Journal: Frontiers in Toxicology

Article Title: Effects of Delta-9 Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) on Oocyte Competence and Early Embryonic Development

doi: 10.3389/ftox.2021.647918

Figure Lengend Snippet: Developmental parameters after oocyte THC exposure. Oocytes were matured in varying doses of THC mimicking therapeutic cannabis use (low, 0.032 μM) or recreational cannabis use (mid, 0.32 μM; high, 3.2 μM), in addition to a control and vehicle (1:1:18 ethanol: tween: saline) groups. (A) Oocyte maturation rate. Oocytes were denuded from their cumulus cells after 24 h maturation and the presence of the first polar body was assessed as a determinant of a metaphase II state. The rate was calculated over the total number of oocytes. Three biological replicates of at least 50 oocytes/group was carried out, totalling 164 oocytes/group. (B) Cleavage rate. After 22 h maturation, oocytes were fertilized and cultured. The cleavage rate was assessed at 48 h post-fertilization and calculated over the number of total oocytes cultured. Eleven biological replicates consisting of at least 60 oocytes/group were analyzed for a total of 836 oocytes/group. (C) Blastocyst rate over the total number of oocytes. Embryos were cultured and rate of blastocyst development was measured at day 8 post-fertilization. Seven biological replicates of at least 60 oocytes/group were analyzed with a total of 507 oocytes/group used (D) Blastocyst rate calculated over cleavage rate. Bars represent mean ± SEM. Significance is calculated compared to vehicle group. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, **** p < 0.0001.

Article Snippet: The groups were distinguished by the addition of either vehicle (1:1:18 ethanol:tween 20:saline) or THC (Dronabinol; Toronto Research Chemicals, ON, Canada).

Techniques: Cannabis, Control, Saline, Cell Culture

Journal: Frontiers in Toxicology

Article Title: Effects of Delta-9 Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) on Oocyte Competence and Early Embryonic Development

doi: 10.3389/ftox.2021.647918

Figure Lengend Snippet: Spindle morphology assessment in metaphase II oocytes. (A) Oocytes with grade A spindles. (B) Oocytes with grade B spindles. (C) Oocytes with grade C spindles. (D) Proportion of each oocyte grade per treatment group. Oocytes were matured in media containing THC doses representing therapeutic cannabis use [low (THC) (0.032 μM)] and recreational cannabis use [mid (THC) (0.32 μM), high (THC) (3.2 μM)] in addition to a vehicle and control group for 24 h. Following denuding, oocytes displaying polar body extrusion were deemed at metaphase II and underwent immunocytochemistry staining for spindles. Spindle and chromosome morphology were graded and categorized, with grade A oocytes having chromosomes aligned on the metaphase plate and organized spindles. Grade C oocytes had misaligned chromosomes and disorganized spindles. Seventeen replicates of at least 5 oocytes/group were examined for a total of 70 and 83 oocytes/group. Bars represent the proportion of oocytes in each group.

Article Snippet: The groups were distinguished by the addition of either vehicle (1:1:18 ethanol:tween 20:saline) or THC (Dronabinol; Toronto Research Chemicals, ON, Canada).

Techniques: Cannabis, Control, Immunocytochemistry, Staining

Journal: Frontiers in Toxicology

Article Title: Effects of Delta-9 Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) on Oocyte Competence and Early Embryonic Development

doi: 10.3389/ftox.2021.647918

Figure Lengend Snippet: Differential staining of blastocysts produced from THC treated oocytes. (A) Control blastocyst. (B) Vehicle blastocyst. (C) Low (THC) (0.032 μM) blastocyst. (D) Mid (THC) (0.32 μM) blastocyst. (E) High (THC) (3.2 μM) blastocyst. (F) Proportion of trophectoderm (TE) vs. inner cell mass (ICM) cell numbers for each group. Oocytes underwent maturation in varying doses of THC representing therapeutic cannabis use [low (THC)] and recreational cannabis use [mid (THC), high (THC)] as well as vehicle or control, followed by fertilization and culture. Blastocysts were collected at 8 days post-fertilization and differentially stained. The trophectoderm (TE) was stained with propidium iodide (pink) and inner cell mass (ICM) with Hoechst stain (blue). Blastocysts were imaged with a Leica CTR5500B fluorescent microscope at the 20 × objective and cells manually counted. Each group had between 4 and 11 biological replicates (blastocysts). Bars represent the mean ± SEM. Scale bar =100 μm.

