Women

doi: 10.2337/db10-0308

Figure Lengend Snippet: Subjects' characteristics, metabolic variables, and body composition

Article Snippet: Both TUDCA and placebo were kindly provided by Bruschettini S.r.l (Genova, Italy).

Techniques: Clinical Proteomics

Journal: Diabetes

Article Title: Tauroursodeoxycholic Acid May Improve Liver and Muscle but Not Adipose Tissue Insulin Sensitivity in Obese Men and Women

doi: 10.2337/db10-0308

Figure Lengend Snippet: Liver, muscle, and adipose tissue insulin sensitivity before (□) and after ( ) 4 weeks of placebo or TUDCA treatment. A : Hepatic insulin sensitivity index. B : Glucose rate of disappearance ( R d ); data represent only 8 of 10 subjects who received TUDCA treatment because of technical difficulties in obtaining blood samples in two subjects. C : Palmitate rate of appearance. Values are means ± SD. *Value significantly different from corresponding value before treatment, P < 0.05. †Main effect of insulin, P < 0.0001.

Article Snippet: Both TUDCA and placebo were kindly provided by Bruschettini S.r.l (Genova, Italy).

Techniques:

Journal: Diabetes

Article Title: Tauroursodeoxycholic Acid May Improve Liver and Muscle but Not Adipose Tissue Insulin Sensitivity in Obese Men and Women

doi: 10.2337/db10-0308

Figure Lengend Snippet: Effect of placebo (□) or TUDCA ( ) treatment on skeletal muscle IRS Tyr , Akt Ser473 , and JNK Thr183/Tyr185 levels. Values are means ± SD and expressed relative to values before treatment, which were set to one for each person. *Value significantly different from corresponding placebo value, P < 0.05.

Article Snippet: Both TUDCA and placebo were kindly provided by Bruschettini S.r.l (Genova, Italy).

Techniques:

Journal: Diabetes

Article Title: Tauroursodeoxycholic Acid May Improve Liver and Muscle but Not Adipose Tissue Insulin Sensitivity in Obese Men and Women

doi: 10.2337/db10-0308

Figure Lengend Snippet: Endoplasmic reticulum stress markers before (□) and after ( ) placebo or TUDCA therapy. A : Gene expression (relative to 18S rRNA). B : Protein content (relative to actin). Values are medians and quartiles.

Article Snippet: Both TUDCA and placebo were kindly provided by Bruschettini S.r.l (Genova, Italy).

Techniques: Gene Expression

Journal: Purinergic Signalling

Article Title: Bile acids are potent inhibitors of rat P2X2 receptors

doi: 10.1007/s11302-019-09657-2

Figure Lengend Snippet: Bile acids inhibit rat P2X2 at micromolar concentrations. a Representative current traces of Xenopus laevis oocytes expressing rat P2X2; P2X2 was activated by ATP (10 μM, black bar). Blue bars indicate the addition of 20 μM of different bile acids or control (solution exchange only). b Mean current amplitudes in the presence of the indicated substance relative to the ATP-activated current prior to substance application. Error bars represent standard error of the mean (S.E.M.), **p < 0.005, ***p < 0.001; n = 7–11. c Structure of TLCA with its conjugated taurine group indicated in gray. Hydroxy groups at the three carbon atoms highlighted by their IUPAC number discriminate the tested bile acids. The hydroxyl groups of each bile acid with their steric orientation are summarized in the table. TLCA, taurolithocholic acid; TCDCA, taurochenodeoxycholic acid; TUDCA, tauroursodeoxycholic acid; TDCA, taurodeoxycholic acid; TCA, taurocholic acid; THDCA, taurohydodeoxycholic acid. d Representative current trace of rat P2X2 activated by ATP (10 μM, black bar). Blue bars indicate the application of 20 μM of different bile acids alone

Article Snippet: Tauroursodeoxycholic acid was purchased from Merck (Germany).

Techniques: Expressing, Control