Article Snippet: The groups were distinguished by the addition of either vehicle (1:1:18 ethanol:tween 20:saline) or THC (Dronabinol; Toronto Research Chemicals, ON, Canada).

Techniques: Staining, Produced, Control, Cannabis, Microscopy

Journal: Frontiers in Toxicology

Article Title: Effects of Delta-9 Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) on Oocyte Competence and Early Embryonic Development

doi: 10.3389/ftox.2021.647918

Figure Lengend Snippet: Total nuclei count in blastocysts produced from THC treated oocytes. (A) Control blastocyst. (B) Vehicle blastocyst. (C) Low (THC) (0.032 μM) blastocyst. (D) Mid (THC) (0.32 μM) blastocyst. (E) High (THC) (3.2 μM) blastocyst. (F) Total cell number. Oocytes were matured in doses of THC correlating to therapeutic cannabis use [low (THC)] and recreational cannabis use [mid (THC), high (THC)] as well as vehicle and control groups, followed by fertilization and culture to the blastocyst stage. Blastocysts were collected at 8 days post-fertilization and stained using either the differential staining or TUNEL protocol. Blastocysts were imaged with a Leica CTR5500B fluorescent microscope at the 20 × objective. Cells were counted manually and verified using ImageJ software. Each group had 25–34 biological replicates (blastocysts) analyzed. Bars represent the mean ± SEM. Scale bar =100 μm.

Article Snippet: The groups were distinguished by the addition of either vehicle (1:1:18 ethanol:tween 20:saline) or THC (Dronabinol; Toronto Research Chemicals, ON, Canada).

Techniques: Produced, Control, Cannabis, Staining, TUNEL Assay, Microscopy, Software

Journal: Frontiers in Toxicology

Article Title: Effects of Delta-9 Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) on Oocyte Competence and Early Embryonic Development

doi: 10.3389/ftox.2021.647918

Figure Lengend Snippet: TUNEL staining of blastocysts. (A) Negative control blastocyst. (B) Positive control blastocyst (DNase I-treated). (C) Control blastocyst. (D) Vehicle blastocyst. (E) Low (THC) (0.032 μM) blastocyst. (F) Mid (THC) (0.32 μM) blastocyst. (G) High (THC) (3.2 μM) blastocyst. (H) Average DNA fragmentation over total number of nuclei. Cumulus-oocyte complexes (COCs) were matured in either THC, vehicle or control media followed by fertilization and culture for 8 days when blastocysts were collected. Blastocysts underwent TUNEL staining which stained nuclei undergoing DNA fragmentation with FITC label (green) and all nuclei with Hoechst stain (blue). Red arrows in (C–G) point out apoptotic cells. Blastocysts were imaged with a Leica CTR5500B fluorescent microscope at the 20 × objective. Between 19 and 26 total blastocysts per group were analyzed. Bars represent the mean ± SEM. Significance is calculated compared to vehicle group. Scale bar = 100 μm. ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.0001.

Article Snippet: The groups were distinguished by the addition of either vehicle (1:1:18 ethanol:tween 20:saline) or THC (Dronabinol; Toronto Research Chemicals, ON, Canada).

Techniques: TUNEL Assay, Staining, Negative Control, Positive Control, Control, Microscopy

Journal: Frontiers in Toxicology

Article Title: Effects of Delta-9 Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) on Oocyte Competence and Early Embryonic Development

doi: 10.3389/ftox.2021.647918

Figure Lengend Snippet: Caspase 9 mRNA expression in blastocysts. Blastocysts were produced from cumulus-oocyte complexes (COCs) exposed to varying doses of THC representing therapeutic cannabis use (low, 0.032 μM) and recreational cannabis use (mid, 0.32 μM; high, 3.2 μM) in addition to a vehicle (1:1:18 ethanol: tween: saline) and control group for 22 h. COCs were fertilized and cultured to the blastocyst state. At day 8 post-fertilization, blastocysts were collected in groups of 5 and underwent RNA extraction followed by droplet digital PCR quantification of caspase 9 (cas-9). Results were normalized to the reference gene, YWHAZ. Four biological replicates were analyzed. Bars represent mean ± SEM. Significance is calculated in relation to the vehicle group. * p < 0.05.

Article Snippet: The groups were distinguished by the addition of either vehicle (1:1:18 ethanol:tween 20:saline) or THC (Dronabinol; Toronto Research Chemicals, ON, Canada).

Techniques: Expressing, Produced, Cannabis, Saline, Control, Cell Culture, RNA Extraction, Digital PCR

Journal: Frontiers in Toxicology

Article Title: Effects of Delta-9 Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) on Oocyte Competence and Early Embryonic Development

doi: 10.3389/ftox.2021.647918

Figure Lengend Snippet: Developmental parameters of oocytes treated with THC and a selective cannabinoid antagonist. (A) Cleavage rate over total number of oocytes. Nine biological replicates of at least 60 oocytes/group were analyzed totalling 586 oocytes/group. (B) Blastocyst rate over total number of oocytes. Seven biological replicates of at least 60 oocytes/group was used for a total of 479 oocytes/group. (C) Blastocyst rate calculated over cleavage rate. Following the standard in vitro embryo production procedure, oocytes were matured in one of five groups: control, vehicle (1:1:18 ethanol:tween:saline), high (THC) (3.2 μM), CB1 antagonist (3.2 μM THC + 3.2 μM SR141716) and CB2 antagonist (3.2 μM THC + 3.2 μM SR144528). Mature cumulus oocyte complexes (COCs) were fertilized and cultured with the cleavage rate assessed at 48 h post-fertilization and blastocyst rate at day 8 post-fertilization. Bars represent the mean ± SEM. Significance is calculated compared to vehicle group. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, **** p < 0.0001.

Article Snippet: The groups were distinguished by the addition of either vehicle (1:1:18 ethanol:tween 20:saline) or THC (Dronabinol; Toronto Research Chemicals, ON, Canada).

Techniques: In Vitro, Control, Saline, Cell Culture

Journal: Journal of analytical toxicology

Article Title: Emergence of Delta-8 Tetrahydrocannabinol in DUID Investigation Casework: Method Development, Validation and Application.

doi: 10.1093/jat/bkab029

Figure Lengend Snippet: Figure 6. Top: chromatograms of authentic blood sample showing the presence of an interference eluted after delta-9 THC at 4.94 min on both transitions (315.3/193.1 and 315.3/123.1) using the preexisting LC–MS-MS method. Bottom: chromatograms of the same transitions showing the separation of the isomers using the newly validated LC–MS-MS method. Delta-9 THC eluted at 8.27 min.

Article Snippet: Additionally, 9(S)-delta-6a,10a THC, 9(R)-delta-6a,10a THC and (6aR,9R)-delta-10 THC were purchased from Cayman Chemical Company (Ann Arbor, MI).

Techniques: Liquid Chromatography with Mass Spectroscopy

Journal: Journal of analytical toxicology

Article Title: Emergence of Delta-8 Tetrahydrocannabinol in DUID Investigation Casework: Method Development, Validation and Application.

doi: 10.1093/jat/bkab029

Figure Lengend Snippet: Figure 7. Top: chromatograms of authentic blood sample showing the presence of interferences eluted before and after delta-9 carboxy THC at 3.11 min on both transitions (345.3/193.1 and 345.3/187.1).

Article Snippet: Additionally, 9(S)-delta-6a,10a THC, 9(R)-delta-6a,10a THC and (6aR,9R)-delta-10 THC were purchased from Cayman Chemical Company (Ann Arbor, MI).

Techniques:

Journal: Current pharmaceutical biotechnology

Article Title: Oral fluid vs. Urine Analysis to Monitor Synthetic Cannabinoids and Classic Drugs Recent Exposure

doi: 10.2174/1389201018666171122113934

Figure Lengend Snippet: Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry parameters for synthetic cannabinoids and metabolites. The underlined product (m/z) is the quantifier transition.

Article Snippet: Synthetic cannabinoids (A-796260, AB-FUBINACA, AB-PINACA, APINACA (AKB-48), JWH-018, JWH-073, MAM2201, PB-22, 5-Fluoro PB-22, UR-144, XLR-11) and metabolites standards (AB-PINACA 5-Pentanoic acid, APINACA (AKB-48) 5-Hydroxypentyl, AM2201 4-Hydroxypentyl, JWH-018 5-Pentanoic acid, JWH-019 5-Hydroxyhexyl, JWH-073 4-Butanoic acid, JWH-122 4-Hydroxypentyl, JWH-210 4-Hydroxypentyl, JWH-250 4-Hydroxypentyl, MAM2201 4-Hydroxypentyl, UR-144 4-Hydroxypentyl, UR-144 5-Pentanoic acid, XLR-11 4-Hydroxypentyl) and internal standards (IS) (JWH-250 4-Hydroxypentyl-d 5 , AM2201 4-Hydroxypentyl-d 5 , and JWH-210 4-Hydroxypentyl-d 5 ) were purchased from Cerilliant (Round Rock, TX) at 100 μg/mL in methanol or acetonitrile.

Techniques: Chromatography, Mass Spectrometry

Journal: Current pharmaceutical biotechnology

Article Title: Oral fluid vs. Urine Analysis to Monitor Synthetic Cannabinoids and Classic Drugs Recent Exposure

doi: 10.2174/1389201018666171122113934

Figure Lengend Snippet: Total ion chromatogram of 11 synthetic cannabinoids and 13 metabolites in urine sample at 15 ng/mL. 1, AB-PINACA 5-Pentanoic acid; 2, A-796260; 3, AB-FUBINACA; 4, JWH-250 4-Hydroxypentyl; 5, JWH-073 4-Butanoic acid; 6, AB-PINACA; 7, JWH-018 5-Pentanoic acid; 8, AM2201 4-Hydroxypentyl; 9, MAM2201 4-Hydroxypentyl; 10, JWH-019 5-Hydroxyhexyl; 11, UR-144 5-Pentanoic acid; 12, JWH-122 4-Hydroxypentyl; 13, XLR-11 4-Hydroxypentyl; 14, UR-144 4-Hydroxypentyl; 15, 5-Fluoro PB-22; 16, JWH-210 4-Hydroxypentyl; 17, APINACA (AKB-48) 5-Hydroxypentyl; 18, PB-22; 19, MAM2201; 20, JWH-073; 21, XLR-11; 22, JWH-018; 23, UR-144; 24, APINACA (AKB-48).

Article Snippet: Synthetic cannabinoids (A-796260, AB-FUBINACA, AB-PINACA, APINACA (AKB-48), JWH-018, JWH-073, MAM2201, PB-22, 5-Fluoro PB-22, UR-144, XLR-11) and metabolites standards (AB-PINACA 5-Pentanoic acid, APINACA (AKB-48) 5-Hydroxypentyl, AM2201 4-Hydroxypentyl, JWH-018 5-Pentanoic acid, JWH-019 5-Hydroxyhexyl, JWH-073 4-Butanoic acid, JWH-122 4-Hydroxypentyl, JWH-210 4-Hydroxypentyl, JWH-250 4-Hydroxypentyl, MAM2201 4-Hydroxypentyl, UR-144 4-Hydroxypentyl, UR-144 5-Pentanoic acid, XLR-11 4-Hydroxypentyl) and internal standards (IS) (JWH-250 4-Hydroxypentyl-d 5 , AM2201 4-Hydroxypentyl-d 5 , and JWH-210 4-Hydroxypentyl-d 5 ) were purchased from Cerilliant (Round Rock, TX) at 100 μg/mL in methanol or acetonitrile.

Techniques:

Journal: Current pharmaceutical biotechnology

Article Title: Oral fluid vs. Urine Analysis to Monitor Synthetic Cannabinoids and Classic Drugs Recent Exposure

doi: 10.2174/1389201018666171122113934

Figure Lengend Snippet: Mean extraction efficiencies (n=5), matrix effects (n=10) and process efficiencies (n=5) for 11 synthetic cannabinoids and 13 metabolites at quality control 15 ng/mL in urine samples.

Article Snippet: Synthetic cannabinoids (A-796260, AB-FUBINACA, AB-PINACA, APINACA (AKB-48), JWH-018, JWH-073, MAM2201, PB-22, 5-Fluoro PB-22, UR-144, XLR-11) and metabolites standards (AB-PINACA 5-Pentanoic acid, APINACA (AKB-48) 5-Hydroxypentyl, AM2201 4-Hydroxypentyl, JWH-018 5-Pentanoic acid, JWH-019 5-Hydroxyhexyl, JWH-073 4-Butanoic acid, JWH-122 4-Hydroxypentyl, JWH-210 4-Hydroxypentyl, JWH-250 4-Hydroxypentyl, MAM2201 4-Hydroxypentyl, UR-144 4-Hydroxypentyl, UR-144 5-Pentanoic acid, XLR-11 4-Hydroxypentyl) and internal standards (IS) (JWH-250 4-Hydroxypentyl-d 5 , AM2201 4-Hydroxypentyl-d 5 , and JWH-210 4-Hydroxypentyl-d 5 ) were purchased from Cerilliant (Round Rock, TX) at 100 μg/mL in methanol or acetonitrile.

Techniques:

Journal: Current pharmaceutical biotechnology

Article Title: Oral fluid vs. Urine Analysis to Monitor Synthetic Cannabinoids and Classic Drugs Recent Exposure

doi: 10.2174/1389201018666171122113934

Figure Lengend Snippet: Total ion chromatogram of 11 synthetic cannabinoids in oral fluid sample at 2.5 ng/mL. 1, A-796260; 2, AB-FUBINACA; 3, AB-PINACA; 4, 5-Fluoro PB-22; 5, PB-22; 6, MAM2201; 7, JWH-073; 8, XLR-11; 9, JWH-018; 10, UR-144; 11, APINACA (AKB-48).

Article Snippet: Synthetic cannabinoids (A-796260, AB-FUBINACA, AB-PINACA, APINACA (AKB-48), JWH-018, JWH-073, MAM2201, PB-22, 5-Fluoro PB-22, UR-144, XLR-11) and metabolites standards (AB-PINACA 5-Pentanoic acid, APINACA (AKB-48) 5-Hydroxypentyl, AM2201 4-Hydroxypentyl, JWH-018 5-Pentanoic acid, JWH-019 5-Hydroxyhexyl, JWH-073 4-Butanoic acid, JWH-122 4-Hydroxypentyl, JWH-210 4-Hydroxypentyl, JWH-250 4-Hydroxypentyl, MAM2201 4-Hydroxypentyl, UR-144 4-Hydroxypentyl, UR-144 5-Pentanoic acid, XLR-11 4-Hydroxypentyl) and internal standards (IS) (JWH-250 4-Hydroxypentyl-d 5 , AM2201 4-Hydroxypentyl-d 5 , and JWH-210 4-Hydroxypentyl-d 5 ) were purchased from Cerilliant (Round Rock, TX) at 100 μg/mL in methanol or acetonitrile.

Techniques:

Journal: Current pharmaceutical biotechnology

Article Title: Oral fluid vs. Urine Analysis to Monitor Synthetic Cannabinoids and Classic Drugs Recent Exposure

doi: 10.2174/1389201018666171122113934

Figure Lengend Snippet: Mean extraction efficiencies (n=5), matrix effects (n=10) and process efficiencies (n=5) for 11 synthetic cannabinoids at quality control 2.5 ng/mL in oral fluid-Quantisal buffer samples.

Article Snippet: Synthetic cannabinoids (A-796260, AB-FUBINACA, AB-PINACA, APINACA (AKB-48), JWH-018, JWH-073, MAM2201, PB-22, 5-Fluoro PB-22, UR-144, XLR-11) and metabolites standards (AB-PINACA 5-Pentanoic acid, APINACA (AKB-48) 5-Hydroxypentyl, AM2201 4-Hydroxypentyl, JWH-018 5-Pentanoic acid, JWH-019 5-Hydroxyhexyl, JWH-073 4-Butanoic acid, JWH-122 4-Hydroxypentyl, JWH-210 4-Hydroxypentyl, JWH-250 4-Hydroxypentyl, MAM2201 4-Hydroxypentyl, UR-144 4-Hydroxypentyl, UR-144 5-Pentanoic acid, XLR-11 4-Hydroxypentyl) and internal standards (IS) (JWH-250 4-Hydroxypentyl-d 5 , AM2201 4-Hydroxypentyl-d 5 , and JWH-210 4-Hydroxypentyl-d 5 ) were purchased from Cerilliant (Round Rock, TX) at 100 μg/mL in methanol or acetonitrile.

Techniques:

Journal: Current pharmaceutical biotechnology

Article Title: Oral fluid vs. Urine Analysis to Monitor Synthetic Cannabinoids and Classic Drugs Recent Exposure

doi: 10.2174/1389201018666171122113934

Figure Lengend Snippet: Urine samples (n=70) positive results for cannabis, cocaine, opiates, benzodiazepines, amphetamines and synthetic cannabinoids (AB-FUBINACA, PB-22, 5-Fluoro-PB-22, UR-144 metabolites). Cutoffs in urine were 1 ng/mL for synthetic cannabinoids, 50 ng/mL for cannabis, 200 ng/mL for benzodiazepines and 300 ng/mL for cocaine, opiates and amphetamines.

Article Snippet: Synthetic cannabinoids (A-796260, AB-FUBINACA, AB-PINACA, APINACA (AKB-48), JWH-018, JWH-073, MAM2201, PB-22, 5-Fluoro PB-22, UR-144, XLR-11) and metabolites standards (AB-PINACA 5-Pentanoic acid, APINACA (AKB-48) 5-Hydroxypentyl, AM2201 4-Hydroxypentyl, JWH-018 5-Pentanoic acid, JWH-019 5-Hydroxyhexyl, JWH-073 4-Butanoic acid, JWH-122 4-Hydroxypentyl, JWH-210 4-Hydroxypentyl, JWH-250 4-Hydroxypentyl, MAM2201 4-Hydroxypentyl, UR-144 4-Hydroxypentyl, UR-144 5-Pentanoic acid, XLR-11 4-Hydroxypentyl) and internal standards (IS) (JWH-250 4-Hydroxypentyl-d 5 , AM2201 4-Hydroxypentyl-d 5 , and JWH-210 4-Hydroxypentyl-d 5 ) were purchased from Cerilliant (Round Rock, TX) at 100 μg/mL in methanol or acetonitrile.

Techniques:

Journal: Current pharmaceutical biotechnology

Article Title: Oral fluid vs. Urine Analysis to Monitor Synthetic Cannabinoids and Classic Drugs Recent Exposure

doi: 10.2174/1389201018666171122113934

Figure Lengend Snippet: Oral fluid samples (n=70) positive results for cannabis (THC), cocaine (cocaine and/or BE), opiates (morphine, codeine and/or 6AM), benzodiazepines (alprazolam, clonazepam, and/or diazepam), amphetamines (amphetamine, methamphetamine and/or MDA) and synthetic cannabinoids (AB-FUBINACA). The limit of quantification (LOQ) for synthetic cannabinoids was 0.5 ng/mL, and for the classic drugs was 1 ng/mL, except for morphine, codeine and BE (5 ng/mL).

Article Snippet: Synthetic cannabinoids (A-796260, AB-FUBINACA, AB-PINACA, APINACA (AKB-48), JWH-018, JWH-073, MAM2201, PB-22, 5-Fluoro PB-22, UR-144, XLR-11) and metabolites standards (AB-PINACA 5-Pentanoic acid, APINACA (AKB-48) 5-Hydroxypentyl, AM2201 4-Hydroxypentyl, JWH-018 5-Pentanoic acid, JWH-019 5-Hydroxyhexyl, JWH-073 4-Butanoic acid, JWH-122 4-Hydroxypentyl, JWH-210 4-Hydroxypentyl, JWH-250 4-Hydroxypentyl, MAM2201 4-Hydroxypentyl, UR-144 4-Hydroxypentyl, UR-144 5-Pentanoic acid, XLR-11 4-Hydroxypentyl) and internal standards (IS) (JWH-250 4-Hydroxypentyl-d 5 , AM2201 4-Hydroxypentyl-d 5 , and JWH-210 4-Hydroxypentyl-d 5 ) were purchased from Cerilliant (Round Rock, TX) at 100 μg/mL in methanol or acetonitrile.

Techniques:

Journal: Current pharmaceutical biotechnology

Article Title: Oral fluid vs. Urine Analysis to Monitor Synthetic Cannabinoids and Classic Drugs Recent Exposure

doi: 10.2174/1389201018666171122113934

Figure Lengend Snippet: Oral fluid samples (n=70) positive results (concentrations and number of samples) for THC, cocaine, BE, morphine, codeine, 6AM, alprazolam, clonazepam, diazepam, amphetamine, methamphetamine, MDA and synthetic cannabinoids (AB-FUBINACA). The limit of quantification (LOQ) for synthetic cannabinoids was 0.5 ng/mL and upper limit of quantification (ULOQ) was 100 ng/mL, and for the classic drugs the LOQ was 1 ng/mL, except for morphine, codeine and BE (5 ng/mL), and ULOQ was 200 ng/mL.

Article Snippet: Synthetic cannabinoids (A-796260, AB-FUBINACA, AB-PINACA, APINACA (AKB-48), JWH-018, JWH-073, MAM2201, PB-22, 5-Fluoro PB-22, UR-144, XLR-11) and metabolites standards (AB-PINACA 5-Pentanoic acid, APINACA (AKB-48) 5-Hydroxypentyl, AM2201 4-Hydroxypentyl, JWH-018 5-Pentanoic acid, JWH-019 5-Hydroxyhexyl, JWH-073 4-Butanoic acid, JWH-122 4-Hydroxypentyl, JWH-210 4-Hydroxypentyl, JWH-250 4-Hydroxypentyl, MAM2201 4-Hydroxypentyl, UR-144 4-Hydroxypentyl, UR-144 5-Pentanoic acid, XLR-11 4-Hydroxypentyl) and internal standards (IS) (JWH-250 4-Hydroxypentyl-d 5 , AM2201 4-Hydroxypentyl-d 5 , and JWH-210 4-Hydroxypentyl-d 5 ) were purchased from Cerilliant (Round Rock, TX) at 100 μg/mL in methanol or acetonitrile.

Techniques: Concentration Assay

Journal: Current pharmaceutical biotechnology

Article Title: Oral fluid vs. Urine Analysis to Monitor Synthetic Cannabinoids and Classic Drugs Recent Exposure

doi: 10.2174/1389201018666171122113934

Figure Lengend Snippet: Matched urine-oral fluid samples results for cannabis, cocaine, opiates, benzodiazepines, amphetamines and synthetic cannabinoids. Total number of paired samples was 70. OF: oral fluid, UR: urine.

Article Snippet: Synthetic cannabinoids (A-796260, AB-FUBINACA, AB-PINACA, APINACA (AKB-48), JWH-018, JWH-073, MAM2201, PB-22, 5-Fluoro PB-22, UR-144, XLR-11) and metabolites standards (AB-PINACA 5-Pentanoic acid, APINACA (AKB-48) 5-Hydroxypentyl, AM2201 4-Hydroxypentyl, JWH-018 5-Pentanoic acid, JWH-019 5-Hydroxyhexyl, JWH-073 4-Butanoic acid, JWH-122 4-Hydroxypentyl, JWH-210 4-Hydroxypentyl, JWH-250 4-Hydroxypentyl, MAM2201 4-Hydroxypentyl, UR-144 4-Hydroxypentyl, UR-144 5-Pentanoic acid, XLR-11 4-Hydroxypentyl) and internal standards (IS) (JWH-250 4-Hydroxypentyl-d 5 , AM2201 4-Hydroxypentyl-d 5 , and JWH-210 4-Hydroxypentyl-d 5 ) were purchased from Cerilliant (Round Rock, TX) at 100 μg/mL in methanol or acetonitrile.

Techniques:

Journal: Pharmaceuticals

Article Title: Pharmacokinetic Investigation of Commercially Available Edible Marijuana Products in Humans: Potential Influence of Body Composition and Influence on Glucose Control

doi: 10.3390/ph14080817

Figure Lengend Snippet: LC-MS/MS ion transitions monitored for danysl derivatives of cannabinoids in human plasma.

Article Snippet: THC, THC-COOH, THC-OH, THC-D3, THC-COOH-D3, and THC-OH-D9 were purchased from Cerilliant (Round Rock, TX, USA).

Techniques: